Individual Current Harmonics in Percent of IL

4.5%

4.0% Simulation

IEEE limit
3.5%

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 10 10
1 3
 harm_volt

Individual Voltage Harmonics in Percent of the PCC voltage

3.5%

Simulation
3.0%
IEEE limit
2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

Page 3
 Graphs (PCC)
POWER : 15 MVA
Z: 8 %
DEMAND: 13000 kVA
Harmonic Calculator WEG Ie (Estimated Waveform)
V1.00 Isc: 16.4 kA
Copyright(C) 2009 WEG. All rights reserved. IL: 1137.2 Amp

Voltage at PCC (rms)

6600 V Volts

VFD Rectifier
6 pulse Case Study: Company Name
12 pulse Estimated Results
% LOAD 10.66 %
18 pulse
Ie(1) 139.9 Amp
Ie RMS 146.4 Amp
Motor IL 1137.2 Amp
Motor Voltage (rms)
IEEE-519 THDi 32.49 %
3300 V Volts TDD 4.00 %
THDv 1.70 %
Motor Rated Current (rms)
Isc / IL 14.4
310.0 Amp
Motor Power
1523.8 kW
 FP: 0.86
MotorPower: 1523823.66
Ni 0.953
PCCPower: 1598975.51
Fund_IL: 139.87

I_source: 1312.1597027037
freq: 60

L_pcc: 0.000616247939651819

limite_TDD: 5
limite_TDD: 0.05
ISC/IL: 14.4230769230769

pcc_power_kV 1598.97550837665

ctrl thdv 0
ctrl tdd 0
soma ctrl 0
0

amarelo 0
vermelho 0

Lfonte 0.000616247939651819 Henry

relação tr 0.5
Lfonte_ref 0.000154061984912955 Henry
Queda%_Ref 0.0094500692060958
QuedasS 0.059450069
Queda%LIM 0.0594500692060958
Harmônicas de Corrente
N (N-1) (N+1) (N-1)^2 (N+1)^2 THDi 3.25E-01
1 0.2 0.1428571 0.04 0.0204081632653061
2 0.0909091 0.0769231 0.00826446280991736 0.00591715976331361
3 0.0588235 0.0526316 0.00346020761245675 0.00277008310249307
4 0.0434783 0.04 0.00189035916824197 0.0016
5 0.0344828 0.0322581 0.00118906064209275 0.00104058272632674
6 0.0285714 0.027027 0.000816326530612245 0.00073046018991965
7 0.0243902 0.0232558 0.000594883997620464 0.000540832882639264
8 0.0212766 0.0204082 0.000452693526482571 0.00041649312786339
9 0.0188679 0.0181818 0.000355998576005696 0.000330578512396694
10 0.0169492 0.0163934 0.000287273771904625 0.000268744961031981
11 0.0153846 0.0149254 0.000236686390532544 0.000222766763198931
12 0.0140845 0.0136986 0.000198373338623289 0.000187652467629949
13 0.012987 0.0126582 0.000168662506324844 0.000160230732254446
14 0.0120482 0.0117647 0.000145158949049209 0.00013840830449827
15 0.011236 0.010989 0.000126246686024492 0.000120758362516604
16 0.0105263 0.0103093 0.000110803324099723 0.000106281220108407
17 0.009901 0.0097087 9.80296049406921E-05 9.42595909133754E-05
18 0.0093458 0.0091743 8.73438728273212E-05 8.4167999326656E-05
19 0.0088496 0.0086957 7.83146683373796E-05 7.56143667296786E-05
20 0.0084034 0.0082645 7.06164818868724E-05 6.83013455365071E-05
21 0.008 0.007874 0.000064 6.2000124000248E-05
22 0.0076336 0.0075188 5.82716624905309E-05 5.65323082141444E-05
23 0.0072993 0.0071942 5.32793435984869E-05 5.17571554267377E-05
24 0.006993 0.0068966 4.89021468042447E-05 4.75624256837099E-05
25 0.0067114 0.0066225 4.50430160803567E-05 4.38577255383536E-05
26 0.0064516 0.0063694 4.16233090530697E-05 4.05695971439004E-05
27 0.0062112 0.006135 3.85787585355503E-05 3.76378486205728E-05
28 0.005988 0.0059172 3.58564308508731E-05 3.50127796645776E-05
29 0.0057803 0.0057143 3.34124093688396E-05 3.26530612244898E-05
30 0.0055866 0.0055249 3.12100121719047E-05 3.05240987759836E-05
31 0.0054054 0.0053476 2.9218407596786E-05 2.85967571277417E-05
32 0.0052356 0.0051813 2.7411529289219E-05 2.68463582914978E-05
33 0.0050761 0.0050251 2.57672189440594E-05 2.52518875785965E-05
34 0.0049261 0.004878 2.42665437161785E-05 2.37953599048186E-05
35 0.0047847 0.0047393 2.28932487809345E-05 2.24613103928483E-05
36 0.0046512 0.0046083 2.16333153055706E-05 2.12363821699335E-05
37 0.0045249 0.0044843 2.04746012571405E-05 2.01089907297553E-05
38 0.0044053 0.0043668 1.94065477692173E-05 1.9069049026525E-05
39 0.0042918 0.0042553 1.84199377406104E-05 1.81077410593029E-05
40 0.0041841 0.0041494 1.75066963113391E-05 1.72173344122863E-05
41 0.0040816 0.0040486 1.66597251145356E-05 1.6391024275107E-05
42 0.0039841 0.0039526 1.58727639243822E-05 1.5622803043322E-05
43 0.0038911 0.003861 1.51402746445821E-05 1.49073508146867E-05
44 0.0038023 0.0037736 1.44573436076855E-05 1.42399430402278E-05
45 0.0037175 0.00369 1.38195989552383E-05 1.36163723260849E-05
46 0.0036364 0.0036101 1.32231404958678E-05 1.30328819611881E-05
47 0.0035587 0.0035336 1.26644799331315E-05 1.24861092035111E-05
48 0.0034843 0.0034602 1.21404897473564E-05 1.19730367213036E-05
49 0.003413 0.0033898 1.16483593285886E-05 1.1490950876185E-05
50 0.0033445 0.0033223 1.11855572085323E-05 1.10374057681483E-05
51 0.0032787 0.0032573 1.07497984412792E-05 1.06101921505798E-05
52 0.0032154 0.0031949 1.03390163459848E-05 1.02073104757627E-05
53 0.0031546 0.0031348 9.95133795738837E-06 9.82694745531196E-06
54 0.003096 0.0030769 9.58506263838434E-06 9.46745562130178E-06
55 0.0030395 0.0030211 9.2386433976035E-06 9.12733545696005E-06
56 0.0029851 0.0029674 8.91067052795723E-06 8.80521973425847E-06
57 0.0029326 0.0029155 8.59985724236978E-06 8.49985975231409E-06
58 0.0028818 0.0028653 8.30502703286299E-06 8.21011321746127E-06
59 0.0028329 0.0028169 8.0251025206847E-06 7.93493354493156E-06
60 0.0027855 0.0027701 7.75909559981689E-06 7.67336039471766E-06
61 0.0027397 0.0027248 7.50609870519797E-06 7.42451128154489E-06
62 0.0026954 0.002681 7.26527706134074E-06 7.18757412185813E-06
63 0.0026525 0.0026385 7.03586178753105E-06 6.96180060010721E-06
64 0.002611 0.0025974 6.81714375311032E-06 6.74650025299376E-06
65 0.0025707 0.0025575 6.60846809101182E-06 6.54103518422826E-06
66 0.0025316 0.0025189 6.40922929017786E-06 6.3448153341497E-06
67 0.0024938 0.0024814 6.21886679809205E-06 6.15729423861978E-06
68 0.002457 0.002445 6.03686107371611E-06 5.97796522019835E-06
69 0.0024213 0.0024096 5.8627300388699E-06 5.80635796196836E-06
70 0.0023866 0.0023753 5.69602588274161E-06 5.64203542069837E-06
71 0.0023529 0.0023419 5.5363321799308E-06 5.48459104146899E-06
72 0.0023202 0.0023095 5.3832612873531E-06 5.33364624057945E-06
73 0.0022883 0.0022779 5.23645198958993E-06 5.18884812760415E-06
74 0.0022573 0.0022472 5.09556736594836E-06 5.04986744097968E-06
75 0.0022272 0.0022173 4.9602928556902E-06 4.91639667454929E-06
76 0.0021978 0.0021882 4.83033450066417E-06 4.78814837514185E-06
77 0.0021692 0.0021598 4.70541734699159E-06 4.66485359356997E-06
 78 0.0021413 0.0021322 4.58528398956389E-06 4.54626047344757E-06
79 0.0021142 0.0021053 4.4696932449526E-06 4.43213296398892E-06
80 0.0020877 0.002079 4.35841893994535E-06 4.32224964449497E-06
81 0.0020619 0.0020534 4.25124880433627E-06 4.21640264958743E-06
82 0.0020367 0.0020284 4.14798345784197E-06 4.11439668544203E-06
83 0.0020121 0.002004 4.04843548210794E-06 4.01604812832077E-06
84 0.0019881 0.0019802 3.95242856973467E-06 3.92118419762768E-06
85 0.0019646 0.0019569 3.85979674310351E-06 3.82964219652958E-06
86 0.0019417 0.0019342 3.77038363653502E-06 3.74126881390555E-06
87 0.0019194 0.001912 3.68404183597909E-06 3.65591948202933E-06
88 0.0018975 0.0018904 3.60063227102679E-06 3.57345778495646E-06
89 0.0018762 0.0018692 3.52002365455896E-06 3.49375491309285E-06
90 0.0018553 0.0018484 3.44209196581314E-06 3.4166891598703E-06
91 0.0018349 0.0018282 3.36671997306624E-06 3.34214545685457E-06
92 0.0018149 0.0018083 3.29379679250068E-06 3.27001494396829E-06
93 0.0017953 0.0017889 3.22321748015304E-06 3.20019457182997E-06
94 0.0017762 0.0017699 3.15488265413968E-06 3.13258673349518E-06
95 0.0017575 0.0017513 3.08869814461902E-06 3.06709892314157E-06
96 0.0017391 0.0017331 3.02457466918715E-06 3.00364341946781E-06
97 0.0017212 0.0017153 2.96242753161651E-06 2.94213699178261E-06
98 0.0017036 0.0016978 2.9021763420389E-06 2.88250062694389E-06
99 0.0016863 0.0016807 2.8437447568456E-06 2.8246592754749E-06
100 0.0016694 0.0016639 2.7870602367329E-06 2.76854161533329E-06
Ie - spectrum Vpcc - spectrum
(N-1) (N+1) (N-1)^2 (N+1)^2 IL_rms 146.4388733736 (N-1) (N+1)
27.97481637 19.98201169 782.5903508994 399.2807912752 TDD: 0.309951484389 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
12.71582562 10.75954476 161.6922212602 115.7678033875 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
8.227887167 7.361793781 67.69812724043 54.19600768001 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
6.081481819 5.594963274 36.98442112001 31.30361403598 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
4.823244202 4.512067156 23.2636846284 20.3587500234 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
3.996402338 3.78038059 15.97123165101 14.29127740868 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
3.411562972 3.252885624 11.63876191106 10.58126488507 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
2.976044295 2.854573099 8.856839643497 8.148587577045 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
2.63913362 2.543165124 6.9650262629 6.467688850408 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
2.37074715 2.293017735 5.620442048976 5.257930333912 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
2.151908951 2.087672863 4.630712135499 4.358377984514 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.970057491 1.916083313 3.881126517057 3.671375262242 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.816546517 1.770557998 3.299841250208 3.134875624497 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.685229902 1.645577433 2.839999821815 2.707925089617 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.571618897 1.537077822 2.469985957895 2.362608232398 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.472358756 1.442000844 2.167840307201 2.079366433466 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.384891899 1.358000795 1.917925573227 1.844166158213 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.30723441 1.283248457 1.708861802121 1.646726603189 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.237823733 1.216296364 1.532207594368 1.4793768448 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.175412452 1.155984147 1.381594433478 1.336299349258 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.118992655 1.101370723 1.252144561439 1.213017469929 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.067741083 1.051684826 1.140071019899 1.106040973062 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
1.0209787 1.006288359 1.042397505061 1.012616260674 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.978140432 0.96464884 0.956758705682 0.930547385136 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.938752227 0.926318423 0.881255743997 0.858065820468 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.902413431 0.890917719 0.814350000936 0.793734381617 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.868783117 0.858123202 0.75478410449 0.736375428977 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.837569352 0.827657289 0.70152242004 0.685016588092 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.808520704 0.799280468 0.653705729309 0.63884926604 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.781419452 0.772784983 0.61061635943 0.5971966293 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.756076118 0.747989742 0.571651096347 0.55948865488 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.732325036 0.724736175 0.536299958128 0.525242523893 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.71002072 0.702884833 0.504129422878 0.494047089025 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.689034886 0.682312594 0.474769074049 0.465550476442 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.66925398 0.662910341 0.447900889917 0.43945011955 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.650577125 0.644581022 0.423250595403 0.415484694355 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.632914397 0.627238035 0.400580634559 0.393427552786 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.616185383 0.610803851 0.379684425711 0.373081344225 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.600317948 0.595208859 0.360381638499 0.35427358574 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.585247204 0.580390381 0.342514290235 0.336852994482 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.57091462 0.566291829 0.325943503082 0.320686435976 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.557267258 0.552861984 0.310546797233 0.305656372893 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.544257128 0.54005437 0.29621582117 0.291658722626 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.531840615 0.527826724 0.282854440175 0.278601050516 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.519977999 0.516140523 0.270377119892 0.266401039916 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.508633025 0.504960584 0.258707554016 0.254985191681 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.497772533 0.494254706 0.247777494871 0.244287714574 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.487366139 0.483993363 0.237525753287 0.234249575226 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.477385945 0.47414943 0.227897340359 0.224817681959 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.467806294 0.464697946 0.218842728521 0.215944181328 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.458603547 0.455615902 0.210317213356 0.207585849956 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.44975589 0.446882051 0.202280360754 0.199703567174 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.44124316 0.438476746 0.1946955266 0.192261856433 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.433046693 0.43038179 0.187529438339 0.18522848542 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.425149185 0.422580308 0.180751829459 0.178574116451 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.417534573 0.415056623 0.174335119381 0.172272000039 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.410187923 0.407796157 0.168254132425 0.166297705654 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.403095337 0.400785335 0.162485850497 0.160628884594 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.396243858 0.394011498 0.157009194942 0.155245060682 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.389621398 0.387462831 0.151804833703 0.150127445097 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.383216663 0.381128288 0.14685501049 0.145258772227 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.377019089 0.374997538 0.14214339312 0.140623153854 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.371018785 0.369060902 0.13765493863 0.136205949363 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.36520648 0.363309303 0.133375773047 0.131993650008 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.359573475 0.357734225 0.129293084056 0.127973775502 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.3541116 0.352327662 0.12539502498 0.124134781469 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.348813172 0.347082089 0.121670628743 0.12046597647 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.343670963 0.34199042 0.11810973065 0.116957447483 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.338678164 0.33704598 0.114702898959 0.113599992873 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.333828358 0.332242475 0.111441372358 0.110385061992 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.329115487 0.327573962 0.108317003585 0.107304700692 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.324533833 0.323034831 0.105322208496 0.104351502075 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.32007799 0.318619776 0.10244992 0.101518561924 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.315742848 0.314323779 0.099693546324 0.098799438316 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.311523568 0.310142088 0.097046933162 0.096188114967 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.307415564 0.306070201 0.094504329296 0.093678967927 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.303414494 0.302103848 0.092060355318 0.091266735267 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.299516235 0.29823898 0.089709975159 0.08894648948 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.295716875 0.294471751 0.087448470125 0.086713612288 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.292012697 0.290798507 0.085271415189 0.084563771649 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.288400169 0.287215774 0.083174657339 0.082492900727 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.28487593 0.283720247 0.081154295745 0.080497178645 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.281436784 0.280308781 0.079206663613 0.078573012849 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.278079686 0.27697838 0.077328311532 0.076717022929 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.274801733 0.273726188 0.07551599219 0.07492602576 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.271600159 0.270549481 0.073766646329 0.073197021847 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.268472326 0.267445663 0.072077389829 0.071527182758 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.265415715 0.264412253 0.070445501811 0.069913839546 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.262427921 0.261446882 0.068868413675 0.068354472085 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.259506645 0.258547286 0.067343698984 0.066846699213 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.256649691 0.255711301 0.065869064128 0.065388269646 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.253854958 0.252936857 0.064442339691 0.063977053561 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.251120434 0.250221971 0.06306147247 0.062611034823 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.248444195 0.247564747 0.061724518084 0.061288303775 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.245824397 0.244963366 0.06042963412 0.060007050563 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.243259273 0.242416086 0.059175073792 0.05876555894 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.240747129 0.239921238 0.057959180037 0.05756220052 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.23828634 0.237477219 0.056780380047 0.056395429428 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.235875349 0.23508249 0.055637180178 0.055263777339 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
0.233512658 0.232735577 0.054528161216 0.054165848856 32.49554669465 32.49554669465
Vpcc - spectrum
(N-1)^2 (N+1)^2 Quedas 459.556428523001 Quedas Computadas até 100º Ha
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 THDv: 0.120602285325262
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 6P Simu
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 5 30.3601%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 7 8.7074%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 11 5.9768%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 13 3.3221%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 17 2.1238%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 19 1.7261%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 23 1.0817%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 25 0.9834%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 29 0.6410%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 31 0.6056%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 35 0.4795%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 37 0.3896%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 41 0.3676%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 43 0.3186%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 47 0.2590%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 49 0.2510%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 53 0.1991%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 55 0.1894%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 59 0.1669%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 61 0.1508%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 65 0.1397%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 67 0.1268%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 71 0.1172%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 73 0.1108%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 77 0.0950%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 79 0.0944%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 83 0.0829%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 85 0.0774%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 89 0.0749%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 91 0.0693%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 95 0.0649%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 97 0.0615%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 101 0.0615%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 103 0.0615%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 5%
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 HARMONIC NORMALIZED
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 NO COMPONENT
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 5 3.23E-01
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 7 9.31E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 11 6.50E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 13 3.29E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 17 2.48E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 19 1.91E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 23 1.12E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 25 1.10E-02
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 29 6.81E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 31 6.29E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 35 5.26E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 37 4.21E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 41 3.98E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 43 3.40E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 47 2.83E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 49 2.73E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 53 2.11E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 55 2.06E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 59 1.78E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 61 1.59E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 65 1.54E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 67 1.37E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 71 1.26E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 73 1.21E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 77 1.03E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 79 1.01E-03
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 83 8.95E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 85 8.32E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 89 8.09E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 91 7.32E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 95 7.11E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 97 6.67E-04
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 101
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408 103
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
1055.96055498408 1055.96055498408
uedas Computadas até 100º Harmônica

Harm_IL Queda Queda^2 12P Simu

4.25E+01 8.54E+01 7299.88549146397 0 0.0248%
1.22E+01 3.43E+01 1176.91723334639 0 0.0036%
8.36E+00 3.70E+01 1369.28245635238 11 6.7073%
4.65E+00 2.43E+01 590.864242069958 13 4.3728%
2.97E+00 2.03E+01 412.96530751678 0 0.0049%
2.41E+00 1.85E+01 340.712340136809 0 0.0062%
1.51E+00 1.40E+01 196.073506082741 23 1.0662%
1.38E+00 1.38E+01 191.463382541203 25 0.8701%
8.97E-01 1.05E+01 109.474923170073 0 0.0012%
8.47E-01 1.06E+01 111.664608141921 0 0.0010%
6.71E-01 9.45E+00 89.2340146199858 35 0.5160%
5.45E-01 8.11E+00 65.8288920228449 37 0.4809%
5.14E-01 8.48E+00 71.9724323981408 0 0.0005%
4.46E-01 7.71E+00 59.4386231351569 0 0.0019%
3.62E-01 6.85E+00 46.932472031486 47 0.2748%
3.51E-01 6.92E+00 47.9158772823371 49 0.2352%
2.78E-01 5.94E+00 35.2669813492199 0 0.0005%
2.65E-01 5.86E+00 34.3909972791673 0 0.0010%
2.33E-01 5.54E+00 30.7158470409436 59 0.1707%
2.11E-01 5.18E+00 26.8106547582713 61 0.1725%
1.95E-01 5.11E+00 26.1341871862769 0 0.0004%
1.77E-01 4.78E+00 22.8659379853539 0 0.0011%
1.64E-01 4.68E+00 21.9165965481901 71 0.1264%
1.55E-01 4.55E+00 20.7426809520221 73 0.1131%
1.33E-01 4.12E+00 16.9613517486617 0 0.0003%
1.32E-01 4.20E+00 17.6040702005146 0 0.0008%
1.16E-01 3.87E+00 14.9802311043736 83 0.0850%
1.08E-01 3.70E+00 13.6963034684595 85 0.0829%
1.05E-01 3.75E+00 14.0892947985154 0 0.0001%
9.69E-02 3.55E+00 12.5803397664127 0 0.0008%
9.08E-02 3.47E+00 12.0434548140502 95 0.0681%
8.61E-02 3.36E+00 11.281501505052 97 0.0659%
8.61E-02 3.50E+00 12.2311188067845 0 0.0659%
8.61E-02 3.57E+00 12.7203155985861 0 0.0659%

Soma 12537.657667223
Raiz 111.971682434547
THD06p 1.70%

Queda% 6%

10% 15% 20%

NORMALIZED NORMALIZED NORMALIZED
COMPONENT COMPONENT COMPONENT
pol 6P ^2
2.44E-01 2.02E-01 1.72E-01 5a H 30.3601% 9.2174%
7.42E-02 7.47E-02 7.24E-02 7a H 8.7074% 0.7582%
4.14E-02 2.75E-02 2.25E-02 11a H 5.9768% 0.3572%
3.05E-02 2.28E-02 1.69E-02 13a H 3.3221% 0.1104%
1.36E-02 1.32E-02 1.15E-02 17a H 2.1238% 0.0451%
1.19E-02 9.61E-03 9.28E-03 19a H 1.7261% 0.0298%
8.98E-03 6.58E-03 5.74E-03 23a H 1.0817% 0.0117%
6.94E-03 5.98E-03 4.68E-03 25a H 0.9834% 0.0097%
5.19E-03 4.40E-03 3.66E-03 29a H 0.6410% 0.0041%
4.90E-03 3.62E-03 3.33E-03 31a H 0.6056% 0.0037%
3.49E-03 2.89E-03 2.60E-03 35a H 0.4795% 0.0023%
3.07E-03 2.70E-03 2.25E-03 37a H 0.3896% 0.0015%
2.75E-03 2.17E-03 1.78E-03 41a H 0.3676% 0.0014%
2.46E-03 1.90E-03 1.65E-03 43a H 0.3186% 0.0010%
1.92E-03 1.61E-03 1.44E-03 47a H 0.2590% 0.0007%
1.87E-03 1.54E-03 1.32E-03 49a H 0.2510% 0.0006%
1.59E-03 1.29E-03 1.08E-03 53a H 0.1991% 0.0004%
1.42E-03 1.17E-03 9.99E-04 55a H 0.1894% 0.0004%
1.29E-03 1.03E-03 8.93E-04 59a H 0.1669% 0.0003%
1.22E-03 9.89E-04 8.54E-04 61a H 0.1508% 0.0002%
1.02E-03 8.59E-04 7.35E-04 65a H 0.1397% 0.0002%
9.66E-04 7.87E-04 6.84E-04 67a H 0.1268% 0.0002%
8.94E-04 7.14E-04 6.04E-04 71a H 0.1172% 0.0001%
8.32E-04 6.86E-04 5.80E-04 73a H 0.1108% 0.0001%
7.29E-04 6.09E-04 5.34E-04 77a H 0.0950% 0.0001%
7.26E-04 5.65E-04 4.99E-04 79a H 0.0944% 0.0001%
6.33E-04 5.20E-04 4.43E-04 83a H 0.0829% 0.0001%
6.03E-04 5.04E-04 4.20E-04 85a H 0.0774% 0.0001%
5.66E-04 4.54E-04 3.94E-04 89a H 0.0749% 0.0001%
5.46E-04 4.25E-04 3.80E-04 91a H 0.0693% 0.0000%
4.78E-04 3.97E-04 3.42E-04 95a H 0.0649% 0.0000%
4.66E-04 3.86E-04 3.27E-04 97a H 0.0615% 0.0000%
101a H 0.0615% 0.0000%
103a H 0.0615% 0.0000%

thdi 6P
32.49%
Harm_IL Queda Queda^2 18P Simu Harm_IL
0 0 0 0 0.0055% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0031% 0
9.38E+00 41.5266322413 1724.4611853039 0 0.0053% 0
6.12E+00 31.99506439555 1023.68414567536 0 0.0031% 0
0 0 0 17 1.4485% 2.03E+00
0 0 0 19 1.4667% 2.05E+00
1.49E+00 13.80240870704 190.506486116256 0 0.0014% 0
1.22E+00 12.24306404542 149.892617220232 0 0.0011% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0014% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0011% 0
7.22E-01 10.16484770338 103.324128832862 35 0.3847% 5.38E-01
6.73E-01 10.01507217198 100.301670610002 37 0.3820% 5.34E-01
0 0 0 0 0.0008% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0007% 0
3.84E-01 7.270407704314 52.8588281869507 0 0.0007% 0
3.29E-01 6.485530237914 42.062102466894 0 0.0006% 0
0 0 0 53 0.1765% 2.47E-01
0 0 0 55 0.1696% 2.37E-01
2.39E-01 5.669131898378 32.1390564812062 0 0.0005% 0
2.41E-01 5.923648562941 35.0896122972321 0 0.0006% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0005% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0005% 0
1.77E-01 5.049934708055 25.5018405556225 71 0.0976% 1.37E-01
1.58E-01 4.645577586007 21.5813911076071 73 0.0961% 1.34E-01
0 0 0 0 0.0005% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0005% 0
1.19E-01 3.972431642538 15.7802131546375 0 0.0004% 0
1.16E-01 3.965547812259 15.7255694513134 0 0.0004% 0
0 0 0 89 0.0619% 8.66E-02
0 0 0 91 0.0632% 8.84E-02
9.52E-02 3.639318948474 13.2446424087216 0 0.0004% 0
9.22E-02 3.598241446144 12.9473415047496 0 0.0004% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0004% 0
0 0 0 0 0.0004% 0

Soma 3559.10083137354
Raiz 59.6582000346435
THD12p 0.90%

6P 5% Fator
pol 12P ^2 pol 18P ^2
0.0248% 0.0000% 0.0055% 0.0000% 32.2400% 0.0008158
0.0036% 0.0000% 0.0031% 0.0000% 9.3030% 0.0004090
6.7073% 0.4499% 0.0053% 0.0000% 6.4880% 1.1222256
4.3728% 0.1912% 0.0031% 0.0000% 3.2980% 1.3162523
0.0049% 0.0000% 1.4485% 0.0210% 2.4750% 0.0022877
0.0062% 0.0000% 1.4667% 0.0215% 1.9100% 0.0035817
1.0662% 0.0114% 0.0014% 0.0000% 1.1190% 0.9857015
0.8701% 0.0076% 0.0011% 0.0000% 1.0990% 0.8848044
0.0012% 0.0000% 0.0014% 0.0000% 0.6788% 0.0019107
0.0010% 0.0000% 0.0011% 0.0000% 0.6289% 0.0016489
0.5160% 0.0027% 0.3847% 0.0015% 0.5246% 1.0760579
0.4809% 0.0023% 0.3820% 0.0015% 0.4207% 1.2343713
0.0005% 0.0000% 0.0008% 0.0000% 0.3982% 0.0014448
0.0019% 0.0000% 0.0007% 0.0000% 0.3397% 0.0060141
0.2748% 0.0008% 0.0007% 0.0000% 0.2824% 1.0612606
0.2352% 0.0006% 0.0006% 0.0000% 0.2727% 0.9369270
0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1765% 0.0003% 0.2105% 0.0027145
0.0010% 0.0000% 0.1696% 0.0003% 0.2058% 0.0054859
0.1707% 0.0003% 0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1790% 1.0229050
0.1725% 0.0003% 0.0006% 0.0000% 0.1590% 1.1440252
0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1545% 0.0026544
0.0011% 0.0000% 0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1362% 0.0086784
0.1264% 0.0002% 0.0976% 0.0001% 0.1258% 1.0786963
0.1131% 0.0001% 0.0961% 0.0001% 0.1199% 1.0200167
0.0003% 0.0000% 0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1019% 0.0029323
0.0008% 0.0000% 0.0005% 0.0000% 0.1008% 0.0089871
0.0850% 0.0001% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0896% 1.0263540
0.0829% 0.0001% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0832% 1.0715230
0.0001% 0.0000% 0.0619% 0.0000% 0.0811% 0.0016928
0.0008% 0.0000% 0.0632% 0.0000% 0.0731% 0.0115113
0.0681% 0.0000% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0707% 1.0486838
0.0659% 0.0000% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0668% 1.0712895
0.0659% 0.0000% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0668% 1.0712895
0.0659% 0.0000% 0.0004% 0.0000% 0.0668% 1.0712895

thdi 12P thdi 18P

8.17% 2.15%
 Queda Queda^2 24P Simu Harm_IL Queda
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
13.85970617836 192.091455350449 0 0 0
15.68480357502 246.013063186928 0 0 0
0 0 23 0.00E+00 0
0 0 25 0.00E+00 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
7.57906890762 57.4422855064565 0 0 0
7.955357733377 63.2877166659945 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 47 0.00E+00 0
0 0 49 0.00E+00 0
5.264337002059 27.7132440712486 0 0 0
5.248879955245 27.5507407845731 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3.900023267533 15.2101814872975 71 0.00E+00 0
3.94665176767 15.5760601752558 73 0.00E+00 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
3.10198323364 9.62229998178413 0 0 0
3.235160104461 10.4662609014991 0 0 0
0 0 95 0.00E+00 0
0 0 97 0.00E+00 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

Soma 664.973308111486 Soma

Raiz 25.7870763777417 Raiz
THD18p 0.39% THD24p

12P 5% Fator 18P 5%

0.0263% 0.0001827 0.0059%

0.0038% 0.0003581 0.0033%
7.2810% 0.0008875 0.0058%
4.3410% 0.0009482 0.0031%
0.0057% 0.6820202 1.6880%
0.0068% 0.8497382 1.6230%
1.1030% 0.0013047 0.0015%
0.9724% 0.0010728 0.0012%
0.0013% 0.0021523 0.0015%
0.0010% 0.0017920 0.0011%
0.5645% 0.8023256 0.4209%
0.5193% 0.9805087 0.4125%
0.0006% 0.0021067 0.0008%
0.0020% 0.0022788 0.0008%
0.2997% 0.0028527 0.0008%
0.2555% 0.0025567 0.0007%
0.0006% 0.8864608 0.1866%
0.0011% 0.8950437 0.1842%
0.1831% 0.0032369 0.0006%
0.1819% 0.0038434 0.0006%
0.0004% 0.0038718 0.0006%
0.0012% 0.0041278 0.0006%
0.1357% 0.8330684 0.1048%
0.1223% 0.8665555 0.1039%
0.0003% 0.0050677 0.0005%
0.0009% 0.0051746 0.0005%
0.0919% 0.0050832 0.0005%
0.0891% 0.0048684 0.0004%
0.0001% 0.8264086 0.0670%
0.0008% 0.9121150 0.0666%
0.0741% 0.0056340 0.0004%
0.0715% 0.0065808 0.0004%
0.0715% 0.0065808 0.0004%
0.0715% 0.0065808 0.0004%
 Gráficos

Corrente Isc_IL 14.42308 Tensão

Pulsos 6 Pulsos 6
harm Amp % of IL Limite IEEE harm AMP_V
Queda^2 pulsos 1 139.8741 12.30% 1
0 6 5 42.46595 3.73% 4.00% 0 5 85.43937
0 fator lim cor 7 12.17945 1.07% 4.00% 0 7 34.30623
0 1 11 8.360006 0.74% 2.00% 0 11 37.00382
0 13 4.646792 0.41% 2.00% 0 13 24.3077
0 17 2.970713 0.26% 1.50% 0 17 20.32155
0 19 2.41431 0.21% 1.50% 0 19 18.45839
0 23 1.512984 0.13% 0.60% 0 23 14.00262
0 25 1.375484 0.12% 0.60% 0 25 13.83703
0 29 0.896628 0.08% 0.60% 0 29 10.46303
0 31 0.847128 0.07% 0.60% 0 31 10.56715
0 35 0.670733 0.06% 0.30% 0 35 9.446376
0 37 0.544953 0.05% 0.30% 0 37 8.113501
0 41 0.514224 0.05% 0.30% 0 41 8.483657
0 43 0.445573 0.04% 0.30% 0 43 7.709645
0 47 0.362236 0.03% 0.30% 0 47 6.850728
0 49 0.351072 0.03% 0.30% 0 49 6.92213
0 53 0.278459 0.02% 0.30% 0 53 5.938601
0 55 0.26498 0.02% 0.30% 0 55 5.864384
0 59 0.233444 0.02% 0.30% 0 59 5.542188
0 61 0.210949 0.02% 0.30% 0 61 5.177901
0 65 0.195454 0.02% 0.30% 0 65 5.112161
0 67 0.177367 0.02% 0.30% 0 67 4.781834
0 71 0.163863 0.01% 0.30% 0 71 4.681516
0 73 0.155047 0.01% 0.30% 0 73 4.554413
0 77 0.132921 0.01% 0.30% 0 77 4.118416
0 79 0.131987 0.01% 0.30% 0 79 4.19572
0 83 0.115887 0.01% 0.30% 0 83 3.87043
0 85 0.108202 0.01% 0.30% 0 85 3.700852
0 89 0.104811 0.01% 0.30% 0 89 3.753571
0 91 0.096863 0.01% 0.30% 0 91 3.546877
0 95 0.090783 0.01% 0.30% 0 95 3.470368
0 97 0.086053 0.01% 0.30% 0 97 3.358795
0 101 0.086053 0.01% 0.30% 0 101 3.497302
0 103 0.086053 0.01% 0.30% 0 103 3.566555

0
0 Limite I 0
0.00%
 AMP% Limite IEEE THDi calculada
Harm_i_simu ao quadr
1.29% 3% 0 0.303601 0.092174
0.52% 3% 0 0.087074 0.007582
0.56% 3% 0 0.059768 0.003572
0.37% 3% 0 0.033221 0.001104
0.31% 3% 0 0.021238 0.000451
0.28% 3% 0 0.017261 0.000298
0.21% 3% 0 0.010817 0.000117
0.21% 3% 0 0.009834 9.67E-05
0.16% 3% 0 0.00641 4.109E-05
0.16% 3% 0 0.006056 3.668E-05
0.14% 3% 0 0.004795 2.299E-05
0.12% 3% 0 0.003896 1.518E-05
0.13% 3% 0 0.003676 1.352E-05
0.12% 3% 0 0.003186 1.015E-05
0.10% 3% 0 0.00259 6.707E-06
0.10% 3% 0 0.00251 6.3E-06
0.09% 3% 0 0.001991 3.963E-06
0.09% 3% 0 0.001894 3.589E-06
0.08% 3% 0 0.001669 2.785E-06
0.08% 3% 0 0.001508 2.274E-06
0.08% 3% 0 0.001397 1.953E-06
0.07% 3% 0 0.001268 1.608E-06
0.07% 3% 0 0.001172 1.372E-06
0.07% 3% 0 0.001108 1.229E-06
0.06% 3% 0 0.00095 9.03E-07
0.06% 3% 0 0.000944 8.904E-07
0.06% 3% 0 0.000829 6.864E-07
0.06% 3% 0 0.000774 5.984E-07
0.06% 3% 0 0.000749 5.615E-07
0.05% 3% 0 0.000693 4.796E-07
0.05% 3% 0 0.000649 4.212E-07
0.05% 3% 0 0.000615 3.785E-07
0.05% 3% 0 0.000615 3.785E-07
0.05% 3% 0 0.000615 3.785E-07

soma 0.105571
Limite V 0 raiz q 0.324917
 IEEE-519 Recommended Practices for Applications with
Variable
Frequency Drives
Joable Andrade Alves & Paulo José Torri
WEG Automação S.A.

Introduction

The indirect frequency converters or variable frequency drives (VFDs) are usually composed of an input diode
rectifier stage. The three-phase full-wave bridge rectifier, also known as Graetz Bridge or six-pulse rectifier
(Figure 1) is one of the most used configurations for the input stage of VFDs. The currents drained by this
converter are of pulsed-type, containing low-order harmonics that may cause voltage harmonic distortion at the
electric power supply system where VFDs are connected. The voltage distortion is related to the magnitude of the
current harmonics of the electrical equipment and also to the network impedance, i.e., to the network capacity and
to the ratio between the installed drives capacity and the network capacity.

+
D1 D2 D3

D4 D5 D6
-

Figure 1 - six-pulse rectifier

Other Loads

PCC

Distorted Voltage Non-linear Load

Figure 2 - Voltage distortion caused by currents drained by a non-linear load.

In several applications, the six-pulse variable frequency drive with an input line reactor or a DC reactor may
perfectly meet the IEEE-519 recommendations. When it is not possible, the following options are available for
reducing the harmonic currents:
1) Increase the number of pulses of the input rectifier using 12, 18 or even 24-pulse;
2) Use an active front-end rectifier (regen-drive).

The greater the number of pulses of the rectifier, the lower the current harmonic content at low frequencies. The
characteristic harmonics can be represented as follows:

h=P. n±1
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....¥
Where:
h : harmonic order
P : number of rectifier pulses

At the same time that the harmonic currents at low frequencies are reduced, there are other disadvantages in
increasing the number of rectifier pulses such as: the need of using phase-shifting transformers and increase on
the cost of the configuration. Particular attention needs to be given to the increase on the equipment complexity
and to the reduction on the efficiency and reliability of the whole system (due to the use of a larger number of
components).

20 of 35
Multipulse Configuration

In the industry, the term “multipulse”, when related to frequency converters, means the association, in series or in
parallel, of six-pulse three-phase rectifiers and the mandatory use of phase-shifting transformers to feed the
rectifiers. The fundamental idea of the multipulse configurations can be understood as the interconnection of six-
pulse rectifiers so that the characteristic harmonics generated by these rectifiers are cancelled by the harmonics
generated by other sets of rectifiers. This mitigation is performed by appropriate design of the phase-shifting
transformer with multiple secondaries. The harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier that are present on the secondary
of the transformer will be cancelled and will not appear at the primary of the transformer that is connected to the
utility.

The characteristic harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier are given by:

h=6 . n±1
The magnitudes of these harmonics, in respect of the fundamental, are given by:

1
A h=
6 . n±1
The following figure shows the spectrum of these harmonics and their magnitude (as a percentage of the
fundamental).

100.0%

20.0%
14.3%
9.1% 7.7%
5.9% 5.3% 4.3% 4.0% 3.4% 3.2% 2.9% 2.7% 2.4% 2.3% 2.1% 2.0%

1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49

Figure 3 - Theoretic harmonic spectrum of the input current for a six-pulse rectifier.

The increase in the number of the rectifier pulses and the use of an appropriate phase-shifting transformer allow
the mitigation of the harmonic components at the primary of the transformer. Figure 4 shows the expected typical
waveforms of the input currents and their respective harmonic spectrum to the 6, 12 and 18-pulse configurations.

It is important to emphasize that the harmonics multiple of the 3rd are cancelled in a balanced three-phase
system (zero sequence).

In practice, however, the non-characteristic harmonics usually present a magnitude different from zero. This is
due to the pre-existing imperfections of the electrical system, such as, voltage unbalance, pre-existing harmonic
distortion, etc. Another factor that contribute to the appearance of non-characteristic harmonics is the transformer
imperfections, which blocks the mitigation of non-characteristic harmonics at the primary of the transformer.
The data presented in the following figures were obtained considering an ideal system. In the numerical
simulation the system was modeled as: power electric system, input impedance, rectifier, capacitive filter and load
(current source).

21 of 35
35.0%

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

6-pulse

8.0%

7.0%

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

2.0%

1.0%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

12-pulse

1.8%

1.6%

1.4%

1.2%

1.0%

0.8%

0.6%

0.4%

0.2%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

18-pulse

Figure 4 - Typical input currents for the 6-pulse recifier or at the primary of the phase-shifting
transformer input (12 and 18-pulse) and their respective harmonic spectrum (harmonic
components expressed as a percentage of the fundamental).

22 of 35
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power System:
IEEE-519

This recommendation (it is not a standard) prepared by IEEE describes the main factors that may cause harmonic
distortion, indicates the measurement methods and states the distortion limits.
The scope of this recommended practice is to analyze the harmonic distortion caused by all the loads (linear and
non-linear) at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and not the distortion caused by one individual device. The
main concern of IEEE is what the installation reflects to the other consumers connected to the same power supply
and not what occurs within the installation.
The distortion limits are different according to the voltage and short-circuit levels at the PCC. The higher the short-
circuit current (Isc) in respect of the load current, the higher the admissible current distortion, since they will cause
a lower voltage distortion at the PCC. As the voltage level increases, the acceptable limits decrease.
The TDD – Total Demand Distortion – is defined as the current harmonic distortion, in percentage of the
maximum demand load current (15 or 30 minutes demand). This means that the TDD shall be measured at the
peak consumption.

Tables 10.2 and 10.3, obtained from IEEE-519, show the recommended limits for the THDv (Total Voltage
Harmonic Distortion) and for the TDD (Total Demand Distortion).

General
Special Dedicated
Applications* System**
System
Notch Depth 10% 20% 50%
THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%
Notch Area [V*us] 16400 22800 36500

* Special applications include hospitals and airports.

** A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the
converter load.
IEEE-519 - Table 10.2 - “Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits”.

In section 10.2 (Development of Current Distortion Limits), of IEEE-519, it is established 3% as the individual limit
of the voltage components at PCC in respect of its fundamental component.

Isc / IL < 11 11£n<17 17£n<23 23£n<35 35£n TDD(%)

< 20 4 2 1,5 0,6 0,3 5
20 < 50 7 3,5 2,5 1 0,5 8
50 < 100 10 4,5 4 1,5 0,7 12
100 < 1000 12 5,5 5 2 1 15
> 1000 15 7 6 2,5 1,4 20

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL

Isc - maximum short-circuit current at PCC
IL - maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC

IEEE-519 - Table 10.3 - “Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems”.

The table 10.3 is applicable to six-pulse rectifiers and general distortion situations. However, when phase shift
transformers or converters with pulse numbers higher than six are used, the limits for the characteristic harmonic
orders are increased by a factor equal to: 1.414 for 12-pulse and 1.732 for 18-pulse.

Although the IEEE-519 is not a standard, this recommendation is being used as a reference to specify the
harmonic distortion limits allowed by the utility companies and in the design of industrial power systems.

23 of 35
Case Study: Company Name date: 7-Sep-22

This case study aims to show how to obtain, in a simple way and with a good precision, the Voltage Harmonic
Distortion (THDv) and the Total Demand Distortion (TDD) values for a system composed of a main bus bar with
known power and impedance, feeding a non-linear load with an input rectifier with the specified number of pulses.
This is a simple study, since practical aspects are being disregarded such as: the network is not ideal, phase
unbalance, influence of other loads connected to the PCC, transmission line impedance, system efficiency, etc.
The values presented herein are useful for a preliminary analysis of the harmonic distortion level of the system.
For a complete analysis, taking in account all the variables listed above, it is necessary to perform a numerical
simulation.

The voltages and currents are expressed in RMS values.

PCC Data
Power Capacity: 15.00 MVA
Source reactance (%): 8.00 %
Voltage: 6600 Volts
Demand Current (IL): 1137 A
Short-circuit Current (Isc): 16.40 kA
Ratio Isc/IL: 14.42

VFD System

Rectifier: 6 pulse

For this type of rectifier, it is recommended

to use an input line reactor (or DC choke)
with a minimum voltage drop of 4%.

Three-phase Induction Motor

Voltage: 3300 Volts
Current: 310 A
cos(f): 0.86

Considering that the fundamental is the only component that provides active power to the motor, it is possible to
calculate its value at the PCC by taking in account the typical motor displacement power factor - cos(f). With the
calculated fundamental component, the theoretical harmonic components of the current at the PCC can be known
as a function of the number of pulses of the rectifier.

The THDi current at the PCC is calculated by the following expression:

√∑
∞ Where:
I 2n In are the harmonic components of the PCC current
n=2
THDi =
I ( 1) I(1) is the fundamental component of the PCC current

24 of 35
The TDD is calculated as the current harmonic distortion at the PCC in respect of its demand current (IL):

√
∞
∑ I 2n
n=2
TDD=
IL
With the given power and impedance (%) it is possible to calculate the physical inductance (L) at the PCC and,
therefore, calculate the voltage drops caused by the components of the current harmonics.

V n =I n . ( 2 . π . F n ) . L Where:

L is the physical inductance at the PCC

√∑
∞
V 2n Fn are the characteristic harmonic frequencies
n=2
THDV = Vn are the harmonic components of the voltage at the PCC
V (1 )
V(1) is the fundamental component of the voltage at the PCC

The results of the harmonic analysis are presented in the following table. These calculations were performed up
to the 100th harmonic.

Final Results
% of load 10.66 % Ratio between the load power and the PCC capacity
Ie(1) 139.87 A RMS value of the fundamental component of the current Ie
Ie RMS 146.44 A RMS value of the Ie current
IL 1137.21 A RMS value of the demand current at PCC
THDi 32.49 % Harmonic current distortion of the current Ie
Total Demand Distortion (considering IL as the demand current)
TDD 4.00 %
Meets IEEE-519 Isc/IL = 14 the limit is: 5%
Voltage Harmonic Distortion at the PCC
THDv 1.70 %
Meets IEEE-519 including for 'Special Applications'

4.5%
Simulation
4.0%

3.5% IEEE limits

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

Figure 5 - Individual Current Harmonics expressed as a percentage of IL.

Observing figure 5 it can be concluded that: Meets IEEE 519 - table 10.3

25 of 35
 3.5%

3.0%
Simulation

2.5%
IEEE limit

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

Figure 6 - Individual Voltage Harmonics expressed as a percentage of the fundamental voltage at the PCC.

Observing figure 6 it can be concluded that: Meets the individual limit of 3%

Summary

Voltage Harmonic Distortion at the PCC

THDv 1.70 %
Meets IEEE-519 including for 'Special Applications'

Individual Limit for the Voltage Harmonics at the PCC: Meets the individual limit of 3%

Total Demand Distortion

TDD 4.00 %
Meets IEEE-519 Isc/IL = 14 the limit is: 5%

Current Harmonics (table 10.3): Meets IEEE 519 - table 10.3

References

[1] PAICE, DEREK A., "POWER ELETRONIC CONVERTER HARMONICS - MULTIPULSE METHODS
FOR CLEAN POWER", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1996

[2] IEEE, "IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTES FOR HARMONIC CONTROL
IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS - IEEE-519", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1993

[3] POMILIO, J. A., "PRÉ-REGULADORES DE FATOR DE POTÊNCIA", PUBLICAÇÃO FEE 03/95,

BRASIL, 2004 (in portuguese)

[4] ALVES, JOABLE A., & HORNBURG, EDSON, "HIGH AND LOW ORDER HARMONICS FOR
FREQUENCY INVERTERS", ANAIS DO VI INDUSCON, JOINVILLE-BRASIL, 2004
(in portuguese)

[5] ROSSA, A. J. & TORRI, P. J., “EFEITOS DA DISTORÇÃO HARMÔNICA DA REDE ELÉTRICA
SOBRE MOTORES ELÉTRICOS”, REVISTA ELETRICIDADE MODERNA, ANO XXIX, Nº 324,
BRASIL, 2001 (in portuguese)

26 of 35
Atendimento a Recomendação IEEE-519 em Aplicações

com
Inversores de Freqüência
Joable Andrade Alves & Paulo José Torri
WEG Automação S.A.

Introdução

Os conversores indiretos de freqüência, ou inversores de freqüência, são normalmente constituídos por um

estágio retificador a diodos na entrada. O retificador trifásico de onda completa, também conhecido como Ponte
de Graetz ou retificador de 6 pulsos (Fig. 1), é uma das estruturas mais empregadas como estágio de entrada
dos conversores. As correntes drenadas por este retificador são pulsadas, contendo harmônicas de baixa ordem
e que podem causar distorções harmônicas na tensão de rede da planta a qual estão conectados os inversores.
A distorção de tensão depende das amplitudes das harmônicas de corrente dos equipamentos e também das
impedâncias da rede, isto é, da capacidade da planta e da relação entre a capacidade instalada de inversores
em relação a capacidade da planta.

+
D1 D2 D3

D4 D5 D6
-

Fig. 1 - Retificador de 6 pulsos

Outras Cargas

PCC

Tensão Distorcida Carga Não-Linear

Fig. 2 - Distorção da tensão provocada por correntes drenadas por uma carga não-linear

Em muitas aplicações, o inversor de freqüência com retificador de 6 pulsos adicionado a uma reatância na
entrada ou um indutor no barramento CC atende perfeitamente as recomendações da IEEE-519. Quando isto
não é possível, algumas das soluções disponíveis para redução das correntes harmônicas são o aumento do
número de pulsos do retificador utilizando 12, 18 ou até 24 pulsos ou a utilização de retificadores de entrada
ativos (regenerativos).
Quanto maior o número de pulsos do retificador menor o conteúdo harmônico da corrente nas baixas
freqüências. As harmônicas características podem ser expressas por:

h=P. n±1
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....¥
Onde:
h : ordem da harmônica
P : número de pulsos do retificador

Em contrapartida ao benefício da redução das correntes harmônicas de baixa freqüência existem as

desvantagens em aumentar o número de pulsos do retificador, tais como a necessidade de utilização de
transformadores defasadores e o aumento do custo da estrutura. Deve-se atentar para o aumento da
complexidade dos equipamentos, da redução da eficiência e da confiabilidade do sistema pois são necessários
um número maior de componentes.

27 de 35
Estruturas Multi-pulsos

Na indústria, o termo multi-pulsos relacionado a inversores de freqüência tem conotação com a associação, em
série ou paralelo, de retificadores trifásicos de 6 pulsos e a obrigatória utilização de transformadores
defasadores para alimentá-los. A idéia básica das estruturas multi-pulsos pode ser entendida como a conexão
de retificadores de 6 pulsos de tal forma que as harmônicas características geradas por estes retificadores
sejam canceladas pelas harmônicas geradas por outros conjuntos de retificadores. Este cancelamento é
possível pelo adequado projeto do transformador defasador com múltiplos secundários. As harmônicas dos
retificadores de 6 pulsos estão presentes nos secundários, são canceladas no transformador e não aparecem
no primário que está conectado a rede.

As harmônicas características do retificador de 6 pulsos são dadas por:

h=6 . n±1
As amplitudes destas harmônicas, relativas a componente fundamental, são dadas por:

1
A h=
6 . n±1
O gráfico seguinte ilustra o espectro destas harmônicas e a sua amplitude expressa em percentual da
componente fundamental.

100.0%

20.0%
14.3%
9.1% 7.7%
5.9% 5.3% 4.3% 4.0% 3.4% 3.2% 2.9% 2.7% 2.4% 2.3% 2.1% 2.0%

1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49

Fig. 3 - Espectro harmônico teórico da corrente de linha para um retificador de 6 pulsos

O aumento do número de pulsos do retificador e a utilização do transformador defasador adequado, possibilita

que sejam eliminadas as componentes harmônicas no primário do transformador. A figura 4 mostra as formas
de onda típicas das correntes de linha esperadas e o seu respectivo espectro harmônico para estruturas de 6,
12 e 18 pulsos.

Cabe ressaltar que as harmônicas de ordem múltiplas de 3 são canceladas em um sistema trifásico equilibrado
(seqüência zero).

Na prática, no entanto, as harmônicas não características normalmente apresentam uma amplitude diferente de
zero. Isto se dá devido às imperfeições já presentes na rede elétrica, tais como, desequilíbrio de tensões,
distorções harmônicas pré-existentes, etc. Outros fatores que contribuem para o aparecimento de harmônicas
não características são as imperfeições do transformador, as quais impedem o perfeito cancelamento destas no
primário do mesmo.
Os dados apresentados nas figuras seguintes foram obtidos considerando a perfeita idealidade do sistema. Na
simulação numérica o sistema foi modelado como: rede de alimentação, impedância de entrada, retificador, filtro
capacitivo e carga (fonte de corrente).

28 de 35
35.0%

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

6 pulsos

8.0%

7.0%

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

2.0%

1.0%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

12 pulsos

1.8%

1.6%

1.4%

1.2%

1.0%

0.8%

0.6%

0.4%

0.2%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

18 pulsos

Fig. 4 - Correntes típicas na entrada do retificador (6 pulsos) ou no primário do transformador

defasador (12 e 18 pulsos) e respectivos espectros harmônicos
(componentes harmônicas expressas em percentual da fundamental)

29 de 35
Recomendação IEEE para práticas e requisitos para controle de harmônicas no sistema elétrico de
potência: IEEE-519

Esta recomendação (não é uma norma) produzida pelo IEEE descreve os principais fenômenos causadores de
distorção harmônica, indica métodos de medição e limites de distorção.
Seu enfoque é a análise da distorção harmônica no Ponto de Conexão Comum (PCC) das cargas (lineares ou
não-lineares) e não em cada equipamento individual. A filosofia é que não interessa ao sistema o que ocorre
dentro de uma instalação, mas sim o que ela reflete para o exterior, ou seja, para os outros consumidores
conectados à mesma alimentação.
Os limites diferem de acordo com o nível de tensão e com o nível de curto-circuito do PCC. Quanto maior for a
corrente de curto-circuito (Isc) em relação à corrente de carga, maiores são as distorções de corrente
admissíveis, uma vez que elas distorcerão em menor intensidade a tensão no PCC. À medida que se eleva o
nível de tensão, menores são os limites aceitáveis.
A grandeza TDD - Total Demand Distortion - é definida como a distorção harmônica da corrente, em % da
máxima demanda da corrente de carga (demanda de 15 ou 30 minutos). Isto significa que a medição da TDD
deve ser feita no pico de consumo.

As tabelas 10.2 e 10.3, extraídas da IEEE-519, apresentam os limites recomendados de THDv (Total Harmonic
Distortion) da tensão e TDD (Total Demand Distortion).

General
Special Dedicated
Applications* System**
System
Notch Depth 10% 20% 50%
THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%
Notch Area [V*us] 16400 22800 36500

* Special applications include hospitals and airports.

** A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the
converter load.
IEEE-519 - Table 10.2 - “Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits”.

Na seção 10.2 (Development of Current Distortion Limits), desta norma, é estabelecido 3% como o limite
individual das harmônicas de tensão no PCC em relação a sua fundamental.

Isc / IL < 11 11£n<17 17£n<23 23£n<35 35£n TDD(%)

< 20 4 2 1,5 0,6 0,3 5
20 < 50 7 3,5 2,5 1 0,5 8
50 < 100 10 4,5 4 1,5 0,7 12
100 < 1000 12 5,5 5 2 1 15
> 1000 15 7 6 2,5 1,4 20

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL

Isc - maximum short-circuit current at PCC
IL - maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC

IEEE-519 - Table 10.3 - “Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems”.

A tabela 10.3 é aplicável para retificadores com 6 pulsos. Para retificadores com 12 pulsos, deve-se multiplicar
os limites individuais por 1.414. No caso de retificadores com 18 pulsos estes limites devem ser multiplicados
por 1.732 .

Apesar de não ser uma norma, a IEEE-519, tem sido utilizada como base para a especificação dos limites de
distorções harmônicas por concessionárias do setor elétrico e em projetos de plantas industriais.

30 de 35
Estudo de Caso: Company Name Data: 7-Sep-22

Este estudo de caso tem como objetivo mostrar como obter, de maneira simples e com um bom grau de
precisão, os valores das taxas de distorção harmônica da tensão (THDv) e da TDD, em um sistema formado por
uma barra com potência instalada e impedância definidas, alimentando uma carga não-linear com um retificador
de entrada com número de pulsos especificado. Este estudo é simplificado pois não estão sendo considerados
aspectos práticos como não idealidades da rede, desbalanceamentos entre as fases de alimentação, a
influência de outras cargas conectadas ao PCC, impedâncias da linha de transmissão, rendimento do
acionamento, etc. Os valores calculados são úteis para se obter uma idéia inicial das distorções harmônicas no
sistema apresentado. Para uma análise completa, considerando todos os aspectos apresentados é necessário
conhecer todas as variáveis e realizar uma simulação numérica do sistema completo.
As tensões e correntes estão expressas em valores eficazes.

Dados do PCC (Sistema)

Potência Instalada: 15.00 MVA
Impedância %: 8.00 %
Tensão: 6600 Volts
Corrente de Demanda (IL): 1137 A
Corrente de Curto-Circuito: 16.40 kA
Relação Isc/IL: 14.42

Acionamento

Retificador: 6 pulsos

Para este retificador, recomenda-se uma

reatância de entrada (ou bobina no link DC)
com queda % mínima de 4%.

Motor de Indução Trifásico

Tensão: 3300 Volts
Corrente: 310 A
cos(f): 0.86

Considerando que a componente fundamental é a única a fornecer potência ativa para o motor, pode-se calcular
o valor desta no PCC, considerando o cos(f) típico do motor. Com a componente fundamental calculada, as
componentes harmônicas teóricas da corrente no PCC são conhecidas em função do número de pulsos do
retificador.

A THDi da corrente no PCC é calculada pela expressão:

√
∞ onde:
∑ In 2
In são as componentes harmônicas da corrente no PCC
n=2
THDi = I(1) é a componente fundamental da corrente no PCC
I ( 1)

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A TDD será calculada como sendo a distorção harmônica da corrente no PCC em relação a corrente de
demanda no mesmo (IL):

√∑
∞
I 2n
n=2
TDD=
IL
Com a potência, tensão e impedância % dadas, é possível calcular a indutância física (L) no PCC e assim,
calcular as quedas de tensão provocadas pelas componentes harmônicas da corrente.

V n =I n . ( 2 . π . F n ) . L onde:

L é a indutância física até o ponto de conexão comum (PCC)

√∑
∞
2 Fn são as freqüências harmônicas características
Vn
n=2 Vn são as componentes harmônicas da tensão no PCC
THDV =
V (1 ) V(1) é a componente fundamental da tensão no PCC

Os resultados obtidos pelas expressões apresentadas estão compilados na tabela seguinte. Os cálculos foram
efetuados com até a 100ª hamônica.

Resultados Obtidos
% carga 10.66 % Relação entre a potência da carga pela potência instalada do PCC
Ie(1) 139.87 A Valor eficaz da componente fundamental da corrente Ie
Ie RMS 146.44 A Valor eficaz da corrente Ie
IL 1137.21 A Valor eficaz da corrente de demanda no PCC
THDi 32.49 % Distorção harmônica da corrente Ie
Total Demand Distortion
TDD 4.00 %
ATENDE IEEE-519 Isc/IL = 14 o limite é: 5%
Distorção harmônica da tensão no PCC
THDv 1.70 %
Atende IEEE-519 inclusive para 'Special Applications'

4.5%
Simulação
4.0%

3.5% Limite IEEE

3.0%

2.5%

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

Fig. 5 - Harmônicas Individuais de Corrente em percentual de IL

Observando a figura 5 constata-se que: Atende a tabela 10.3 da IEEE 519

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 3.5%

3.0%
Simulação

2.5%
Limite IEEE

2.0%

1.5%

1.0%

0.5%

0.0%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73 77 79 83 85 89 91 95 97 101 103

Fig. 6 - Harmônicas Individuais de Tensão em percentual da tensão fundamental no PCC

Observando a figura 6 constata-se que: Atende ao limite individual de 3%

Resumo

Distorção harmônica da tensão no PCC

THDv 1.70 %
Atende IEEE-519 inclusive para 'Special Applications'

Limite individual das harmônicas de Tensão no PCC: Atende ao limite individual de 3%

Total Demand Distortion

TDD 4.00 %
ATENDE IEEE-519 Isc/IL = 14 o limite é: 5%

Harmônicas de Corrente (tabela 10.3): Atende a tabela 10.3 da IEEE 519

Referências

[1] PAICE, DEREK A., "POWER ELETRONIC CONVERTER HARMONICS - MULTIPULSE METHODS
FOR CLEAN POWER", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1996

[2] IEEE, "IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTES FOR HARMONIC CONTROL
IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS - IEEE-519", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1993

[3] POMILIO, J. A., "PRÉ-REGULADORES DE FATOR DE POTÊNCIA", PUBLICAÇÃO FEE 03/95,

BRASIL, 2004

[4] ALVES, JOABLE A., & HORNBURG, EDSON, "HIGH AND LOW ORDER HARMONICS FOR
FREQUENCY INVERTERS", ANAIS DO VI INDUSCON, JOINVILLE-BRASIL, 2004

[5] ROSSA, A. J. & TORRI, P. J., “EFEITOS DA DISTORÇÃO HARMÔNICA DA REDE ELÉTRICA
SOBRE MOTORES ELÉTRICOS”, REVISTA ELETRICIDADE MODERNA, ANO XXIX, Nº 324,
BRASIL, 2001

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