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Burnout in counseling psychologists:

Type of practice setting and pertinent
demographics
a b b
Larry Dale Vredenburgh , Alfred F. Carlozzi & Lawrence B. Stein
a
Private Practice, Tulsa, Oklahoma
b
Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma

Version of record first published: 27 Sep 2007

To cite this article: Larry Dale Vredenburgh, Alfred F. Carlozzi & Lawrence B. Stein (1999): Burnout in
counseling psychologists: Type of practice setting and pertinent demographics, Counselling Psychology
Quarterly, 12:3, 293-302

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 Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 293-302

Burnout in counseling
psychologists: type of practice
setting and pertinent demographics
LARRY DALE VREDENBURGH,’ ALFRED F.
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CARLOZZI*2 & LAWRENCE B. STEIN2

Private Practice, Tulsa, Oklahoma;’ Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma2

ABSTRACT Extent of burnout experienced by counseling psychologists and the relationship between
levels of burnout and different types of practice settings, selected demographic and work-related
variables were investigated in this study. Burnout was defined in terms of the Maslach Burnout
Inventoy (MBI) subscales. Multiple regression analyses were pe$ormed on the data (n = 521).
Counseling psychologists in private practice reported the lowest levels of burnout, while those employed
in hospital settings reported the highest levels of burnout. A positive relationship was found between
hours of client contact per week and sense of personal accomplishment. Finally, an inverse relation-
ship was reported between age and burnout, and males experienced greater depersonalization of clients
than females.

In recent years the phenomenon of burnout in human service professions has

become a topic of increasing concern (Leiter & Harvie, 1996; Skorupa & Agresti,
1993). Freudenberger (1975) described burnout as a state of fatigue or frustration
brought about by the individual’s devotion to a cause or way of life that failed to
meet expectations. Similarly, Meir (1983) proposed that burnout represents a
‘state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from
work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or per-
sonal competence’ (p. 899). In an early study of burnout, Ackerley et al. (1988)
examined levels of burnout for doctoral-level psychologists, primarily employed in
private practice, and found that 39.9% of the psychologists were experiencing
high levels of emotional exhaustion and 34.3% reported depersonalizing their
clients.
Research has amply demonstrated that significant levels of burnout exist in the
helping professions (Golembiewski & Munzenrider, 1988; Maslach & Jackson,
1984). A review of the literature reveals that little research has been done to
ascertain levels and correlates of burnout in psychologists (Ackerley et al., 1988;

Correspondence to: Alfred F. Carlozzi, Ed.D., School of Applied Health and Educational Psychology,
434 Willard Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.

0951-5070/99/030293-10 0 1999 Taylor & Francis Ltd

 294 Larry Dale Vredenburgh et al.

Farber, 1985). Several recent studies have examined burnout in school psychologists
(Huebner, 1993; Huebner, 1994; Sandoval, 1993) and substance abuse therapists
(Elman & Dowd, 1997). However, at this time no research has been conducted
looking specifically at burnout in counseling psychologists.

Maslach Burnout Model

During the late 1980s, burnout research has focused primarily on two objectives: (a)
to identify and evaluate the significance of a wide spectrum of potential correlates
and covariates of burnout, and (b) to develop comprehensive theoretical models of
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the burnout syndrome that integrate the related constructs of stress and job satisfac-
tion (Beck, 1987). Maslach’s investigations have culminated in the development of
the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the subsequent factor analyses that have
isolated the significant domains of burnout (Maslach, 1982; Maslach & Jackson,
1981). Maslach concluded that there are three dimensions defined in the burnout
syndrome: (1) emotional exhaustion, feelings of being emotionally overextended and
exhausted by one’s work, (2) depersonalization, an unfeeling and impersonal response
towards clients or students, and (3) a reduced sense of personal accomplishment, which
has been conceptualized as feelings of inadequate personal achievement ac-
companied by a diminished sense of self-esteem, and a tendency to evaluate oneself
negatively with regard to one’s work with clients.

Correlates of burnout
Most researchers have investigated the correlates of burnout in terms of those
related to work setting characteristics, those defined by the caregiver’s personal
attributes, and those related to certain aspects of the client (Beck, 1987; Maslach &
Jackson, 1984; Unsprung, 1986). Furthermore, some researchers have studied the
relationship between burnout and its covariates strictly in terms of pertinent demo-
graphics. For instance, an inverse relationship has been found between psychol-
ogist’s feelings for their co-workers and the emotional exhaustion domain of the
MBI (Leiter, 1988; Ross et al., 1989). Davis et al. (1989) found that emotional
exhaustion was related to negative supervisory experiences in the mental health field.

Work load and burnout

The caregiver’s client load is one the most highly researched correlates of burnout.
Several investigations have supported a significant positive relationship between
client load and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and a nonsignificant
relationship between client load and sense of personal accomplishment (Friesen &
Sarros, 1989; Maslach & Jackson, 1981; Rogers & Dodson, 1987). However, one
study reported a positive relationship between caseload and sense of personal
accomplishment (Ackerley et al., 1988). Others have not supported relationships
between client load and any measures of burnout (Koeske & Koeske, 1989;
McGee, 1989).
 Burnout in Psychologists 295

Work setting and burnout

While no comprehensive studies have assessed the relationship between measures
of burnout and different work settings, Ackerley et al. (1988) found that psycholo-
gists who work in public settings experienced higher levels of burnout than those in
private practice. Boice and Myers (1987) found that psychologists in private
practice were happier than those in academic positions. Dupree and Day (1995)
likewise found that psychotherapists in private practice reported higher levels of
satisfaction and lower levels of burnout than public sector therapists. Conversely,
Hellman and Morrison (1987) reported that psychologists in private experienced
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more stress than those who work in institutional settings. Though the variable of
work setting has been considered in previous research on burnout, years employed
in current work setting and in one’s current position have not been systematically
studied.

Age and burnout

Age is consistently found to correlate negatively with measures of emotional
exhaustion and depersonalization (Ackerley et al., 1988; Huberty & Huebner,
1988; Rogers & Dodson, 1987). However, these studies report that no significant
relationship was found between age and sense of personal accomplishment. T o
explain these findings, Huberty and Huebner (1988) hypothesize that as human
service providers become older they may develop a variety of behavioral and
attitudinal experience patterns that reduce the likelihood of experiencing certain
dimensions of burnout.

Gender and burnout

Maslach and Jackson (1981) found that females scored higher on measures of
emotional exhaustion while males scored higher on measures of depersonalization
and sense of personal accomplishment. In an older study, Maslach and Jackson
(1985) found that gender was unrelated to depersonalization and sense of personal
accomplishment. More recent studies that control certain demographic variables
report no significant relationships between gender and any of the three MBI
subscales (Ackerley et al., 1988; McGee, 1989).

Marital status and burnout

Maslach and Jackson (1981) found that individuals who were single or divorced
scored higher on emotional exhaustion than those who were married or otherwise in
a relationship. Subsequent studies by Maslach and Jackson (1985) and Ackerley et
al. (1988) failed to replicate these findings. The relationship between marital status
and burnout remains unclear.
 296 Larry Dale Vredenburgh et al.

Purpose of the study

Given the paucity of research on burnout in psychologists, and the contradictory
findings in the literature, continued research on burnout and its correlates seems
warranted. We designed the current investigation to study burnout in a national
sample of counseling psychologists. The primary goal was to examine the relation-
ships between burnout and type of primary practice setting, type of secondary
practice setting, hours of client contact, years in present position, and years
employed with current organization. It was hypothesized that type of practice
setting, hours of client contact, years employed in present position, and years
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employed with current organization combined predict emotional exhaustion, de-

personalization of clients, and a sense of personal accomplishment, when demo-
graphic variables of age, gender, and marital status were controlled. These
covariates were included to control for their potential effects on relationships
between burnout and type of practice setting, hours of client contact, and years on
the job, the principal variables under investigation. A second goal of this investiga-
tion was to compare levels of burnout in counseling psychologists with those used
in the norming of the MBI.

Method
Participants
Participants in this study were 1,000 members of the American Psychological
Association (APA) who had received a doctoral-level degree from counseling psy-
chology programs in the United States. Of the 1,000 members selected to receive
the mailed research instruments, a total of 521 were returned and usable. This
represents a usable return rate of 52.1 percent of the survey population. The mean
age of the sample participants was 47.5 years and ranged from 30 to 79. Sixty-four
percent ( n = 335) of the respondents were female, and 36 percent ( n = 186) were
male. Approximately 43% of the respondents indicated that their primary practice
setting was in private practice, 29% were employed in a university setting, 10.9%
were employed in inpatient hospital settings, 7.3% of the participants were em-
ployed at community mental health centers, and 9.8% were employed in other
settings.

Measures
Both a short demographic questionnaire and Maslach and Jackson's (1986) Maslach
Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used in this study. The demographic questionnaire
was designed to ascertain the distribution of counseling psychologists in different
types of practice settings. Additional demographic variables included: age, gender,
years in present position, and hours of clienrlpatient contact per week.
The MBI was selected for this study to assess levels of burnout (Maslach &
Jackson, 1986) because it is widely recognized and accepted by researchers of
burnout (Belcastro & Gold, 1983; Bodde?, 1985; Corcoran, 1986; Green &
 Burnout in Psychologists 297

Walkey, 1988; Meir, 1984; Offermann, 1985; Powers & Gose, 1986). The MBI
consists of 22 statements of job-related feelings that concern three independent
aspects or subscales of the burnout syndrome: emotional exhaustion, depersonaliza-
tion, and sense of personal accomplishment. The MBI was nonned on a large
sample of human service workers from a diverse range of occupations, including
teachers, police officers, social workers, attorneys, psychologists, psychiatrists, coun-
selors, mental health workers, and nurses.
Items on the MBI are answered on a seven-point Liken scale where responses
range from 0 to 6 (0 = never, 3 = a few times a month, and 6 = daily). The MBI has
been demonstrated to be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring burnout
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(Maslach &Jackson, 1984). Chronbach’s coefficient alpha is reported as .90 for the
emotional exhaustion subscale, .79 for the depersonalization subscale, and .7 1 for
the personal accomplishment subscale. The construct validity of the Maslach
Burnout Inventory has been demonstrated in numerous studies (Corcoran, 1986;
Maslach & Jackson, 1986; Stout & Williams, 1983).

Procedure
Participants were randomly selected from the membership of the American Psycho-
logical Association. Those selected to participate were mailed a survey packet which
contained a cover letter, demographic sheet, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory.
Participants were ensured anonymity and returned the completed questionnaires in
a stamped, addressed envelope.

Results
In order to determine the relationship between the MBI criterion variables
(emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense of personal accomplishment)
and the eight predictor variables (gender, age, marital status, years employed in
present position, type of primary practice setting, hours of client contact per week,
type of secondary practice setting, and years with current organization), multiple
regression analyses were performed on the total sample for each of the three criterion
variables. Gender, marital status, and age were first entered hierarchically in the
regression equation to control for their associated variance, followed by a stepwise
entry of the remaining predictors. The mean scores and standard deviations for the
three MBI variables are as follows: emotional exhaustion (M = 17.83; S D = 8.90),
depersonalization ( M = 8.90; SD = 4. lo), and sense of personal accomplishment
( M = 42.09; SD = 4.53).
Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were computed between the
MBI criterion variables and the predictor variables. Examination of the correlation
matrix indicated relatively low levels of correlation among most pairs of predictor
variables, suggesting that multicolinearity did not adversely affect the stability of the
correlation matrix. Age was found to correlate inversely with emotional exhaustion
( r = - .29, p < .05) and depersonalization ( r = - .29, p < .05),as did gender with
depersonalization ( r = - .13, p < .05).
 298 Larry Dale Vredenburgh et al.

TABLE
I. Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses between emotional exhaustion and
predictor variables (N= 521)

Predictor Increase F for Signif.

variable R R2 in R2 change F

Gender .028 .001 .001 .3985 .5282

Marital status .114 .013 .012 2.1075 .0983
Age .3 11 .097 .084** 47.6380 .oooo
PPS'"' .341 .116 .019 1.8600 .0858
HCC'b' .343 .118 .002 .8408 .3596
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PP'C' .349 .122 .004 2.41 14 .1211

SPS'd' .362 .131 .009 .8301 .5470
PEO"' .369 ,135 ,005 2.9943 .0842

**p<.o1
("'PPS = Type of Primary Practice Setting. @'HCC= Hours of Client Contact Per Week. "'PP = Years
Employed in Present Position. 'd'SPS= Type of Secondary Practice Setting. "'PEO = Years with
Current Organization.

Results of the multiple regression analysis reported in Table I indicate a

significant multiple correlation of .369 (p < .OOOl) between the MBI criterion
variable of emotional exhaustion and the predictor variables, when all predictor
variables were entered into the full regression equation. However, the increase in R2
was not significant when age, gender, and marital status were controlled.
Findings reported in Table I1 also indicate that a significant multiple correlation
of .406 (p < .OOO 1) between the criterion variable of depersonalization of clients and
the five predictor variables represented in the regression equation, when age, gender
and marital status were controlled. Evaluation of this analysis revealed that of
the five predictor variables, only type of primary practice setting contributed
significantly to the explanation of variance in depersonalization of clients.
Finally, results reported in Table I11 indicate a significant multiple correlation
of .377 (p < .OOOl) between the criterion variable of personal accomplishment and
the five predictor variables entered into the full regression equation. Evaluation of
this analysis revealed that of the five predictor variables, only type of primary
practice setting and hours of client contact per week contributed significantly to the
explanation of variance in sense of personal accomplishment when gender, marital
status, and age were controlled.

Discussion
The relative levels of burnout among counseling psychologists and several correlates
of burnout were examined. Comparisons of the respondents' burnout scores with
norms for the MBI (Maslach & Jackson, 1986) demonstrated that, in general, this
sample of counseling psychologists reported predominantly low or moderate levels
 Burnout in Psychologists 299

TABLE
11. Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses between depersonalization and
predictor variables (N = 52 1)

Predictor Increase F for Signif.

variable R R2 in R2 change F

Gender .131 .O 17 .OI7** 9.0610 .0027

Marital status .158 .025 .008 1.3660 .2524
Age .345 .119 .094** 54.4102 .0474
PPS'"' .375 .141 .022* 2.141 1 .I904
HCC@' .379 .143 .003 1.7191 .2172
PP"'
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.382 .146 .003 1.5264 .2172

SPS'd' .406 .I65 .019 1.8835 .0818
PEO") .406 .165 .ooo 0.0003 .987 1

**p<.o1
*p< .05
'"'PPS = Type of Primary Practice Setting. @'HCC= Hours of Client Contact Per Week. "'PP = Years
Employed in Present Position. 'd'SPS = Type of Secondary Practice Setting. "'PEO =Years with
Current Organization.

of burnout. Mean levels of burnout in counseling psychologists were consistent with

results of other psychologist burnout studies (Ackerley et al., 1988; Farber, 1985).
Of the predictor variables considered in this investigation, type of practice
setting was found to contribute significantly to the prediction of two MBI factors.
Results demonstrate that type of practice setting explains 9.4 percent of the variance
observed in sense of personal accomplishment and 2.2 percent of the variance
observed in depersonalization of clients. Moreover, counseling psychologists in
private practice reported the lowest levels of burnout, which is consistent

TABLE
Ill. Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses between sense of personal
accomplishment and predictor variables (N = 52 1)

Predictor Increase F for Signif.

variable R R2 in R2 change F

Gender .008 .ooo .ooo 0.0309 .8606

Marital status .059 .003 .003 0.5786 .6293
Age .088 .008 .004 2.2083 .1379
PPS'"' .319 .lo2 .094** 8.8240 .oooo
HCC'b' .357 .127 .026** 14.9041 .ooo 1
PP 'C' .357 .I27 .ooo 0.0037 .95 11
SPS'd' .377 .I42 .015 1.4472 ,1947
PEO'" .377 .142 .ooo 0.0197 .8884

**p< .0001
'"'PPS = Type of Primary Practice Setting. "HCC = Hours of Client Contact Per Week. "'PP = Years
Employed in Present Position. "%PS =Type of Secondary Practice Setting. "'PEO =Years with
Current Organization.
 300 Lany Dale Vredenburgh et al.

with the findings of Ackerley et al. (1988) and Boice and Myers (1987). The amount
of autonomy and income associated with private practice are likely explanations for
this consistent finding in studies of burnout among psychologists. Although in the
present study the predictors accounted for a small portion of the burnout criteria,
the importance of this study rests upon the consistency of these findings with those
of prior investigations.
The present study replicates Ackerley et aL’s (1988) findings of a positive
correlation between client load and sense of personal accomplishment and of no
significant relationship between client load and emotional exhaustion or depersonal-
ization of clients. A possible explanation for this finding is that when client load
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increases, psychologists may perceive that they have increased opportunity to help
others, and in private practice, to earn more income. This may increase feelings of
personal accomplishment and inhibit feelings of depersonalization and emotional
exhaustion.
The results of this study also support previous findings concerning the efficacy
of age in predicting burnout (Ackerley et al., 1988; Huberty & Huebner, 1988;
Rogers & Dodson, 1987). In the current investigation, age explained 8.4 percent
and 9.4 percent of the variance in emotional exhaustion and depersonalization,
respectively. Huberty and Huebner (1988) hypothesize that an inverse relationship
between age and burnout may indicate the development and refinement of a variety
of coping skills which reduce the likelihood of experiencing burnout. Those who are
reporting lower levels of burnout at an older age may have certain personal
characteristics that make them less likely to experience burnout than those who are
younger. Factors such as differences in work habits and expectations could serve as
possible explanations for the inverse relationship between age and burnout.
In this investigation, males exhibited a higher level of depersonalization of
clients than females. This finding is consistent with those of Maslach and Jackson
(198 l), but contradictory to several other investigations (Ackerley et al. , 1988;
Maslach &Jackson, 1985; McGee, 1989). Given the inconsistency in these findings,
the relationship between gender and burnout remains unclear.
While it has been consistently demonstrated that burnout is an identifiable and
important phenomenon in the human service professions, it is by no means clearly
understood. Continued research on the experience and correlates of burnout is
critical to developing better understanding and improved strategies for preventing
and reducing its incidence among psychologists and other human service providers.
Such research on burnout among counseling psychologists and other mental health
professionals is directly relevant to their health and well being, and indirectly
relevant to the quality of care they provide to their clients.

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