CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

The library is an integral part of any educational institution, more especially at the

tertiary level, Popoola (2006). A well- stocked and organized library is pride of any

educational institution which will definitely help in meeting its teaching, learning and

research need through availability of contemporary serial publication alongside other

library resources Nwalo (2003) cited Osborn (1980) to describe serial as publications

issued in successive parts at regular or irregular intervals and intended to be continued

indefinitely . There is much kind of serial publications. These include Newspapers,

magazines accessions, newsletters, journals, abstracts, indexes, reports proceedings and

transactions of societies etc. out of them all, journals are the most important to

researchers because much of articles there in are products of research and it may never

appear in any other publications

University library is an academic library established to achieve the objectives of its

parent institution by providing adequate relevant and quality resources. Academic

libraries provide resources for knowledge acquisition, recreation, personal interest and

inter-personal relationships for all categories of users. However, in an academic

environment, attention is basically focused on academic and non-academic staff, students

and researchers. The contributions which libraries can make to the intellectual

development of individuals in the society and to the realization and fulfillment of

education objectives cannot be over emphasize, because the library occupies a sensitive

1
position in the educational industry and in view of that its responsibilities are enormous.

A university cannot expect an excellent academic program without the support of

standard and well equipped library. The library is the Centre from where all intellectual

activities radiate to academic and research programs Ifidon (1985) stress that libraries

should ensure adequate resources available by acquiring materials relevant to the needs of

user community in various formats to cover all categories of users.

Nwokocha (1993) is of the view that understanding users need is to build relevant

collection and to design appropriate services. Hence university libraries have a task of

making resources available based on the needs of their users and to encourage the

utilization of such resources.

According to Ogunrombi (1997) serial publications form the backbone of any academic

library because of their information value. Academic and research libraries require

organized store retrieve and disseminate information contained in the journals for

researchers, educators, students and other interested person in their various disciplines.

One very important set of library materials in the library is serial. The Anglo American

Cataloging rules (1988) define serials as continuity resources issued in a succession of

discrete parts usually bearing numbering that has no predetermined conclusion Aina

(2004) also describes serials as a distinctive title which is issued in parts and such issue is

published indefinitely .

Academic library such as Nasarawa State University Library need to provide the latest

journal titles in all subjects/courses covered by its parent institution, and also staff and

students are expected to make use of the library most especially the serial section of the

2
 library to get current information in their chosen area of study. According to Olanlokun

and Salisu (1988), journals are accorded prominence in the library because they provide

the latest information in a discipline and if people want to be current in their field, they

have to read relevant journals. According to Okay (2008) the serials constitute an

important resources part of academic library because they provide the latest information

on research and current affairs. For this reason, it is necessary for the serials division to

be as complete in its holding as possible in order to support the teaching, learning,

recreation and research programs of the university. It is in light of this that the researcher

intends to investigate the awareness and utilization of serial publication at the Nasarawa

State University Library, Keffi.

1.2 Statement of the problem

Despite the vantage position of serial publications amongst the materials acquired in the

library most especially academic libraries and in spite of their unique values as

dependable allies of academic and other researchers and the increasing cost of their

acquisition, serials have not enjoyed a corresponding attention from users in tertiary

institutions. Researchers have shown that high price of subscription to serials both print

and online, budget cuts by university management, multiple alternative to choice from,

ignorance on the importance of serial publications and so on are the major challenges.

Observation has shown that users seem not to utilize these valuable resources that would

enhance their academic performance. It is against this background that this study

therefore want undertaken to investigate the level of awareness and uses of serial

publications among users of Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi.

3
1.3 Objectives

The general objective of this study is to find out the level of awareness and utilization of

serial collections and the influence of serials use on the academic performance of

Nasarawa State University Library users.

1) To determine the level of awareness about serial publications among user of Nasarawa

State University Library, Keffi.

2) To determine the frequency of use of serial publications by users of Nasarawa State

University Library, Keffi.

3) To find out whether or not there are problems militating against the utilization of the

serial collections.

4) To determine the rate of accessibility to serial publications for users of Nasarawa State

University Library, Keffi.

5) To determine the users perceptions towards serials publication.

1.4 Research Questions

1) What determine the level of awareness in serials publication among the users of

Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi?

2) What determine the frequency of use of serial publications by the users of Nasarawa State

University Library, Keffi?

3) Are the problems militating against the use of serial publications in Nasarawa State

University Library, Keffi?

4) What determine the rate of accessibility to serials for users of Nasarawa State University

Library, Keffi?

4
 5) What determine the users’ perceptions towards serial publications?

1.5 Significance of the study

The study will be beneficial to perspective academic staff lecturers. The academic staff

lecturers will find it easy to access and make use of serial publications to carry out their

research and to meet other information needs. Also findings from the study will help

library managers to tackle the challenges associated with serial publications. Other

scholars interested in the subject of serial publications will find the result of this work

very beneficial.

1.6 Scope and limitation of the study

The study is intended to cover the awareness and utilization of serial publication in

Academic Libraries with focus only on Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi and this

constituted the limitation.

1.7 Operational definitions of the terms

The following terms are defined as they are operationally used in this study:

a. Serial: A publication in any medium issued in successive parts bearing numerical or

chronological designation and intended to be continued indefinitely.

b. Utilization: A process of using serial materials for purpose used e.g. for research and

assignment purpose etc.

c. Awareness: knowing that serials publication exist and is important for used of library

users.

5
d. Academic library: This is the type of library found in the higher institution of learning

such as Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi.

6
REFERENCE

Aina, L.O. (2004). Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Ibadan Third Worid.
Anglo American Cataloguing Rules (1988). Second Edition. Revision. Prepared by the joint
steering committee for revision of AACR. Edited by Michael Gorman and Paul Winker
Chicago: American Libray Association.
Ifidon, S. E. (1985). Essential of management for African University libraries Lagos: Library
Services.
Ogunrombi, S. A. (1997). Serial Selection and Deselection: a survey of Nigerian University
Library. African Journal of Library, Archive and Information Science Vol.9.No.1.p34.
Olanlokun, S.A and Salisu, T.M. (1988). Understanding the Library: A Handbook of Library
Use. Lagos: concept p.47.
Okay, R.B. (2008). Library Guide: Delta State University Library Abaraka, Benin, Justice Jeco.
Nwalo, K. O. (2003). Fundamental of Library Practices; A Manual on Library Routines. Ibadan:
Strirling-Horden. P.9.
Nwokocha, U. (1993). Resources Utilization by Adults in Nigeria: the case study of two Public
Libraries. The International Information and Library Review, 25(1): 85-91.
Popoola, M. O. (2006). Definition, Aims and Objectives of Library in Library Education Series
ed. Mathew O. Popoola, Akure Moloye Education .p1.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introductions

The chapter review related and relevant literature on the topic of the study at hand. It looks in to

what other researchers in the field have been done and what other authorities have said and the

state of human knowledge on the particular field. Durotola. (2001) stressed that, literature review

is important for the purpose of the discussing the existing literature on the research problem, and

he emphasized that the review literature is not the mere reporting of other previous view, works

and opinions such that the literature becomes a long winding essay or a litany of disconnected

citations. But review of literature can therefore be defined as a summary of information which is

related, relevant and useful to the present research work being undertaken.

The literature will be review under the following subheadings:

2.1 The concept of serial publication

2.2 Types of serial publication

2.2.1 Journals

2.2.2 Newspaper

2.2.3 Electronic journal

2.2.4 Yearbook

2.2.5 Magazine

8
2.3 Availability of serial publication

2.4 Serial subscription

2.5 Utilization of serial publication

2.6 The awareness of availability of serial publications among perspective

2.7 Relevance of serial to users

2.8 Organization of serial publication

2.1 The concept of serial publications.

Serials are especially useful source of answering contemporary question, current of retrospective.

According to ALA Glossary of library Terms (1943) a serial is “a publication issued is

successive parts, usually at a regular intervals, and as a rule intended to be continue indefinitely.

“Information is regarded as a major economic resource which can be used by individuals,

corporation s and nations to political, social and economic advantage. Like other major source of

information according to Utor (1999) “brings about problem of location, acquisition,

organization and dissemination and also brings about the problem of making it easily available to

potential user. The right type of information at the right time. The problems are made more

frustrating as users themselves find it difficult to locate and make use of the right type of

information as they consider useful.

Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi is central to the accomplishment of the university goals

since it directly and teaching learning, research and community service. To this end, the

university library acquires books, periodicals and other carriers of information in all the

9
discipline taught in the university. This is therefore aimed at assisting the library users to make

maximum use of the information resources and services in the library information is essentials

the smooth running of any organization it cuts across all facets of administration , interactions,

transactions, behavior among others. Information is almost cut off from the world as a whole and

could in some cases even be regarded to be as good as dead Emojorho and adomi (2006)

According to Okiy (2008) the serials constitute an important part of the resources of an academic

library because they provide the latest information on research and current affairs. For this

reason, it is necessary for the serial division to be as complete in its holdings.

The Anglo American cataloguing roles (1988) defines serials as “continue resources issued in a

successive of discreet parts usually being numbering that has no predetermined conclusion for

Example print and electronic journals, magazines containing directories annual reports,

newspapers and monographic services.

Aina (2004) also describes serials as a distinctive which are issued in parts and each issue is

published indefinite. It includes newspapers, periodicals, journals newsletters magazines etc.

2.1.0 Types of serials publications

There are various types of serial publications. They include:

2.2.1 Journals: the term journal according to the advanced learner’s dictionary is a timely

publication that deals with a particular subject (a specific journal, trade journal and library and

information science journal). The first scholarly journal “journal des scavans” was published as a

new medium of communication in 1665 and was soon followed by the philosophical transaction

of the royal society (Osborn 1984) for more than these centuries the journal has played a pivotal

10
role in the creation and transmission of knowledge by serving as the primary medium of

scholarly communication and has remained essentially unchanged in form and function over the

lifetime.

2.2.2 Newspapers: are serial publications issued at stated frequent intervals, usually daily,

weekly or semiweekly which intended for the purpose of swift and accurate dissemination of the

latest news and of views. Examples include the Guardian, Daily Trust, Champion And new

Nigerian and so on...

2.2.3 Electronic journal: there is no universally acetated definition of electronic journal. Some

call it a “paperless journal” some people say “virtual journal” some also say “it is an online

journal”. Online journals are available to be part of library collections. And online journal allows

remote areas. It can be used simultaneously by more than one user it provide timely access.

Journal in serial publication often scholarly that is made available in digital format and

distributed over the internet Considering articles which each year, and averaging each year from

1990 to 2000, online articles were cited 4.5 times more often than offline articles. The experts

field gave the definition of online journals on the basis of production, distribution etc. According

to Ali’s Glossary of library and information science “an online journal is a publication, often

scholarly, that is made accessible in a computerized format and distributed over the internet”.

The Wikipedia of library science sees electronic journals as journal in an electronic format. The

phase “electronic journal” is defined by Aliso (1990:10) an s publication, often scholar that is

made accessible in a computerized and distributed over the internet. According to him one

electronic or e-journal may have a traditional paper (print format) counterpart or historical

11
antecedent. Furthermore, a postal on the web services e-journal as a “digital journal” defined it

as a digital publication archive online to every through the internet.

2.2.4 Yearbooks: year books are annual publication providing variety of information and review

events of the past year. They provide information on political, economic and social aspect of a

country or countries.

There are international, local or National Yearbooks .There are also subject yearbooks for

example, international labor office yearbook of labor statistics is international in scope. Nigerian

yearbook is national yearbook. Nigerian insurance yearbook is a subject yearbook.

2.2.5 Magazine: magazines generally contain written articles, photograph and advertisement.

They are general purpose popular publications dealing with sport, travel, fashion etc. magazines

are good source of information, entertainment and education. Unlike journals, magazine

materials are for light reading. There are local and internal magazines. Some targeted at specific

readers like woman, children or professions such as music, photography, and farming.

2.3 Availability of serial publication

According to Aguolu (2002) argued that availability should be viewed from both national and

institutional levels. They attributed the lack of the availability of serial publication to the steady

proliferation of universities federal, state, and provide along with increases in studied and faculty

and the diversification of courses and academic and research programmers without adequate

resources to meet the actual and information needs. They identified obstacles to the development

of adequate materials Dike (1992) observed that the security of books in Nigeria and pose a

threat to academic existence. She was able to establish that non availability of information

sources has led faculty and students not use library services. Backland (1973) analyzed
12
instructions felt by users who fail to find the materials they want in the library. He outlines four

relationships between the user and availability of the resources which are:

1. The great the popularity the lower the immediate availability

2. The longer the loan period, the lower the immediate availability the shorter the loan period the

higher the immediate availability.

3. The grater the popularity, the shorter the loan period has to be and the less the longer the

period can be.

4. Increasing the number of copies available, like shortening the length of loan periods increase

the immediate availability.

A study by Marama and Ogunrombi (1996) confirm high availability of library and information

science (LIS) collection in most Nigerian Universities libraries, which had a negative effect on

the use of resources in the libraries studied. The librarians cannot conduct quality research and

get published and library students cannot even use library services. The authors recommended

that at least 5 percent of the book budget be set aside for LIS information sources. The study

though limited to LIS , can be generalize to other subject areas Unomah (1987) conducted a

study at the former Bendel State university to determine the unavailability rate in the library and

to find out its causes . The survey revealed an unavailability rate of 34% percent. On acquisition

performance, the survey showed that the library acquire only a little more than half the items

requested. A similar study by Okiy (2000) showed that unavailability rate of 7.5% IYoro (2004)

found that availability of serial at the university of Ibadan was 94 percent , with 242 of 256

respondents agreeing that serials publications are available and readily accessible.

13
 Ajayi and Akinniyi (2004) found frustration among information seekers due to the non-

availability of resources. Aina (1985) analyzed unavailability of periodical titles used in Nigerian

libraries, finding that only 67 (11.5%) of the 578 periodicals titles study were not available in

any of the major library and conforming a higher availability of rate. Oyediran Tidings (2004)

studied information needs of library users at the Yaba College of technology Lagos and observed

low use of the library by the students which was attributed to the expressed unavailability of the

desired information resources. The paper suggested seeking user import for the acquisition

process and policy.

2.4 Serial Subscription

Serial publications are usually acquired through subscriptions. Serials subscription is one of the

major function associated with the availability of serials. Subscriptions refer to the method of

acquiring periodicals for a designated period of time [or prescribed number of successive issues]

upon payment of a subscription fee, payable in advance to the publisher or subscription agent.

Also refers to the right of a library or library system to provide access to a bibliographic

database, other online resources, to its patrons under licensing agreement with a vendor, upon

payment of an annual subscription price, subject to renewal.

2.5 Utilization of Serial Publications

Client must learn how to use the library in order to be confident and become critical users of the

library resources. Aina [2004] asserted that academic library provide user education in order to

equip a user with resources effectively, and efficiently a process so complex that an average user

may not easily comprehend. So it is important to explain the working of a library to new client in

detail to be able to exploit the resources of the library to the fullest. He is of the view that

14
through user education the user is able to get any information him or she desire as well as

developing the skills to use the resources of library independently for independent studies.

Libraries no doubt have to make available programmes that could assist students how to

effectively and efficiently use the library resources. Such programmes include information

literacy skills programme, current awareness services exhibition and others. Information is

regarded as major economic resources, which can be used by individuals, corporation and

nations to political, social and economic advantage. Like other major resources, information

offers the greatest possibilities to those who know how to use it. The daily growth of information

according to Utor [1999] “brings about problems of location, acquisition, organization and

dissemination and also brings about the problem of making it easily available to potential users,

the right type of information at right time” the problems are made frustrating as users themselves

find it difficult to locate and make use of the right type of information they consider useful.

Ogbomo ( 2000) defines serial as “a publication issued in successive parts at a regular intervals

and as a rule intended to be continued indefinitely “ serials include journals, magazines ,

bulletins, and newsletters , proceedings , learned society and association etc. they may be

published daily, weekly, monthly quarterly, yearly etc. The search for information on any

subject in an academy library must include the examination of serial publication because they

contains current information about new ideas or discoveries and keep researchers abreast of

grown of knowledge in their areas of investigation .

The Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi is central to the accomplishment of university

goals since it directly acquires books, periodicals and other carrier of information in all the

disciplines taught in the university. This is therefore aimed at assisting the library users to make

15
maximum use of the information resources and service in the library information is essential to

the smooth running of any organization. It cuts across all facets of administration, interactions,,

behavior among others. Information is even more important to individual. An organization or

individual that is benefit of information is almost cut off from the world as a whole and could in

some cases even be regarded to be as good as dead ( Emojorho and Adomi, 2006)

A periodical such as newspaper or magazine has a distinctive title and is issued more frequently

than once a year containing articles. While non-periodicals serials are publication that are issued

in successive parts once a year or less frequently , yearbooks, annual or monographic serials are

examples of non-periodicals serials. The term periodical serials journals are used interchangeably

to refer the group of library materials which appear in a series or regular intervals. Fayose (1995)

stated that as its name suggested periodical has a distinctive title which is issued at regular

interval .i.e. weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly by a learned society.

The idea of serialization is not limited to printed materials. When printed document are referred

to serials, an idea of publication that is consequently number and indefinitely continued is in

place. in her own view Agbaje (2002) submitted that periodical are types of serial organized

around the concept of preordination which attempts to impart significances to the passage of

time by identifying and ordering information along chronological sequence s . Thus when

product is referred to as periodical they are produced at fixed interval of time, usually not less

than twenty four hours. Serial materials are used by all in our lives for different purposes. The

importance of serial publication to the library cannot be over emphasized. Special and academic

libraries devote a lot of their funds to the acquisition and management of serials of serial. This is

because a lot of research works go on in their parent organization. Titles in serial of academic

nature are written and review by experts.

16
Justices (2011) noted that undergraduate needs to be advice on how to organize and access some

electronic journals through the database. Those who have been trained in the use of an electronic

journals web page were prepared to use the page particularly when searching from home.

According to Heimstra(2000), a variety of journaling types and formats have been developed

over the years. A literature search produces a plethora of type, descriptions and examples. Most

students even use to move beyond the knowledge and skills available through normal classroom

activities.

Hawkins cited in Faboyinde( 2006) noted that knowledge and information have become the

most important currency for productivity, competitiveness and increased wealth and prosperity..

The library is the store house of knowledge and information. It provides both access to

information resources and the information itself. . Library help the students to achieve the

objectives, their information literary and are prepared for lifelong education Ubogu (2206) stated

that libraries should provide access to information resources, expert, professionals supported to

facilitate through and accurate use of all library resources.

2.6 The awareness of the available serials publications among undergraduate students

Serial publications awareness as an instructional of learning tool education has gained cogency

during the past three decades. As early as 1965, psychologist Ira progott and his colleagues begin

seeing the importance of serials in enhancing growth and learning. Progott believed what he

called an intensive serials process could draw each person’s life toward wholeness at its own

tempo. It systematically evokes and strengthen the inner capabilities of persons by working

from non- medical vantage point and proceeding without analytic or diagnostic categories

(Roagott 1975) cited by Heimstra (2002) According to Finley (2010) the importance of

17
integrating journal use across the curriculum is amply documented . From the undergraduate

perspective, there are activities that can trump serials for understanding and supporting and

supporting the development of student thinking. Serials in its various forms are means of

recording personal thought, daily experiences and evolving insights. The process often evolve

conversations with itself, another person or even an imagined other person SISCO(2000) Sisco

further noted that journals are tools that aid learners in term of personal growth, synthesis and or

reflection on new information that is acquired . Sisco stated that the need for learners to use

serial publications as a means for assisting them obtain the maximum amount of interactive

knowledge and personal growth from their reading effort to other leaning experience.

Hiemistr (2000) noted that journals promote crucial self-reflection where materials connections

and evolving worldwide are questioned or challenged.

He further noted the some serials include potions of journal or diary in a professional portfolio as

a means of informing prospective or current employers.

18
2.7 Relevance of Serial to Users

The philosophy of librarianship is based on the concept of services and the provision of relevant

materials for users. For this reason, Ranganathan’s first, second and fifth laws of library science

become very relevant to the provision and use of serials in university libraries. With reference to

the first law, this state that “Books are for use” serials are mainly acquired either by purchase,

gift, exchange for use by undergraduate students and lecturers for the purpose of their research,

teaching and learning. Serials are essentially used for research because they carry current and up-

to-date information. The second law could be achieved through a community survey, the

community survey according to carter (2004) will analyses the activities of various groups within

the community with a view of making serials available for them. While the fifth law, which

implies that library collection should not be static but dynamic and which must grow infinitum.

However, Ike (2003) observed that “Academic library should aim at satisfying the immediate

needs of its patrons” anticipating future needs and development collections to meet in a luxury

“Unfortunately most Nigerian University libraries cannot afford this luxury of satisfaction and

foresight, perhaps due to the worldwide economic recession and inflation of the 1980 which led

drastic reduction of the funds available to libraries.

2.8 Organizations of serials

The organization and retrieval of serials constitute important aspect of serials management

because the flood of serials collections that are not organized can lead to obscurity and confusion

instead of clarifying and informing. After the necessary selection, routine of ordering,

purchasing, receiving and invoice clearing the periodicals are forwarded to the organization unit

for processing. The library is responsible for (a) stamping and stapling of the newspapers,

19
journals and magazines. (b) Identifying the newspaper, magazines and journals by serials

division (c) cataloguing and classification of the journals using library of congress subject

headings and classification scheme. (d) Recording journals in the kardex while newspapers and

magazines are entered into record books. The kardex has its trays of cards on which the

bibliographic information of materials are recorded. The bibliographic information includes title

of journal, publishers, frequency, volume, year etc.

The magazine and newspapers in the serials are properly indexed. Indexing of these materials in

this regard entails recording relevant bibliographic information concerning the newspapers,

magazines. This information is entered into 3”*5” the cards normally arrange in alphabetical

order according to subjects. The bibliographic information includes the title, the publishers and

the volume, date of publication, month, invoice number, amount and date paid.

Emojorho (2009) libraries hold a wide range of information bearing materials. The library

materials are made of books and non-book materials. With the astronomical growth of

information the pressure is now on the librarians or information scientist to organize materials in

a manner that will be convenient for users to retrieve required items easily and effectively. It is

not enough to acquire it is far more important to get the materials to the desk of the users

libraries whose role involve the location, selections , acquisitions organization and

dissemination of information are still using 19th Century methods. The organization of

periodicals involves indexing, bibliographic descriptions in the catalogue cabinets, kardex and

the use of information and communication technology (ICT). The journals are properly recorded

in to kardex. Therefore, they are properly catalogued and classify using library of congress

classification scheme in assigning notations to materials. In view of this categorization of the

serials materials, journals are logically arranged according to class marks while the kardex alerts
20
the users on the varieties of journals in the various disciplines. The newspapers are kept in the

shelves according to their year and month of publication that is to say that materials published in

2009 are kept together in a separate place with the index indicating the varieties of information in

the magazines and journals in the process of retrieving these serials materials, the serials public

staff are fully aware of the serials arrangement, guide the users to borrow them according to rules

and regulations. At the public service unit, the clientele make their information request which the

staff help them to search the kardex and catalogue cabinets. Having identified their specific

needs, the public service staff quickly retrieve the materials to the users who barrow them for use

action. The serial section by presenting identity card and register them for use. Users name is

entered in to the borrowing note book to receive materials and they sign out when materials is

returned. The newspaper and magazines that formed considerable both of serial materials as well

interviewed and their cards arranged in alphabetical order in the catalogue cabinets. To this end,

users are able to locate needed information from the serials catalogue and kardex tools current

issues of serials are arranged or displayed on racks or shelves. When new issues arrive, the back

issues are properly stored in the appropriate boxes or shelves according to their subjects and

notations.

Information and communication technology (ICT) are computer based tools used by libraries in

acquiring, processing, storing and dissemination, the university library went in to information in

2002 and SNIPPET computers was commissioned to computerize the library by supplying 23

computers, a server, backup server and networking of the various sections of the library at cost

of N6,357,400.00 in August 2003 Urhobo progress Union, Canada Branch donated a sum of

N650,000.00 through witch an X-lib library software was acquired following its limitation Slam

(strategic library Automation Management) software was acquired to replace X-lib in 2007. The

21
systems division handles all issues concerning ICT operations and services. To this end, systems

unit therefore oversee all data entries including the retrospective conversion of catalogue records

in the serials section and the library in general. Presently the data entry is still a progress and

when completed the examiner public access catalogue will allow user to search serial collections

and her library holdings. To further information retrieval in the serials division of the library one

included computers hooked to V-set under proper installed in the month of March 2011. The

SLAM library software is based on oracle technology. It is menu-driven that consist file, patron,

catalogue, circulation, administration, report, windows menu. Considerable academic libraries

are using SLAM software; these libraries include John Haris library, Benin City, Benson Idahosa

University, and Adekule Ajasin University Library, Akungba. At the serial section, materials are

entered online according to the serial software menu. It is optimistic that when exercise is fully

accomplished, Library user will now accessing serial collection through online public access

catalogue (OPAC) instead of the traditional manual catalogue card. According to Emojorho

(2009). The OPAC allows any member of the library’s public to search the catalogue database in

order to see if the library holds a particular material. It’s location and quick provision of data.

The user must learn how to use author title menu if only he/she knows the author or the title of

book or a particular journal title. The subject field or what he wishes to consult. To this end, the

user must enter subject heading and the system will show the varieties of materials in the subject

and where to locate them easily.

The full value of any library collections can only be appreciated by an understanding of the

organization of its materials. To this end, orientations are being given to person particularly on

the organization of serials collection so as to facilitate information retrieval. It is however not

enough to select and acquire serials in libraries and expect them to be useful to everybody

22
without proper organization. With view of facilitating access to the users. This therefore

necessitates organization of serials in the library in order to provide both physical and intellectual

access. Bishoff (2005) warned that “ the highest priority should be the organization of library

materials to provide maximum access to the collection by staff and the users” in the same view

Boyen(2005) suggested that the “bibliographic records for serials may not need to be detail but

the control must be carefully monitor , citing newspapers as presenting and visual bibliographic

control problem, because their greatest value is in the last few issues held” commenting on the

organization and processing of serials Melio (2001) stated that “if ever there was a perplexing

area in librarianship is in the handling of serials publication: This ascension by Melin tends to be

true because even stine (2001) listed some of the following activities selection, ordering,

preordering and updating of holding information which are critical part of the serial management

23
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter describes the research method used, the sample and sampling techniques, the

instrument for collecting data and procedure for analyzing the data.

3.1 Research Design

The design of the research is compulsory to the success of any study; the design of this study

is survey method. According to Nworgu (1991), “A survey research is the one which a group of

people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only few people or items

considered to be representative of the entire group.” In this study survey method will be the most

appropriate for the study which focused on the Awareness and Utilization of serial publications

in Academic libraries at Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi.

3.2 Area of the Study

The area of the study will be narrowed to Nasarawa State University Library to enable

effective analysis of the stated problem.

3.3 Population of the Study

The population of the study will focus on the perspective of Academic staff Lecturers of

Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi. Two programmes will be selected from each of the [5]

faculties. Which would Yield a total number of Ten Lecturers from the five (5) Programmes, The

list of Lecturers will be obtained to the total number of 50 Lecturers.

24
According to Eza {2010}, population is a set of total elements, object or Event that are of interest

for a Particular study.

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique

The stratified random Sampling technique, sample members may be chosen at random from

entire population the researcher might select people who are easier to obtain information from

“A sample is a subset of a population from which data for the study is collected” Boki [2009].

Thus, a total of 50 Academic staff Lecturers will constitute the total sample for the study. 50

copies of questionnaire will be designed and distributed for completion by the Academic Staff

Lecturers of the library and the selection will be random.

3.5 Instrument for Data Collection

The instruments to be used for data collection in this research work are basically structured,

which will administer to the respondent to answer. While observations will be undertake by the

researcher.

3.5.1 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

The questionnaire will be presented to my project supervisor to check the appropriateness of the

language used, level of coverage and pertinence of questionnaire. The suggestions made will be

inserted into the final draft of the questionnaire.

Experts in educational research will be given the questionnaire to vet and to ascertain the

appropriateness of the instrument. A pilot study was undertaken to test the reliability of the

instrument.

25
3.6 Method of Data Collection

Data will be collected personally by the researcher directly through the questionnaire

administered to respondents.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

The data will be obtain from the questionnaire and will be analyzed using percentage and

frequency distribution

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0 INTRODUCTIONS

This chapter present the data collected from the respondents, it also analyzed and interpreted

data collected from the Academic staff lecturers through the questionnaire that ware

administered.

4.1 PRESENTATION OF DATA

Data obtained from the completed questionnaire are presented for analysis based on the study

research questions. The table featured the responses of the lecturers from the faculties in the

university namely: Faculty Education, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Humanity,

Faculty of Social Science, Faculty Science, these faculties provided the population used for this

project work on the Awareness and Utilization of Serial Publications in Academic Libraries by

Academic Staff Lecturers of Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi.

4.2 DATA ANALYSIS

The analysis of data was done by use of frequency tables and simple percentage.

4.3 RESPONSES RATE

The total number of questionnaire administered to the Academic Staff Lecturers in the school

was fifty (50) copies, out of this number (48) were dully filled and returned appropriately. This

gives a response rate (47.3%).

27
TABLE.4.1 responses rate

Questionnaire Questionnaire Percentage of Questionnaire Percentage of

Administered returned Questionnaire not returned Questionnaire

returned not returned

50 48 96.00% 2 4.00%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

Table 4.1 above indicated that a total number of fifty (50) Academic Staff Lecturers responded

to the questionnaire which were dully completed and returned. It consists of 5 (4.56%) lecturers

from faculty of Education, 5 (4.56%) lecturers from faculty of Science, 5 (4.56%) lecturers from

faculty of Humanity, 5 (4.56%) lecturers from faculty of Basic Medical Science, 5 (4.56%)

lecturers from faculty of Social Science. This represents a total response rate of 25.22%.

Research Question One

Are you aware of serial publications in the library?

Table 4.2: Student Awareness of Serial Publications

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 48 100%

No 0 0%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

28
Table 4.2, result show that 48 (100%) of the respondents stated that, they are aware of serial

publications in the library while 0 (0%) said that they are not aware of the serial publications in

the library.

From the data above it is clear, that the highest respondents that is 48 (100%) are aware of serial

publications in the library, this is quite impressive and shows that the serial publications in the

library is of great importance to the academic staff lecturers of Nasarawa State University. In the

same vein the least respondents representing (0.00%) indicated using the serial publications are

of less importance.

Research Question Two

How do you become aware of serial publications in the library?

Table 4.3 How lecturers become aware of serial publications

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Through library card 5 10.41%

catalogue

2 Through discussion 0 0%

with friends

3 Through library 43 89.58%

4 Through display 0 0%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

29
Table 4.3 results revealed that 5(10.41%) of the lecturers (respondents) become aware of the

serial publications through card catalogue, and then 0(0%) become aware through discussion

with friends, while 43(89.58%) of the respondents become aware through library and 0(0%)

through others mean that is display.

Research Question Three

Do you use serials material in the library?

Table 4.4 use of serial publications

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 38 79.16%

No 10 20.83%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

The table 4.4 above indicated that, the greater percentage of the respondents (academic staff

lecturers) representing 38 (79.16%) used serial publications in the library while 10(20.83%) are

not using serial publications in the library, some they only use their mobile phones and their

computer network to have accesses to their information needs, while some there don’t have time

of going to the library.

30
Research Question Four

For what purpose do you consult serial publications in the library?

Table 4.5 Reason for the use of serial publications

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 For self-education 4 8.33%

2 For research 35 72.91%

3 For information 3 6.25%

4 For leisure 1 2.08%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

From the table 4.5, is clear that most of the respondents which are 35 (72.91%) of the lecturers

use serial publications for research, 4 (8.33%) of the respondents use it for self-education, while

3 (6.25%) of the respondents use it for information and 1 (2.08%) of the respondents use it for

leisure. From the data above it is clear, that the highest respondent that 35 (72.91%) use the serial

publications for research. This is quite impressive and show that the serial publications of the

library are of great importance to the academic staff lecturers of Nasarawa State University

Library.

31
Research Question Five

How often do you use serial publications in the library?

Table 4.6 Frequency of use of serial publications

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Daily 15 31.25%

2 Once a week 8 16.66%

3 Twice a week 2 4.16%

4 Once a month 3 6.25%

5 As the need arises 20 41.66%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

Table 4.6 clearly shows that, 15 (31.25%) of the respondents use the serial publications daily,

then 2 (4.16%) of the respondents said that, they use the serial publications twice a week while 8

(16.66%) use the serial publications once a week, 3 (6.25%) said they used serial publications

once a month and 20 (41.66%) said they used serial publications as the need arises.

From the data above it is clear, that the highest respondent that is 20 (41.66%) use serial

publications as the need arises. In the same vein the least respondents representing 2 (5.3%)

indicated using the serial publications twice a week.

32
Research Question Six

What types of serial publications are available in the library?

Table 4.7 Types of serial publications available in the library?

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage

1 Journal 5 10.41%

2 Newspaper 18 37.5%

3 Magazines 5 10.41%

4 Annual report 2 4.16%

5 E-journals 4 8.33%

6 Bulletins 4 8.33%

7 All of the above 10 20.83%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

The table 4.7 above indicated that majority of respondents believe that newspaper in the serial

publications representing about 18 (37.5%), journals representing 5 (10.41%) of the serial

publication in the library, magazine representing 5 (10.41%) while annual report representing 2

(4.16%). However 10 respondents representing (20.83%) said that all the type of the serial

publications are available and 4 respondents representing (8.33%) said bulletins are available in

the library.

33
Research Question Seven

How does the serial publication meet your information needs in the library?

Table 4.8 Adequacy of serial publication

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Some time 18 37.5%

2 Every time 30 62.5%

3 Not at all 0 0%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

Based on the result shown above in table 4.8, it clearly shown that a number of 18 (37.5%) of the

respondents said that the serial publications meet their information needs some time. 30 (62.5%)

agreed that the serial publications meet their information needs every time, while 0 (0%) who

used the library felt the serial publications were not adequate at all.

Research Question Eight

Which of the following problems do you encountered when using serial publications in the

library?

Table 4.9 problems encountered when using serial publications

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Inability of using 18 37.5%

34
 serials effectively

2 Non-availability of 5 10.41%

serial publications

3 Poor attitude of the 10 20.83%

librarians

4 Improper shelving of 15 31.25%

the serial publications

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

Based on the result shown on the table 4.9 above, majority of the lecturers 18 (37.5%) stated that

inability of serial publications effectively are the problems they encountered, 15 (31.25%) of the

respondents said the materials are improperly shelved, follow by the 10 (20.83%) of the

respondents said that poor attitude of the librarians are their major problems. On the other hand

respondents 5 (10.41%) also maintained that non availability of serials publications as the

problems they encountered.

Research Question Nine

Are you satisfied with the serials publication in the library?

Table 4.10 Respondents level of satisfaction with available serial publications in the library.

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

35
1 Highly satisfied 10 20.83%

2 Satisfied 30 62.5%

3 Undecided 5 10.41%

4 Not satisfied 3 6.25%

Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

Table 4.10 sought to find out the level of satisfaction of respondents regarding serial publications

in Nasarawa State University Library. The result revealed that 10 (20.83%) of respondents said

they are highly satisfied with the serial publications provided in the library. However, the

majority 30 (62.5%) of the respondents are satisfied with the serial publications, while a

reasonable number 5 (10.41%) respondents were undecided. A very slim number of 3 (6.25%)

respondents who were among the users of library were not satisfied with the serial publications

being provided in the library.

Research Question Ten

How accessible are serial publications in the library?

Table 4.11 Level of accessibility of serial publications

S/N Variable Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Highly accessible 17 35.41%

2 Moderate accessible 8 16.66%

3 Partially accessible 23 47.91%

4 Not accessible 0 0%

36
 Total 48 100%

Source: Field Survey, 2018.

The result in table 4.11 above, represent the respondents on the accessibility of serial

publications. As shown in the analysis, 17 (35.41%) respondents found the serial publications

highly accessible, while the highest numbers of 23 (47.91%) respondents were of the view that

the serial publications were partially accessible. In the same way 8 (16.66%) respondents felt the

serial publications were moderately accessible. However 0 (0%) respondents who used the

library felt that the serial publications were not accessible.

37
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

The chapter’s present summary, conclusion and recommendations and made on research

carried out on the Awareness and Utilization of serials publication in academic libraries (a case

study of Nasarawa State University Library, Keffi).

5.1 Summary of findings

The research was structured as follows: Chapter one started with Introduction, Background of

the study, Statement of the problem, Objectives of the study, Research Questions, Significance

of the study, Scope and Limitation of the study and Operational Definition of Terms.

Chapter two is based on the review of the related literature which was done under the following:

Concept of Serial Publications, Types of Serial Publications: Journals, Newspaper, Electronic

Journals or Online Journals, Yearbook, Magazine, The Awareness of available Serial

Publications among the Academic Staff Lecturers, Utilization of Serials Publications,

Availability of Serial Publications and Subscription, Relevance of Serials to users and

Organization of Serial Publications.

Chapter three deals with research methods in which questionnaire was used as instrument for

data collection.

38
In chapter four descriptive table using frequency and percentage were used to analyze data

collected. It discusses the research design, population, sample and sample technique, instrument

for data collection and method of data analysis and presentation.

Chapter five deals with summary, conclusion and recommendations

5.2 Conclusions

Obviously the existence of any given library in any organization is to meet the needs of its

patrons. Where the library fail the organization’s goals and objectives are bound to become

dream without realizations.

It is important for the library to improve on the user’s awareness of serial publications in the

library so as to increase the usage of this service. Awareness and orientation should be a

continuous effort, since the University recruits new staff regular on a basis.

It is also observed that serial publications have become the vital information resources for

various needs in the library. Serial publications are the most important for the members of

research community. Lack of training among users, improper shelving and poor infrastructure in

the library is a major de-motivating factor in the use of serial publications.

5.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this research and the conclusion already drawn, the following

recommendations are made.

The awareness of serial publications in the library should be created among the users

through their various departments. This will help to satisfy information need of the users.

39
Information professionals have to help users to create awareness in order to encourage the use of

serial collections.

For the library to manage the serial publications well, they need more funding. The researcher

found out that the library is financially handicapped in its bid to improve on the level of serial

publications. They also need to make the serial materials easily accessible to the lecturers so that

they will be well disposed towards its usage in order to enhance their research and academic

performance. The library should also be more involved in cooperative activities with other

libraries.

It is also recommended that the library should re-dedicate its efforts in enhancing library

cooperation with sister libraries both within and outside the country whenever possible so as to

exposed the serial publication in the library thus enabling it satisfy its users or patron needs. This

also applies to exchange progamme being embarked upon by the library that should be

intensified as this will save some of the library fund which will be used to acquire other valuable

serials titles that the library does not have. The library management should expedite action on the

digitalization of it resources because when it is fully accomplished it will facilitate quick and

easy information access in serials section. Seminars and workshops should be regularly

organized for both the library staff and information retrieval.

The authority should conduct training programmes for users regarding how to use serial

publications effectively in the library. The use of serial publications should be encouraged

among the lecturers and undergraduate students. More current serials material should be

provided for lecturers’ use.

40
 Finally, to encourage reading habit in the library users, the library environment must be

adequately equipped with basic equipment such as air conditioners, adequate power supply:

recruiting library staffs who is client friendly without losing sight on the ethics of their job.

41
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APPENDIX

Dear Sir/Madam,

LETTER OF INTRODUCTION

I am a final year student of the Department of Library and Information Science (LIS) Federal

Polytechnic Nasarawa, conducting a research on the topic titled: “The Awareness and Utilization

of Serial Publications in Academic Libraries by the Academic Staff Lecturers of Nasarawa State

University Library, Keffi.”

I hear by humble request you to respond to the following questions as appropriate as possible.

Note that this research work is for educational purpose; meanwhile all answers given will be held

confidential.

Yours sincerely

Shawon Doosuur Grace

07/20128UT/6

45
SECTION A BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Introduction: please tick [ ] on the box appropriately and provide information where needed.

1. Faculty:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…..

2. Program:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

….

3. Rank:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...

4. Sex:

a) Male [ ] b) Female [ ]

SECTION B

5. Are you aware of Serial publications in the library?

a. YES [ ] b. NO [ ]

6. How do you become aware of serial publications in the library?

a. Through library card catalogue [ ]

b. Through discussion with friends [ ]

c. Through library [ ]

d. Others specify [ ]

46
7. Do you use serials material in the library?

a) YES [ ] b) NO [ ] if no specify

8. For what purpose do you use consult serial publications in the library?

a) For Information [ ]

b) For Research [ ]

c) For Leisure [ ]

d) Others Specify [ ]

9. How often do you use serial publications in the library?

a) Daily [ ]

b) Once a week [ ]

c) Twice a week [ ]

d) Once a month [ ]

e) As the need arises [ ]

10. What types of serial publications are available in the library?

a) Journals [ ]

b) Newspaper [ ]

c) Magazine [ ]

d) Annual report [ ]

e) E- journals [ ]

f) All of the above [ ]

11. Does the Serial Publications meet your information needs?

47
 a) Every time [ ]

b) Sometime [ ]

c) Not at all [ ]

12. Which of the following problems do you encountered when using serial publications in the

library?

a) Inability of using serials effectively [ ]

b) Non-availability of serial publication [ ]

c) Poor attitude of the librarian [ ]

d) Improper shelving of serials [ ]

13. Are you satisfied with the serials publication in the library?

a) Highly satisfied [ ]

b) Satisfied [ ]

c) Undecided [ ]

d) Not satisfied [ ]

14. Do you have access to serials publications in the library?

a) Fully accessible [ ]

b) Moderate accessible [ ]

c) Partially accessible [ ]

d) Not accessible [ ]

48