A Review on Various DC-DC Converters for

Photo Voltaic Based DC Micro Grids

1B. Jyothi, 2P. Bhavana, 1B.Thirumala Rao and 1M.Sai Krishna Reddy
1Department of EE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, AP, INDIA
2Department of EEE, SRK Institute of Technology, Vijayawada, AP, INDIA
E-mail : jyothieee@ kluniversity.in, santhubasava154@gmail.com
2021 Emerging Trends in Industry 4.0 (ETI 4.0) | 978-1-6654-2237-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ETI4.051663.2021.9619280

Abstract :- Currently the usage of power demand is
increased by utility grids. In order to fulfilled the energy
demand, tackle ecological concerns producing from the
conservative energy sources, then researchers are moving
towards the non- conservative (or) renewable energy
resources integrated with DC micro grids to deliver power
supply with improving system efficiency and especially cost
reduction in distribution systems in a superior way. In non-
conservative sources, solar energy is the cleanest and
abundant green energy source available in nature. So,
implementation of solar PV based DC micro grids
technology is inexpensive, flexible, and energy-efficient to
the end-users. But solar PV panels generate a low DC
voltage. By using this low DC voltage as an input to the DC
micro grids, definitely this grid does not serve any dc load
properly. So, this problem can be erected with the help of
DC-DC converters. The main motto of DC-DC converters is
to properly produce the output voltage and ripple free
output current to the dc load requirements. This paper gives
the information regarding the various DC-DC converters
applicable for solar PV based DC micro grids and at most,
enlists the proposed MSC (Modified SEPIC Converter) is a
best DC-DC converter for solar PV based DC micro grids
based on the literature review discussed.
From Fig.1 shown concerning how the energy sources are
utilized by the various industries. The bar graph gives the
interpretation about how the energy sources are utilized
by the industrial persons in the future concerning the
decreasing the usage of conservative energy sources (like
coal energy, nuclear energy, and etc.) and then install
energy sources like solar energy, wind energy, and so on..
in the period of 2020 to 2040. Based on the conservative
energy sources, researchers are contributing a green (or)
non-conservative energy sources and energy storage
systems are used in the field of conservative energy
resources to erect problems with these conservative
energy sources.
Production of energy sources in world-wide (in million
tonne oil equivalent):

Keywords— Non-conservative sources, DC-DC converters, DC

micro grids. Isolated Converters, Non-Isolated converters,
MSC.
I. INTRODUCTION
In earlier, electrical power generation is generated from
the conservative energy sources like coal, natural gas and
etc.. But day by day these energy sources are degraded
due to the more usage of power utilization by the
increased population. Moreover, these energy sources
release destructive gases like SO2, CO2, and CO etc., in
large quantities can lead to developing a global warming
and greenhouse gas emissions in nature [1]. Ultimately
alternative energy sources are comes into the picture.
With renewable energy sources harmful gases emission is
eliminated. In 2013, Sinopec pipeline blasted in Shandong
Area in China, taking away valuable lives of 55 people.
The corporations of coal, natural gas, and oil are coming
about these severe intimidations nevertheless they are
controlled. So to avoid these serious problems
government officials are looking towards for the
alternative energy sources [2], [3].
Fig.1. Production of energy sources in world-wide
Most of the researchers concentrate on the
implementation of solar energy in the field of DC micro
grid applications [4]. One of the research paper [5] is best
support in the field of solar energy based DC micro grid
applications are manages an input and an output powers
for dc loads with efficient battery protection.
Implementation solar heaters also is one of the main
application of the solar energy [6].Implementation of this
Solar PV panels based DC micro grids is quite simple.
Because, the solar PV sources easily generate DC voltage
from collecting solar irradiance on this solar PV panels.
Then directly couple the DC bus voltage to DC micro
grids shown in Fig.2 along with operated dc loads.

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Fig.2. Block diagram of PV panels based DC Micro grids
The problem arises in solar PV panels based DC micro
grids (without having DC-DC converters interference) is,
DC voltage generated by the solar PV panels is very low,
the amount of low DC voltage does not sufficient to drive
any dc load in DC micro grids and results voltage
fluctuations in the dc loads. To enhance the low DC
voltage level into a higher level by using series connected
PV panels based on the DC load requirements. It is an
inefficient way to generate a DC voltage with a higher
level due to the requirement of N number of series-
connected PV panels and moreover cost the whole system
is increased. Due to this reason researchers are looking
towards the integration of DC-DC converters with solar
PV panels based DC micro grids are inexpensive, simple,
and inexpensive for end-users(dc loads), block diagram
presented in Fig.3. From the principle behind the DC-DC
converters, these converters either increase or decrease
DC voltage based on the duty ratio technique.
Fig.3. Block diagram of Integration of DC-DC converters
with solar PV panels based DC Micro grids
Solar PV panels are plays a vital role both ac and dc load
applications. In DC micro grids, high voltage gain and
high output obtained by solar PV panels operated with dc
loads and dc converters. For ac loads, solar PV panels are
operated with bidirectional inverters to generate a high
output voltage [7].This paper is mainly focused on the
non-isolated DC-DC converters implementation for solar
PV panels based DC micro grids to optimally share a load
current to the DC appliances [8]. Generally for high
power applications (for industrial loads), hybrid
renewable energy technologies are used. Ex: solar PV -
wind based micro grid [9], [10]. The reason behind the
thought of non-isolated dc converters for solar PV based
DC micro grids are mostly suitable for low power
applications i.e. 100W to 0.5KW. Here conclude some
merits regarding the non-isolated converters are briefly
expressed as follows:
1. Less in size and the weight of the non-isolated
DC-DC converters and also these converters
maximize the power density of the DC loads.
2. Compact and not bulky.
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3. Not require any galvanic isolation required by
the isolated DC-DC converters to transfer input
power to the DC loads
4. Used for low power applications. Example: The
renewable energy-based DC micro grids.
In the second section, the overview of DC micro grid is
presented. In the third section examined the various DC-
DC converters. The non-isolated DC-DC converters
applicable for solar PV panels based DC micro grids are
analyzed in the fourth section. In the fifth section
selection of non-isolated DC-DC converters for solar PV
panels based DC micro grids is conferred and finally, the
sixth section gives the overall conclusion of the literature
survey of the review.
II. OVERVIEW OF DC MICRO GRIDS
In this section brief introduction about the DC micro
grids is conferred. To obtain ripple free load current, DC
micro grids are interconnected with the Distributed
Generation (DG) sets and DC-DC converters through dc
loads [11]. DC micro grids look like small
generating plants, which can produce electricity with the
help of a DG sets. However, DG is interfaced with DC
micro grid operation generates DC voltage as per the
requirement of DC load application [12]. Distribution
Generation (DG) sets uses renewable (or) non-
conservative energy sources and energy storage systems
as a generating units and this DG sets are produces a
required DC voltage for DC micro grids. In Radial
Distribution Systems, to get reduced losses and improve
the volge profile, DGs are integrated with Renewable
energy sources for dc loads [13]. DC-DC converters can
give an assurance of adaptable current, output voltage
level and furthermore provides a prospect to put together
the altered types of batteries with dissimilar SOC (State
Of Charge) characteristics and unlike voltage ratings of
PV panels to the DC micro grids.
The merits of the DC micro grids in various applications,
such as
 With the help of non-conservative energy powered
DC micro grids, the radiation of carbon dioxide is
totally reduced and this renewable energy powered
DC micro grids can be attained by enlightening the
efficiency of power generation, transmission and
distribution systems with the support of a less
number of power converters used in this DC micro
grids [14].
 Elimination of skin effect in DC micro grid
systems is possible, the current flow through the
system it diminishes losses and offers a usage of
less amount of cable for the same volume of
current for DC micro grids [15].
 Not necessary for synchronization of DC micro
grid combined renewable energy systems. It limits
the operating difficulty in DC micro grids.
  DC micro grids improve the immovability,
controllability and power quality of the system
throughout grid instabilities (or) power shutdowns
[ex: voltage sag or swell].
 Rise of grounding and deterioration concerns in
DC micro grid systems.
Selection of DC-DC converter, PV panels with MPPT
controller (Mostly P and O algorithm) [16], [17] and
follows proper grounding connections in DC micro grids
as like non-isolated DC bus mid-point grounding in a
proper designing of DC micro grids. Most of the research
through the 380V DC micro grid distribution line due to
the reason like that line distribution losses shall be
reduced by using 380V for DC distribution lines and also
electricity will be transformed to safer 12V, 24V, and
48V at the household applications [18].
III. VARIOUS TYPES OF DC-DC CONVERTERS
A. DC-DC converters:
DC-DC converters are converts fixed DC voltage into
variable DC voltage. By varying the duty ratio, DC-DC
converters are operated either in buck mode or boost
mode. Based on the dc load requirement operate DC-DC
converters in buck or boost modes. Researchers operate a
DC-DC converter in boost mode with the constant
frequency and variable duty ratio technique is generally
used. This technique helps the end-user to operate any
DC-DC converter at different duty ratios and then keeping
the switching frequency is fixed. Implementation of the
isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters are usually
designed more due to their advantages rather than the
other DC-DC converters.
B. Isolated DC-DC converters:
An isolation transformer is used to transfers an input
power to the load. This isolated power converters
provides a plain a barrier across the converter to protect
from the high dangerous voltages to the loads and retain
the high voltage gain w.r.t the transformer turns ratio. The
circuit diagram is shown in Fig.4 with the one active
power switch (S), isolation transformer, diode (D),
capacitor (C) and load resistance (Ro) components.
Required output voltage and voltage gain generated by
means of an isolation transformer their duty ratio
technique respectively.
Fig.4 Isolated DC-DC converters
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C. Non-isolated DC-DC converters:
This converter is competent in affording 95% of
efficiency to the dc loads rather than the isolated DC-DC
converters. These converters do not require any isolation
transformer to transfer input power to the dc loads but
isolated DC-DC converters require isolation transformer
shown in Fig.5. The required amount of output voltage
and voltage gain generated based on their duty ratio
technique only.
Fig.5 Non-isolated DC-DC converters
Generally the researchers spotlight on implementation of
the DC-DC converters of non-isolated type for solar PV
panels based DC micro grids, due to the availability of
these non-isolated DC-DC converters size, weight, and
cost. On the otherhand the renewable energy sources are
served to the non-isolated inverse output voltage DC-DC
converter also for the purpose of producing a broad range
of DC voltage transformation from low level to the higer
level [19]. Due to this, integration of non-islated DC-DC
converters with renewable energy sources based DC
micro grids are preferable. Various applications of
isolated DC-DC converters are Medical apparatus,
Moveable electronic equipment’s and High power
applications such as Military areas. Moreover,
applications of non-isolated DC-DC converters are
Lighting, Sensors, PV systems and DC micro grids.
IV. THE NON-ISOLATED DC-DC CONVERTERS APPLICABLE
FOR SOLAR PV BASED DC MICRO GRIDS
Here, various types of non-isolated converters are
analyzed briefly for solar PV panel’s integrated through
DC micro grids.
a) The High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based
Active-Network Converter [20]
b) A New Hybrid Boosting Converter [21]
c) A Transformer-less High-Gain Boost Converter
[22]
d) Quadratic Boost Converter [23]
e) Modified Sepic Converter [24]
A. The High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based
Active-Network Converter:
High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based Active
Converter is shown in Fig.6.By means of switched
inductor, networking of the inductors is possible in two
ways i.e., series and parallel. The two switches Sa and Saa
share a similar switching signal, once the switches were
turned ON instantaneously, the inductors La and Laa are
parallel connected. After Sa and Saa are turned OFF, La
and Laa are connected in series shown in Fig.6. In this
circuit La, Laa, Sa and Saa forms a two-port active network.
To form a switched-capacitor entity, several capacitors
and diodes on the output-stacking connected in series or
parallel networks among the capacitors, high voltage gain
can be attained. The two lively switches (Sa and Saa) share
the equal switching signal. Diodes Dy, Dyy, Dyyy, and
capacitors Cy, Cyy, Cyyy are accepted in the switched-
capacitor component.
Fig.6 High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based
Active-Network Converter
B. New Hybrid Boosting Converter:
A Hybrid Boosting Converter (HBC) shown in Fig.7 with
combined rewards of regulation proficiency with boost
arrangement and gain improvement from bipolar voltage
multiplier arrangement. This converter includes a bipolar
voltage multiplier, highlighting balanced structure, single
inductor, and single switch, high gain ability with wide
regulation range is analysed. Based on the interpretation
of this above second-order Hybrid Boost Converter
(HBC) discussed in can be the simplified circuit with four
diode, four capacitors, and having one inductor. Cautious
inspection of this circuit topology specifies that the two
“boost” like sub-circuits are interweaved over the
operation of the dynamic switch Sa. Sum of the two boost
sub circuits’ output voltages and input voltage gives the
total output voltage of HBC
Fig.7 Circuit diagram of A Second Order New Hybrid
Boosting Converter
C. Transformer-less High-Gain Boost Converter:
The circuit topology of the converter is presented in Fig.8,
it contains MOSFETs two in number (Sa and Saa), three
diodes (Dy, Dyy, and Dyyy), three capacitors (Ca, Cq, and
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Caa), two inductors for energy storing (La and Laa), and a
small inductor (Lq) for current preventive over Daaa. In
practical application, Lq is around 100 times lesser than
Laa and 50 times lighter than La. The choice of inductance
value is based on the Complete Charge Interchange (CCI)
between Cq and Caa [S. Ben-Yaakov et al. 2012].
Fig.8 Transformer-less High-Gain Boost Converter
The MOSFETs switch complementarily, i. e., once Sa is
closed, Saa is open and vice versa. Whereas Sa is ON, the
current flowing through La increases with a rise of Vs/La
and Laa discharges at a degree of (Vs – VCq)/Laa.
However, Saa is turned on (and Sa is turned off), at this
time duration, La discharges with a rise that is equivalent
to (Vs – VCa)/La, whereas La charges at a rate of Vs/Laa.
Likewise, if Saa is conducting, the capacitors Ca and Caa
are linked in parallel, it leads to short circuit. As a
consequence of this, a minor inductor (Lq) is required in
order to reduce the peak current in a coil. Meanwhile La
and Laa charge/discharge in a balancing manner, two
inductors are used for input current ripple-free with a
particular value of the converters duty cycle.
D. Quadratic Boost Converter:
Quadratic Boost Converter (QBC) is an advanced step-up
converter with one switch and enhanced transformation
ratio. The circuit diagram of QBC is presented in Fig.9.
The circuit encompasses a single power MOSFET switch
Sa, couple of diodes Da and Daa, couple of capacitors Cq
and Co, couple of inductors La and Laa, and a load
resistance Ro. The circuit operation is firmly depend on
the hypothesis that, with idyllic operation of switch Sa and
capacitor Co, is estimated to be bulky to maintain constant
voltage across the capacitors VCq and VCo during
switching period. Once switch Sa turns ON, Daa is
forward biased, whereas Da and Daaa were reverse biased
and currents are delivered toLa and Laaby Vs and Cq
correspondingly. When the switch Sais turned off and the
mode of operation and current movement direction of
QBC for the duration of turned off switch Sa the state is
producing a condition like Da and Daaa are forward
biased, but Daa is reverse biased. La and Laa are charging
Cq and Co individually. Throughout this state, iLa and iLaa
is reduced.
 1/fs is the time prerequisite to complete one cycle of
switching operation.

Fig.9 Circuit diagram of Quadratic Boost Converter

(QBC)
E. MODIFIED SEPIC CONVERTER:
A new topology is introduced for applications with high
voltage and low current i.e single switch non-isolated
high gain SEPIC converter. Generally, modelling of non-
isolated DC-DC converters are analysed with the help of
the boosting module of the traditional SEPIC converter.
Hence this converter is termed as a Modified SEPIC
Converter (MSC). The schematic of power circuit of
MSC containing three inductors (Lx, Ly and Lz), three
capacitors (Cx, Cy, and Cz) and three diodes (Dx, Dy, and
Dz) which are controlled by only one switch S with
switching frequency (fs) and with the time period (Ts). In
the MSC, inductor Ly and capacitor Cx assist as a voltage-
boosting component in the accumulation with two diodes.
This MSC controlled by single switch S, hence the
converter operates in two different modes as mode-a (tx to
ty) and mode-b (ty to tz). Where k is duty ratio and Ts =
Fig.10 Circuit diagram of Modified SEPIC Converter
(MSC).
In mode-a, three inductors were magnetized with the
current path as described like an inductor Lx from an
input supply (Vs – VLx – Dy − S−Vs), inductor Ly from
capacitor Cx (VCx−VLy −S−VCx) and inductor Lz from
capacitor Cy (VCy − S – VLz – VCy). At a similar instant,
capacitor Cz reverses bias the diode Dz and allocation
energy to the resistive load Ro. In mode-b, all three
inductors are demagnetized as described as like that
inductor Lx beside with input voltage (Vs) charges the
capacitor Cx (Vs – VLx – Dx – Cx – Vs). The arrangement
of inductor Ly and capacitor Cx charges to capacitor Cy
over the path VCx – VLy – VCy– Dz – Vo – VCx.
Similarly, at the same time, inductor Lz discharges over
the load with resulting the path (VLz – Dz – Vo).

Table. I. Evaluation of MSC with present non-isolated dc-dc converters

No. of No. of
Topologies No. of Inductors No of Switches Vcs Mccm
Capacitors Diodes
Switched Capacitor 𝑉 (2 + 𝑘)
Based Active Network 3 3 2 2
Converter (2 + 𝑘) (1 − 𝑘)
New Hybrid Boosting 𝑉 2
3 3 1 1
Converter 2 (1 − 𝑘)
Transformer Less High 1
3 3 2 2 𝑉 (1-k)
Gain Boost Converter 𝑘(1 − 𝑘)
Quadratic Boost 1
2 3 2 1 𝑉
Converter 𝑘(1 − 𝑘)
Modified SEPIC 𝑘
3 3 3 1 𝑉
Converter 𝑘(1 − 𝑘)

From Table I, comparing performance parameters of across switch, Voltage stress across switch, and
MSC with all the other converters, , reduces voltage stress complexity.
on switch is almost negligible and moreover generates
high voltage gain with a single controlled switch makes A. Voltage Gain:
this converter is preferable high voltage non-conservative
energy applications. Where, Vcs is a voltage across the Table.II. Voltage Gain of Non-isolated dc-dc converters
switch, and Mccm is a voltage gain Voltage gain when K is varied
Topologies K=0.
V. OUTCOMES OF THE REVIEW: K=0.6 K=0.7 K=0.8
9
Switched Capacitor Based
While considering all non-isolated dc-dc converters 6.5 9 14 29
Active Network Converter
following parameters are evaluated in the paper i.e New Hybrid Boosting
voltage gain, continuous output current, and voltage 5 6.67 10 20
Converter

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 Transformer Less High
4.1 4.7 6.25
11.1 significant output ripple, adaptable gain extension, and
Gain Boost Converter 1 high-level efficiency.
Quadratic Boost Converter 6.25 11.11 25 100
Modified SEPIC Converter 3.75 7.78 20 90 The High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based
Active-Network Converter attains high gain with
From above analysis it leads to conclude that QBC and pulsating current and poor regulation. This converter
MSC are almost all similarly produces a maximum controlled with two switches and thus makes the difficulty
voltage gain. in the controller scheme and disturbs the efficiency at the
load end. A New Hybrid Boosting Converter has low
B. Continuous Output Current: voltage gain. Moreover, this converter has a very high
The High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-Based input current ripple with normal input current that infers
Active-Network Converter and a Transformer-less High- high-value inductor. A Transformer-less High-Gain Boost
Gain Boost Converter has two switches and they are Converters operate only in CCI mode and not in normal
simultaneously ON and OFF w.r.t duty ratio but generate charging/discharging mode. It leads to operate this
some unwanted disturbance. Due to this, input voltage converter in normal charging/discharging mode is quite
having some ripple content, and leads to generates a complex. Then these problems leads to generate some
discontinuous output current. Only one switch is used in stress on power switches hence decrease in efficiency and
New Hybrid Boosting Converter, Quadratic Boost output voltage of the converter. QBC increases the
Converter, and Modified SEPIC Converter containing but voltage stress of the power switch if voltage gain of the
QBC and A New Hybrid Boosting Converter has a very converter increases at 100. But MSC never increase
high input current ripple due to this a high-value inductor voltage stress across the switch even if its voltage gain
is required. But MSC produces a continuous output reaches 90 due to this, converter has negligible voltage
current even if the input voltage is having ripples and stress, operated at low switching frequency, required less
spikes.(In MSC the input side capacitor, inductor, and rating components compared with the remaining
diode take care about this problem of voltage ripples and converters.
spikes).
E. Complexity:
C. Voltage across Switch: Converter operated with two switches there is some
complexity in switches when they are driven by gate drive
Table. III. Voltage across the switch of Non-isolated dc- circuitry. The High Voltage Gain Switched-Capacitor-
dc converters Based Active-Network Converter and A Transformer-less
Voltage across switch when High-Gain Boost Converter are utilize two switches and
Vs=24V and K is varied further they requires insulated gate drive circuit to
Topologies
K=0.
K=0.6 K=0.7 K=0.8 operate two switches in effective manner [20]-[22]. In a
9
New hybrid boosting converter and QBCs has the single
Switched Capacitor
Based Active Network 60 80 120 240 switch, high voltage and high current rating, makes the
Converter operating of MOSFET switch quite complex [21]-[23].
New Hybrid Boosting But MSC is operated with single switch in quite simple
60 80 120 240 manner with avoiding the effects of high voltage and
Converter
Transformer Less High 26.6 currents distortion through an input side capacitor,
39.36 33.84 30
Gain Boost Converter 6 inductor, and diode in a MSC [24].
Quadratic Boost
150 266.6 600 2400
Converter From the graph shown in Fig.11, voltage gain QBC and
Modified SEPIC 186.7 MSC has high voltage gain comparing with remaining
90 480 2160
Converter 2 three non-isolated converters. Moreover QBC reaches at
voltage gain of 100, but it has reduced output current and
From Table.III MSC and QBC are the best suitable output power. MSC is preferred as a high-quality voltage
converters, when the duty ratio increases; voltage across gain converter due to boosting module of traditional
the switch is increased and maintains maximum output SEPIC converter and this converter has capable of
voltage level in all duty ratio. avoiding the effects like decreasing output power and
current even if it is operated at voltage gain of 90 [24].
D. Voltage Stress across Switch:
Low voltage stress across switches and diodes is obtained
for converters [Y. Tang. et al. 2019] to [Pandav Kiran
Maroti et al. 2019]. Then low voltage stress across
switching leads to decrease the conduction loss and cost
of the whole system. Hence, all converters have a wide
regulations, less amount of components stress, less

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 A Graph on Voltage gain vs Duty ratio
300
250
200
Voltage gain Mccm
150
100
50
0 Converter
0 0.6 0.7 0.8
Duty ratio k
Fig.11 Comparison of Voltage Gain Vs Duty Ratio of all
Non Isolated Converter.
VI. SELECTION OF NON-ISOLATED DC-DC CONVERTERS
FOR SOLAR PV PANELS BASED DC MICRO GRIDS
Non-isolated DC-DC converter is considered for solar PV
panels based DC micro grids. From the literature
discussion regarding various types of non-isolated DC-
DC converters, MSC is preferable for solar PV based DC
micro grid applications. The requirements of the non-
conservative energy-based DC micro grids as like that
mainly every dc load is served by the continuous ripple-
free current with chosen voltage level and then DC micro
grids are operated with high voltage gain and high voltage
level without containing any fluctuations in DC voltage.
VII. CONLUSION
In general non-conservative sources are constantly
generates low voltage to the DC grid systems. To enhance
the low voltage level to higher level, through DC-DC
converter is possible along with high voltage gain and
maximum utilization of sources. Hence based on the
requirements of this solar PV panels based DC micro
grids MSC is preferred rather than the other non-isolated
DC-DC converters. However, remaining four non-
isolated DC-DC converters are do not properly use non-
conservative energy sources effectively and furthermore
the high voltage gain switched-capacitor-based active-
network converter and a transformer-less high-gain boost
converter are requires two switches to boosting up the
input voltage based on the duty ratio and then these non-
isolated DC-DC converters switching control operation is
quite complex. Moreover, a new hybrid boosting
converter and quadratic boost converter operates with a
single switch but these two converters don't utilize
properly any energy storing systems and non-conservative
sources and these two converters are requires a voltage
multiplier techniques to produces a higher voltage gain
and high voltage level. MSC is the best DC-DC converter
to integrate with the solar PV panels based on DC micro
grids based on this entire review enlisted. And moreover,
this paper expresses some important technical aspects
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regarding voltage gain. voltage across the switches and
output voltage. Solar energy is suitable for the DG system
for the DC micro grids to reduce the global warming
MSC inturn reduces carbon gas emissions. Hence MSC with
solar PV panels can generate the required amount of
QBC
voltage level preferred by the DC grids to serve dc loads
A Transformerless
efficiently.
High Gain Boost
converter
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