Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phac Do Cap Cuu Nhi
Phac Do Cap Cuu Nhi
ANAESTHETIC
EMERGENCY
DATA MANUAL
JAMES ARMSTRONG
HANNAH KING
CAMBRIDGE Medicine
A
• Difficult Mask Ventilation 33
• Unanticipated Difficult Intubation 34
N
• Can’t Intubate, Can’t Ventilate 35
A • Malignant Hyperthermia 36
E • IV Dantrolene dosing 37
S • Severe Local Anaesthetic Toxicity 38
T • IV Intralipid dosing 39
H • Pain Management Guidelines 40
E • Antiemetics 41
T • Fluid Management 42
• Congenital Cardiac Disease 44
I
• CCD for Non-Cardiac Surgery 45
C • Common Syndromes & Congenital Conditions 46
M
• Anaphylaxis 54
E • Airway Emergencies 55
D • Septic Shock 56
I • Status Epilepticus 57
C • Life-threatening Asthma 58
A • Diabetic Ketoacidosis 59
L • DKA associated Cerebral Oedema 60
• Formulary 61
• Steroid replacement therapy 62
• Notes 65
• References 66
Anaesthetising children can be daunting for the trainee or non-specialist Consultant Anaesthetist.
The management of paediatric emergencies requires the rapid recall of multiple formulae,
drug doses and management guidelines for a multitude of clinical conditions. To provide
evidence-based care, clinicians require rapid access to national guidelines presented in a format
that enables easy comprehension and application to the clinical scenario.
This book began as a compilation of local treatment guidelines, collated for our anaesthetic
trainees. It quickly grew as new sections were added, becoming, we feel, a comprehensive
companion for dealing with paediatric emergencies. The aim of the book is to allow confident
patient management by non-specialist clinicians in stressful situations without needing to remem-
ber formulae, reducing potentially harmful errors.
The book is a collection of 23 flow chart management plans for life-threatening paediatric
crises. Topics included in the emergency management guidelines section are:-
• Cardio-pulmonary arrest – Including management of peri-arrest arrhythmia.
• Trauma – Traumatic head injury, massive haemorrhage and burns.
• Anaesthesia – Airway management algorithms, malignant hyperpyrexia, local anaesthetic
toxicity, analgesia and fluid management, anaesthetic implications of 50 common conditions
and syndromes.
• Medicine – Anaphylaxis, asthma, status epilepticus, sepsis and diabetic ketoacidosis.
The ‘age-by-page’ section provides pre-calculated drug doses and equipment selections for
children from birth to 12 years, ensuring rapid data access and reducing potentially harmful
errors.
This is not a textbook of paediatric anaesthesia. It is a comprehensive compendium covering
the management of a wide range of paediatric emergencies which provides a succinct summary of
management plans for trainees in many paediatric specialties.
We would like to acknowledge the contributions made by three anaesthetic trainees (Joy
Abbott, Helen Fenner and Katherine James) to the original local guidelines book and also to
Andrew Wignell (Paediatric pharmacist) who has checked all of the medication doses used and
our calculations.
A
OP Airway : Size : 000 ống NKQ:
I
R đường kính : Cuffed: 2.5 – 3.0
W Uncuffed: 3.0 – 3.5
A LMA : Size : 1 độ dài (miệng) : 9 – 10 cm
Y
R Morphine (0.1 mg/kg) pha thành 1 mg/mL 0.3 mg (Repeat PRN) 0.3 mL
Paracetamol IV (10 mg/kg) k pha(10 mg/mL) 35 mg 3.5 mL
U
Suxamethonium (2 mg/kg) pha thành 10 mg/mL 7 mg 0.7 mL
G
Rocuronium (1 mg/kg) k pha (10 mg/mL) 3.5 mg 0.35 mL
S
Atracurium (0.5 mg/kg) k pha (10 mg/mL) 2 mg 0.2 mL
Sugammadex (16 mg/kg) k pha (100 mg/mL) 50 mg 0.5 mL
Tranexamic Acid (15 mg/kg) k pha (100 mg/mL) 50 mg 0.5 mL
10% Calcium Chloride (0.2 mL/kg) k-pha 0.7 mL 0.7 mL
3
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
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Tuổi: 3 tháng
4
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
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Tuổi: 6 tháng
A
canul khẩu hầu Size : 000 ống NKQ:
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 3.0
W Uncuffed: 3.5
A LMA : Size : 1.5 Length (Oral) : 12 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 30 J (10 microgram/kg)
0.7 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
140 microgram Adrenaline 0.7 mL (1 in 10,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 35 mg Nebulised – Croup 2.8 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (1.2 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg)
5
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 9 months
A
OP Airway : Size : 00 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 3.5
W Uncuffed: 3.5 – 4.0
A LMA : Size : 1.5 Length (Oral) : 12 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 30 J (10 microgram/kg)
0.8 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
170 microgram Adrenaline 0.8 mL (1 in 10,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 43 mg Nebulised – Croup 3.4 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (1.4 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg)
6
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 1 year
A
OP Airway : Size : 00 – 0 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 3.5
W Uncuffed: 4.5
A LMA : Size : 2 Length (Oral) : 12.5 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 50 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.0 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
200 microgram Adrenaline 1.0 mL (1 in 10,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 50 mg Nebulised – Croup 4.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (1.7 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg)
7
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 18 months
A
OP Airway : Size : 00 – 0 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 3.5
W Uncuffed: 4.5
A LMA : Size : 2 Length (Oral) : 12.5 – 13 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 50 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.1 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
220 microgram Adrenaline 0.11 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 55 mg Nebulised – Croup 4.4 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (1.8 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg)
8
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 2 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 0 – 1 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 4.0
W Uncuffed: 5.0
A LMA : Size : 2 Length (Oral) : 13 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 50 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.2 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
240 microgram Adrenaline 0.12 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 60 mg Nebulised – Croup 4.8 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (2.0 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg)
9
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 3 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 4.0
W Uncuffed: 5.0
A LMA : Size : 2 Length (Oral) : 13cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 70 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.4 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
280 microgram Adrenaline 0.14 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 70 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (2.3 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
10
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 4 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 4.5
W Uncuffed: 5.5
A LMA : Size : 2 Length (Oral) : 14 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 70 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.6 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
320 microgram Adrenaline 0.16 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 80 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (2.7 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
11
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 5 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 4.5
W Uncuffed: 5.5
A LMA : Size : 2 – 2.5 Length (Oral) : 14.5 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 70 J (10 microgram/kg)
1.8 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
360 microgram Adrenaline 0.18 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 90 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (3 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
12
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 6 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 5.0
W Uncuffed: 6.0
A LMA : Size : 2.5 Length (Oral) : 15 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 100 J (10 microgram/kg)
2.5 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
500 microgram Adrenaline 0.25 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 125 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (4.2 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
13
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 7 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 – 2 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 5.0
W Uncuffed: 6.0
A LMA : Size : 2.5 Length (Oral) : 15 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 125 J (10 microgram/kg)
2.8 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine IM – Anaphylaxis
D
560 microgram Adrenaline 0.28 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 140 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (4.6 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
14
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 8 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 – 2 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 5.5
W Uncuffed: 6.5
A LMA : Size : 3 Length (Oral) : 16 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 125 J (10 microgram/kg)
3.0 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine 600 microgram IM – Anaphylaxis
D Adrenaline 0.3 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (max) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 150 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (5.0 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
15
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 9 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 1 – 2 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 5.5
W Uncuffed: 6.5
A LMA : Size : 2.5 – 3 Length (Oral) : 16.5 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 150 J (10 microgram/kg)
3.4 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine 600 microgram IM – Anaphylaxis
D (max) Adrenaline 0.34 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 170 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (5.6 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
16
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 10 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 2 – 3 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 6.0
W Uncuffed: 7.0
A LMA : Size : 3 Length (Oral) : 17 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 150 J (10 microgram/kg)
3.7 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine 600 microgram IM – Anaphylaxis
D Adrenaline 0.37 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (max) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 185 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (6.1 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
17
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 11 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 3 – 4 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 6.0
W Uncuffed: 7.0
A LMA : Size : 3 Length (Oral) : 17 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 175 J (10 microgram/kg)
4.0 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine 600 microgram IM – Anaphylaxis
D Adrenaline 0.4 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (max) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 200 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (6.7 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
18
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.002
AGE : 12 years
A
OP Airway : Size : 3 – 4 ET Tube :
I
R Diameter : Cuffed: 6.5
W Uncuffed: 7.5
A LMA : Size : 3 Length (Oral) : 18 cm
Y
C
IV – Arrest
Defibrillation (4 J/kg) 175 J (10 microgram/kg)
4.3 mL (1 in 10,000)
A
R Atropine 600 microgram IM – Anaphylaxis
D (max) Adrenaline 0.43 mL (1 in 1,000)
(20 microgram/kg) (10 microgram/kg)
I
A Amiodarone 215 mg Nebulised – Croup 5.0 mL (1 in 1,000)
C (5 mg/kg) (7.1 mL of minijet) (400 microgram/kg) (max)
19
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
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CẤP CỨU NGỪNG TIM Ở TRẺ
VF vô tâm thu
đánh giá
Shockable không có nhịp sốc
vô mạch nhịp PEA
VT
Adrenaline ngay
DC Shock lập tức và mỗi 4
4 J/kg phút 10
microgram/kg IV
or IO
cân nhắc
4 Hs & 4 Ts cân nhắc
4 Hs & 4 Ts
20
18:28:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.003
NGỪNG TIM Ở TRẺ SƠ SINH
21
18:28:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.004
Xử trí nhịp chậm
nhịp chậm = HR <60 bpm hoặc mạch giảm nhanh kèm giảm tưới máu hệ thống
A
R
R
E
Shock
YES NO
S
T
xử trí thiếu theo dõi
oxy và sốc
22
18:28:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.005
xử trí SVT
SVT ở trẻ thường có HR > 220 bpm, và thường xuyên 250 – 300 bpm
Shock
YES NO
nghiệm pháp
cường phế vị nghiệm pháp
(nếu không trì hoãn cường phế vị
lấy ven
đánh giá nhanh có ADENOSINE
cần sốc điện YES 100 microgram/kg
2 min
ADENOSINE
200 microgram/kg
NO
2 min
Cân nhắc:
Sốc điện đồng bộ ADENOSINE
(có dùng an thần) 400 – 500 micrograms/
Shock 2 J/kg kg (max 12 mg) Sốc điện
đồng bộ
Or AMIODARONE
Cân nhắc dùng Or thuốc chống loạn nhịp
AMIODARONE khác
23
18:28:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.005
xử trí VT
có mạch?
VF Protocol NO
YES
có Shock?
NO YES
Amiodarone
24
18:28:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.005
Thuốc dùng trong ngừng tim(1)
25
18:28:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.006
THUỐC DÙNG TRONG NGỪNG TIM (2)
26
18:28:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.006
xử trí mât máu cấp
27
18:30:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.007
Xử trí chấn thương sọ não (1)
chỉ định theo mức độ chỉ định khác cho đặt ống
nặng/thời gian chấn
• mất phản xạ bảo vệ của thanh quản
thương • giảm thông khí:
• GCS <9
¾ thiếu oxy (PaO2 < 9 kPa thở bt or < 13
• giảm GCS
kPa nếu thở O2)
• dấu hiệu tkinh khu trú
OR
• giãn đồng tử 1 bên
¾ tăng PCo2 (PaCO2 > 6 kPa)
• lún/vỡ sọ hở • tăng thông khí tự phát (PaCO2 < 4 kPa)
• rò dịch não tủy • thở không đều
T
R
A
U
M Glasgow Coma Scale ở trẻ Glasgow Coma Scale
A ( < 4 years) (4 – 15 years)
đáp ứng điểm đáp ứng điểm
mở mắt mở mắt
tự nhiên 4 tự nhiên 4
theo mệnh lệnh 3 theo lệnh 3
kích thích đau 2 khi đau 2
không đáp ứng với đau 1 không đáp ứng với đau 1
đáp ứng lời nói/không nói được đáp ứng lời nói
tỉnh táo, bập bẹ nói, cười bình thường
5 định hướng và nói chuyện được 5
28
18:30:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.008
xử trí chấn thương sọ não (2)
60 – 240 microgram/kg/hr
Midazolam 0.1 mg/kg 6 mg/kg in 50 mL
(1 mL/hr = 120 microgram/kg/hr)
29
18:30:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.008
xử trí bỏng
F 4 mL/kg/% BSA
công thức Parkland
L ¾ ½ in first 8 hr
(Hartmann’s solution)
U ¾ ½ in next 16 hr
I
KÈM duy trì dịch (0.9% Saline/5% Dextrose) mục tiêu nước tiểu > 1 mL/kg/hr
D
S ¾ quy luật 4:2:1 điều trị sốc bằng bolus dịch
• xử trí tổn thương (cố định cột sống cổ và tổn thương chỉ định chuyển bệnh nhân tới
O
khác) trung tâm bỏng:
T
• kiểm tra nồng độ carboxyhaemoglobin (normal < 5%)
H ¾ bệnh nhân thở máy
• đánh giá– lập 2 đường truyền lớn IV or IO
E
• giảm đau – Paracetamol/opiates/Ketamine
¾ Bỏng > 30% BSA
R ¾ Bỏng kèm đa chấn thương
• đặt sonde dạ dày
30
18:30:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.009
Chụp phim (1)
bất kỳ:
• mất ý thức > 5 min
Yes No • lơ mơ
• nôn > 3 lần
• cơ chế chấn thương nguy hiểm
• mất trí nhớ > 5 min
Yes No
theo dõi tối thiểu 4
hr đánh giá thêm:
CT sọ và cột sống cổ cổ
(bn nằm úp thìa) mềm? • GCS < 15
• vẫn nôn
• vẫn lơ mơ
No
Yes đánh giá cột sống cổ
Chỉ ct sọ
(tư thế ngửa thìa)
bất kỳ:
• GCS < 13 khi đến
• đã đặt ống
• dấu hiệu thần kinh khu trú
chụp cột sống cổ • liệt chi dưới hoặc trên
• chấn thương sọ não hoặc đa chấn
thương
đánh giá không đầy bình thường
đủ hoặc bất thường No Yes
No
CT bụng
k ổn định ổn định
hồi sức
10 mL/kg 0.9% Saline
kết quả siêu âm
ổn định? YES
NO
dịch tự do vỡ tạng
cơ chế chấn thương siêu âm
hồi sức bình thường
10 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl or máu như đập ngực bụng đặc
ổn định? YES
NO
CT bụng
chỉ chụp nếu không ảnh hưởng tới kế hoặc điều trị. chống chỉ định nếu
đang cấp cứu
MRI cấp cứu • FiO2 > 50%
• PEEP ≥ 8
• tình trạng tim mạch không ổn định
32 • đang dùng hơn 1 loại vận mạch
18:30:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.010
Tiên lượng thông khí qua mask khó khăn
33
18:30:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.011
Đặt ống NKQ khó khăn
34
18:30:50, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.012
KHÔNG THỂ ĐẶT ỐNG- THÔNG KHÍ (CICV)
35
18:30:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.013
Xử trí tăng thân nhiệt ác tính
36
18:30:55, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.014
Liều IV DANTROLENE trong MH
1 7.5 mL 3 mL 30 mL
5 37.5 mL 15 mL 150 mL
10 75.0 mL 30 mL 300 mL
15 112.5 mL 45 mL 450 mL
20 150.0 mL 60 mL 600 mL
25 187.5 mL 75 mL 750 mL
30 225.0 mL 90 mL 900 mL
35 262.5 mL 105 mL 1050 mL
40 300.0 mL 120 mL 1200 mL
45 337.5 mL 135 mL 1350 mL
50 375.0 mL 150 mL 1500 mL
55 412.5 mL 165 mL 1650 mL
60 450.0 mL 180 mL 1800 mL
65 487.5 mL 195 mL 1950 mL
70 525.0 mL 210 mL 2100 mL
cần nhớ bao gồm thể tích dung dịch Dantrolene trong tổng lượng
dịch vào của trẻ
37
18:30:55, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
.014
Xử trí ngộ độc thuốc tê tại chỗ
nặng
CNS: đột nhiên rối loạn ý thức hoắc mất tri giác có/không co giật
chẩn đoán
CVS: trụy mạch, block tim, chậm xoang, vô tâm thu và nhịp nhanh thất
có thể xảy ra 1 lúc sau tiêm
• ngừng tiêm
• gọi giúp đỡ
xử trí ngay • thở 100% oxygen và đảm bảo thông khí phổi
• lấy đường truyền
• kiểm soát co giật: benzodiazepine or thiopentone or propofol với
liều thấp tăng dần
• theo dõi tim mạch
ngừng tim
do thuốc tê 1. bolus dung dịch lipid 20% 1.5 mL/kg trong 1 phút
2. sau đó truyền tốc độ 15 mL/kg/hr
tại chỗ
3. tiếp tục CPR trong khi truyền lipid
4. lặp lại bolus 1 – 2 lần trong 5 phút nếu chưa đáp ứng tốt
5. sau 5 phút tăng tốc độ lên 30 mL/kg/hr nếu tình trạng chưa tim
mạch ổn định
6. tiếp tục truyền tới khi CVS ổn định hoặc dùng liều tối đa lipid
7. đánh giá tốc độ truuyền mỗi 15 – 20 min, rgiảm hoặc ngừng khi đáp
ứng lâm sàng
tổng liều tối đa 12 mL/kg được khuyến cáo
Report all cases to National Patient Safety Agency and to the Lipid Rescue
site: www.npsa.nhs.uk & www.lipidrescue.org
theo dõi If possible take blood samples into a plain tube (red top) & a heparinized
tube (green top) before and after lipid emulsion. Measure lipid and
local anaesthetic levels
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liều IV INTRALIPID 20% trong ngừng tim
do ngộ độc thuốc tê tại chỗ
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Giảm đau ở trẻ (1)
MORPHINE FENTANYL
N.C.A. sơ sinh tới 12 tuần dùng ở bệnh nhân cần dùng opiate tĩnh
nồng độ thuốc = 10 microgram/kg/mL mạch sau mổ
i.e. 0.5 mg morphine/kg/bodyweight pha thành
50 mL với 0.9% Saline OR
cài đặt
Loading dose = zero
Bolus dose = 0.5 mL bệnh nhân giảm đau không đủ với
Lockout = 60 min
Background infusion = 0.5 – 1 mL/hr
morphine
N.C.A. trẻ từ 13 tuần
N.C.A. trẻ – 13 tuần- 6 tháng
Drug concentration = 1 microgram/kg/mL
Drug concentration = 10 microgram/kg/mL
i.e. 50 microgram/kg bodyweight (max. 2500
i.e. 0.5 mg morphine/kg/bodyweight
microgram) = 1 mL không pha fentanyl/kg
diluted to 50 mL with 0.9% Saline
PUMP PROGRAMME
bodyweight – pha thành 50 mL 0.9% Saline
Loading dose = zero PUMP PROGRAMME
Bolus dose = 1 mL Loading dose = zero
Lockout = 30 min Bolus dose = 1 mL
Background infusion = 1 mL/hr Lockout = 30 min
Background infusion = 1 mL/hr
P.C.A. CHILDREN > 6 YEARS
N.C.A. CHILDREN from 6 months
Drug concentration = 1 microgram/kg/mL
Drug concentration = 20 microgram/kg/mL
i.e. 50 microgram/kg bodyweight (max. 2500
i.e. 1 mg morphine/kg/bodyweight
microgram) = 1 mL NEAT fentanyl/kg
(max. 50 mg) diluted to 50 mL with 0.9% Saline
PUMP PROGRAMME
bodyweight – diluted to 50 mL with 0.9% Saline
Loading dose = zero PUMP PROGRAMME
Bolus dose = 1 mL Loading dose = zero
Lockout = 30 min Bolus dose = 0.5 mL
Background infusion = 1 mL/hr Lockout = 6 – 10 min
Background infusion = 0.5 mL/hr
P.C.A. CHILDREN > 6 YEARS KETAMINE
i.e. 1 mg morphine/kg/bodyweight
(max. 50 mg) diluted to 50 mL with 0.9% Saline
PUMP PROGRAMME Drug concentration = 40 microgram/kg/mL
Loading dose = zero i.e. 2 mg Ketamine/kg bodyweight
Bolus dose = 1 mL
Lockout = 5 min
(max. 100 mg) diluted to 50 mL with 0.9% Saline
Background infusion = 0.2 mL/hr PCA
chỉ định : nguy cơ độc tố giãn đại tràng
ORAL MORPHINE
AGE DOSE INTERVAL Loading dose = 1 – 2 mL of solution
Infusion 0 – 1 mL/hr
< 3/12 50 microgram/kg 6 hourly Bolus 0.5 – 1 mL
Lockout 10 – 30 min
3/12 – 6/12 50 – 100 microgram/kg 4 hourly
truyền
6/12 – 1 yr 100 microgram/kg 4 hourly chỉ định – phẫu thuật vẹo cột sống hoặc cần phối
hợp giảm đau
1 yr – 2 yr 200 – 400 microgram/kg 4 hourly
Liều tải = 1 – 2 mL pha truyền
> 2 yr 200 – 500 microgram/kg 4 hourly 0 – 5 mL/hr
giảm liều nếu có dùng codeine
cần hội chẩn bác sĩ gây mê
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giảm đau ở trẻ (2)
OR 0.125% Levo-bupivacaine
ANALGESICS
Rate = 0.1 – 0.3 mL/kg/hr (maximum 15 mL/hr) PARACETAMOL – PO
tê ngoài màng cứng khó khăn Under 13 weeks: loading dose 20 mg/kg then
20 mg/kg TDS. Max 60 mg/kg daily
1. tiêm nhưng giảm đau không đủ: tăng liều Over 13 weeks: loading dose 20 mg/kg then
hoặc bupivacaine + NCA/PCA 15 mg/kg QDS. Max 90 mg/kg or 4 g daily
2. tê không đủ: Bolus 0.1 mL/kg of 0.25% L –
bupivacaine, kiểm tra huyết áp mỗi 5 phut PARACETAMOL – INTRAVENOUS
trong 15 phút Preterm > 32 weeks: 7.5 mg/kg TDS. Max 25 mg/kg
daily
3. nếu không tê: chuyển sang NCA/PCA Neonate: 10 mg/kg TDS. Max 30 mg/kg daily
Child body weight <50 kg: 15 mg/kg 4 hourly. Max
60 mg/kg daily
Child body weight >50 kg: 1 g 4 hourly. Max 4 g daily
- duy trì -free S-ketamine: 0.5 mg/kg (for lựa chọn số 1 điều trị nôn do opioid là Ondansetron.
children > 12 months of age) Piriton có thể gây lơ mơ quá mức với opiates
- Clonidine: 1 microgram/kg
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Bù dịch (1)
bù dịch chu phẫu nhằm giải quyết tình trạng thiếu dịch, duy trì và bù
lượng dịch mất trong phẫu thuật (khoang thứ 3/mất máu)
trước và sau mổ
• bù dịch đẳng trương: 0.9% saline/5% Dextrose
• trẻ truyền dịch nên theo dõi ure và điện giải hàng ngày và bù dịch theo cân nặng
• sau mổ nên bù đủ dịch hoặc hạn chế 60-70% nhu cầu dịch +bolus dịch đẳng trương theo nhu
cầu
trong mổ
• nguy cơ hạ glucose ít gặp do đáp ứng tăng đường huyết trong mổ.
• trẻ có nguy cơ hạ đường huyết: sơ sinh
công thức:
Body weight
Body weight Body weight
công thức 1st 10 kg Total
11 – 20 kg > 20 kg
(0 – 10 kg)
1000 mL + 1500 mL +
Holiday &
50 mL/kg/day 20 mL/kg/day mL per 24
Segar derived 100 mL/kg/day
For 2nd 10 kg For all kg over hours
formula
20 kg
40 mL + 60 mL +
4:2:1 formula 4 mL/kg/hr 2 mL/kg/hr for 1 mL/kg/hr for mL per hour
2nd 10 kg all kg over 20 kg
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Bù dịch (2)
bù dịch thiếu
• nên bù dịch 2h trước phẫu thuật
• dịch thiếu= số giờ mất dịch x số giờ duy trì . bù 50% in 1st hour & 25% in 2nd & 3rd hours
(Furman et al 1975)
• đánh giá dấu hiệu mất nước
• điều chỉnh mất nước 1% cần 10 mL/kg dịch
• dùng Ringers lactate or 0.9% saline
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bệnh tim bẩm sinh
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CCD với phẫu thuật không liên quan tim
• Children with CCD presenting for non-cardiac surgery are at increased risk
• Range of heart disease & variety of procedures make this hard to quantify
• Most important factors:
1) Physiological Status: 2) Complexity of Heart Disease:
• Cardiac Failure (Very high risk) Considered ‘complex’ if any of:
- Signs differ with age • Single ventricle physiology
- Tachypnoea, tachycardia, sweating & cool • Parallel circulation physiology
peripheries • Cardiomyopathy
• Pulmonary Hypertension • Aortic stenosis
- PAP >25 mmHg at rest ( or 30 mmHg on exercise)
- Clear predictor of morbidity
3) Type of Operation:
• Arrhythmias
• Cyanosis • Major vs. Minor
- Common in unrepaired or partially palliated • Elective vs. Emergency
- Chronic cyanosis affects most organ systems • Risk of blood loss
- Polycythaemia & coagulopathy main problem • Prolonged hospital stay
- Dehydration, fever & anaemia MUST be avoided
RISK CLASSIFICATION:
HIGH RISK INTERMEDIATE RISK LOW RISK
Physiologically poorly compensated +/-
presence of major complications:
¾ Cardiac Failure Physiologically normal or well Physiologically normal or well
¾ Pulmonary Hypertension compensated compensated
¾ Arrhythmias
¾ Cyanosis
SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT:
RISK ELECTIVE EMERGENCY
¾ Seek advice from PICU & surgeons about
High Transfer to specialist centre
possibility of transfer
¾ If impossible: advice from cardiologist &
Discuss with specialist centre cardiac anaesthetist re: peri-op management
Intermediate and consider transfer ¾ Transfer post-op as soon as stable
Manage locally
Low Manage at local hospital
If concerned, seek advice
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (1)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Shortened tubular bones Often require smaller ETT
Commonest form of
Foramen magnum & spinal than age suggests
dwarfism.
stenosis may occur Caution with neck
1/25,000 live births
Sleep apnoea secondary to movements
Achondroplasia Defective fibroblastic
midface hypoplasia & IV access may be difficult
growth factor 3
brainstem compression Sleep apnoea – consider
affecting bone
Macrocephaly sleep studies and post-
formation
Hypotonia & lax skin operative care
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (2)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Short stature,
microcephaly, facial
dysmorphism, Reflux common
dysmorphic limbs, Intubation may be
Cornelia de Lange hirsuitism, difficult. Consider FOI
Approx 1:40,000
syndrome developmental delay, Susceptibility to malignant
cardiac & renal hyperthermia has been
malformations, reported
characteristic low
pitched cry
Mental retardation,
characteristic cat-like
cry, microcephaly, broad
nasal bridge, Airway – Anticipate need
Chromosomal
micrognathia, may have for smaller ETT
Cri du Chat syndrome abnormality (5p deletion)
abnormal epiglottis and Intubation may be
1:15,000 to 1:50,000
small larynx. Small difficult
incidence of congenital
heart defects & renal
abnormalities
Mask ventilation difficult
but tracheal intubation
Chromosomal
Craniosynostosis & facial usually straightforward
abnormality leading to
hypoplasia (especially Post-op airway
premature closure of
maxilla) and obstruction may be a
Crouzon syndrome cranial sutures
exophthalmos. May problem. Airway access
Progressive condition
lead to raised may be limited by external
usually manifesting
intracranial pressure fixation devices for
before the age of 2
maxillary distraction. Eye
protection important
Severe cardiac
Anticipate difficult
malformations. Aortic
airway. Sterile techniques
arch abnormalities.
required as
Midface hypoplasia &
3rd and 4th brachial arch immunodeficient. Need
DiGeorge syndrome micrognathia. Absent
abnormalities irradiated blood, check
(Catch 22 syndrome) thymus and parathyroid
22q deletion calcium levels &
glands, low serum
supplement. Adrenaline
calcium leading to
may cause prolonged
tetany and seizures.
tachycardia
Immunodeficient
Developmental delay.
CCD (ASD / VSD / AVSD /
Careful airway and cardiac
PDA). Hypotonia,
assessment. Mask
atlantoaxial instability
Trisomy 21 ventilation may be
Down syndrome (12%). Micrognathia,
1 in 700 live births difficult. Consider small ET
large tongue, congenital
tube. Care with neck
subglottic stenosis,
extension
tonsillar hyperplasia &
OSA. Hypothyroidism
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (3)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Mental retardation,
May be difficult airway
Trisomy 18 hypotonia, renal
Edward’s syndrome & intubation
1 in 8,000 live births abnormalities & CCD.
Sux can cause rigidity
Micrognathia
Hyper-elastic & fragile
Difficult IV access
Ehlers-Danlos tissue. Dissecting aortic
Collagen abnormality Increased bleeding
syndromes aneurysms. May affect
Spont. pneumothorax
clotting, heart, lung & GI
Assess cardiac function.
Inhalation or SLOW IV
induction. Avoid ↑ PVR
(hypoxemia, hypercarbia,
Right-to-Left shunt acidosis or N2O) or ↓ SVR
Reversal of Left-to-Right
Eisenmenger Dyspnoea, fatigue, (high dose induction
shunt caused by
syndrome cyanosis, finger clubbing agents, SNP). Caution
pulmonary hypertension
& cardiac failure with IPPV (minimise
intra-thoracic pressure) &
fluid therapy (avoid
hypovolaemia or over
hydration)
Usually due to cystinosis
Impaired renal function,
Correct electrolyte and
acidosis, K loss,
Anaemia with renal acid-base abnormalities
Fanconi’s syndrome dehydration. Thyroid &
tubular acidosis Caution with renally
pancreatic dysfunction
excreted drugs
possible. May need renal
nd
transplant in 2 decade
Potentially difficult
Unilateral mandibular airway:- BMV may be
hypoplasia difficult. Tracheal
Oculoauriculovertebral
Chromosome 22 trisomy. intubation may be very
Goldenhar syndrome syndrome; hemifacial
20% have CHD difficult especially with
microsomia
Vertebral abnormalities bilateral disease or right
may limit neck extension sided TMJ & mandible
involved
Usually occurs in 1 – 2
year olds following a
prodromal GI infection. Assessment of
CVS (hypotension, respiratory function
Renal failure, haemolytic myocarditis, CCF), CNS Correct electrolyte, acid-
Haemolytic uraemic
anaemia and (drowsiness, seizures, base and coagulation
syndrome thrombocytopenia coma), respiratory- abnormalities
pulmonary insufficiency, Caution with renally
hepatosplenomegaly, excreted drugs
coagulopathy, decreased
platelet function
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (4)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Factor VIII deficiency Bleeding either
Infusions of recombinant
(Classic haemophilia type spontaneous or after
factor VIII 1 hr before and
Haemophilia A) minimal injury,
after surgery to maintain
X-linked recessive, haemarthrosis are
factor VIII activity ≥ 50%
incidence 1 in 10,000 common
Thrombocytopenia
Severe GI or intracranial Steroid cover many be
Autoimmune disease bleeding rare in children necessary due to steroid
Idiopathic
associated with presence Chronic ITP more likely in therapy
thrombocytopenia of antiplatelet factor children > 10 yr of age Avoid NSAIDs and IM
Treatment with high dose injections
steroids and γ-globulin
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Mental retardation,
Difficult airway
gargoyle facies, deafness,
management &
stiff joints, severe
Abnormal intubation – upper
coronary artery disease,
Muco- mucopolysaccharide airway obstruction due to
hepatosplenomegaly
polysaccharidosis metabolism with lymphoid tissue
Most die from
(Hurler’s, Hunter’s) progressive deposition in infiltration, micrognathia,
respiratory/cardiac
tissues short neck & limited
failure before 10 years of
movement of TMJ
age. Hunter’s less severe
than Hurler’s
Discus benefits vs risk
Inherited disorders of
Assess cardiac function
muscle due to
including ejection
abnormality/absence of
fraction, consider
the protein dystrophin
invasive monitoring
Progressive muscle Respiratory function tests
Duchenne – X linked
weakness of affected to help predicted need
recessive mutation on
muscle groups for post-op ventilation
chromosome 21,
(pseudohypertrophied) Prone to LRTI. Regional
incidence 1 in 3000 live
analgesia useful
male births
Duchenne – onset Suxamethonium
between 1 – 4 years, contraindicated – risk of
Becker – X linked
Muscular dystrophies wheelchair bound by 12 rhabdomyolysis, rigidity,
recessive, incidence 1 in
(Duchenne’s, Becker’s, years, cardiac hyperkalaemia, cardiac
60,000, later onset and
facioscapulohumeral) slower progression than involvement with arrest
hypertrophic Variable response to non-
Duchenne
cardiomyopathy and depolarising muscle
sudden death, scoliosis, relaxants. Reduction in
Facioscapulohumeral
mental retardation dose recommended
muscular dystrophy –
(30%), death from Significant myocardial
autosomal dominant,
cardiorespiratory failure depression with volatiles.
relatively benign, slowly
in 3rd decade NO proven link with MH
progressive, affects
but muscle damage &
abductors of upper arms,
hyperkalaemia may occur
facial muscles, winged
with volatiles, hence TIVA
scapula, sensorineural
often used
deafness, retinopathy
PHDU / PICU post-op
Muscle weakness may
cause respiratory failure.
Anticholinesterases cause
Presentation in childhood increased respiratory
or adolescence with secretions
Juvenile/autoimmune muscle Increased sensitivity to
Myasthenia gravis
myasthenia fatigability/weakness non-depolarizing muscle
either generalized or relaxants – intubate deep
limited to ocular muscles / topical lignocaine to
trachea
Avoid opiates & sedative
premedication
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.019
COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (6)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Central core – hypotonia Central core disease &
at birth, proximal muscle King syndrome – treat
weakness, kyphoscoliosis, patients as MH
Inherited diseases of
joint hypermobility, short susceptible. Avoid all
muscle function
neck, mandibular trigger agents
hypoplasia. Symptoms Assess degree of muscle
Central core disease –
mild & non-progressive weakness preoperatively
autosomal dominant,
Closely associated with
gene mutation on
MH Nemaline rod – NO
chromosome 19 close to
Nemaline rod – association with MH
gene responsible for
weakness of proximal Prone to recurrent
Myopathies ryanidine receptor
muscles, facial, bulbar & aspirations & LRTI
(Central core, respiratory. Dysmorphic Assess respiratory
Nemaline myopathy –
nemaline myopathy, feature ( micrognathia, function & optimise with
autosomal recessive &
King syndrome) hypertelorism, high physio
dominant inheritance,
arched palate), cardiac Intubation may be
mutations on
abnormalities difficult
chromosome 1, 2 & 19
“Typical” – infantile Resistant to
hypotonia, non- suxamethonium but
progressive increased sensitivity to
King syndrome –
“Severe” – presents at non-depolarising muscle
myopathy, MH trait,
birth with severe relaxants
dysmorphic features
hypotonia, respiratory May need post-operative
(Noonan like)
failure, arthrogryposis, ventilation & respiratory
death in first few months complications are most
of life common cause of death
Short stature, web neck,
mild mental retardation Assess cardiac function
Turner’s characteristics CCD (pul. stenosis & Check coagulation &
Noonan syndrome without sex chromosome cardiomyopathy) renal function
abnormality Micrognathia, Possible difficult
hydronephrosis & intubation
platelet dysfunction
Multiple skin and mucosa
lesions. May affect other Intra-op blood loss may
organs, esp. pulmonary & be difficult to control
Osler-Weber-Rendu Hereditary haemorrhagic
hepatic AV fistula Difficult IV access
syndrome telangiectasia
Anaemia & systemic Assess pulmonary
emboli. Later, high function
output cardiac failure
Extreme care with
Fractures, blue sclera &
Osteogenesis positioning. Fragile teeth
Pathological fractures deafness. Scoliosis & lung
imperfecta & veins (difficult IV
pathology
access)
Mental retardation,
microcephaly, cleft Possible difficult
Trisomy 13
Patau’s syndrome lip/palate, micrognathia. intubation
1 in 10,000 live births
CCD (VSD). Polydactyly Assess cardiac function
Die in infancy
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (7)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Micrognathia,
Improves with growth
glossoptosis, cleft
Assess cardiac function
Pierre Robin lip/palate. More severe
1 in 8000 live births Intubation may be VERY
syndrome in neonate (may get
difficult. (Consider fibre-
airway obstruction)
optic)
CCD may be present
Neonate: Hypotonia & Hypoglycaemia risk
poor feeding Difficult IV access. OSA
Child: Hyperactive, common, may require
Prader-Willi syndrome Deletion 15q11 – q13
uncontrolled eating, post-op support
mental retardation Low grade pyrexia or
Cardiovascular failure hypothermia also seen
Assess renal function
Poor respiratory function
Absent abdominal Treat as full stomach
Prune Belly syndrome and cough
musculature Control ventilation,
Renal abnormalities
epidural useful post-op
Severe metabolic Abnormal LFTs, deranged
Largely supportive. Avoid
Reye’s syndrome encephalopathy & fatty clotting
liver-metabolised drugs
change in liver Raised ICP if untreated
Mental retardation,
Possible difficult
Autosomal recessive microcephaly, dwarfism,
Seckel syndrome ventilation, intubation
‘Bird-headed dwarfism’ micrognathia &
and IV access
prominent maxilla
Trait: (Low HbS levels Pre-op screening of at-
<50%) Sickling very risk groups
Abnormal Hb (HbS) which unlikely Crisis: Analgesia (PCA)
distorts in low O2 levels Disease: (HbS >50%) May Peri-op: Avoid prolonged
Sickle cell disease
(vaso-occlusive crisis or present with painful fasting, hydrate well, high
‘Sickling’) crisis, or sickle peri-op FiO2, keep warm, avoid
(lung infarction, acidosis. Extreme care
haemolysis & pain) with tourniquets
Central: CNS immaturity,
trauma, infection or Review sleep study
neoplasms. Normal Careful airway
muscle activity assessment, intubation
Obstructive: Obesity, may be difficult. Avoid
adenotonsillar hyper- sedating pre-med
Disorders of breathing
Sleep apnoea trophy or Pierre Robin Caution with opiates
during sleep
Response to CO2 reduced Post-op apnoea
Very sensitive to opiates monitoring
Mixed: Daytime HDU if: < 2 yrs, syndrome
somnolence, snore, affecting airway, CLD for
insomnia, fatigue, RDS, cor pulmonale
behavioural problems
Microcephaly, mental Care with asepsis. Use
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Inborn error of retardation & hypotonia muscle relaxants with
syndrome cholesterol synthesis Skeletal abnormalities, care, may have airway &
inc. micrognathia intubation problems
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COMMON SYNDROMES & CONGENITAL CONDITIONS (8)
Anaesthetic
Syndrome Description Clinical features
considerations
Excessive growth in early
Care with asepsis and
childhood
positioning of head
Mild developmental
Soto’s syndrome Cerebral gigantism Hyperthermia has been
delay & macrocephaly
reported (not MH);
Poor immune function
monitor temperature
Hypotonia
Similar to Pierre Robin
Autosomal dominant Mid-face hypoplasia,
Stickler’s syndrome Airway may be VERY
mid-face disorder micrognathia, cleft palate
difficult
Port-wine stain over Glaucoma, mental Often multiple laser
Sturge Weber
Trigeminal nerve retardation, seizures & treatments. May affect
syndrome distribution hemiplegia larynx
Pre-op assessment of
Micrognathia, aplastic
Treacher-Collins cardiac function & airway
Mandibulofacial dysplasia zygoma, choanal atresia
syndrome May be VERY difficult
& cleft lip/palate
ventilation/intubation
Short stature, infantile
Assess cardiac & renal
genitalia, webbed neck
status
Turner’s syndrome XO females Possible micrognathia
Intubation may be
CCD (coarctation)
difficult
Renal anomalies
V – Vertebral (scoliosis)
A – Ano-rectal atresia Careful pre-op
C – Cardiac assessment of neonate
Non-random association T – Tracheoesophageal showing one or more
VATER/VACTERL
of defects (at least 3) fistula feature
E – oEsophageal atresia Cardiac & renal
R – Renal abnormalities assessment
L – Limb defects
Learning difficulties
(mild), small stature. CCD Assess cardiac function
22q11 micro-deletion
Velocardiofacial common (VSD, Tetralogy Airway may be difficult,
Very variable
syndrome of Fallot). Cleft lip/palate post-op apnoea monitor
presentation
Characteristic facial essential
features
Very variable. Cutaneous
Assess pulmonary,
lesions common. May
cardiac & renal function
Von Recklinghausen’s Café au lait spots (> 5), have tumours in larynx or Intubation my be
trachea. 50% have
Disease tumours in all parts of difficult
kyphoscoliosis. May have
Neurofibromatosis the CNS and peripheral Caution with neck
fibrosing alveolitis. Renal
type 1 nerves Effects of neuromuscular
artery dysplasia common
blocking drugs may be
1% have
prolonged
pheochromocytoma
Infantile spasms, May be difficult to
Seizures, neurological
psychomotor determine level of
West’s syndrome deficit & severe mental
developmental arrest & consciousness. BIS may
deficiency
hypsarrhythmia on EEG be unreliable
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xử trí phản vệ
IV CHLORPHENAMINE IV HYDROCORTISONE
Child under 6 months 250 microgram/kg 25 mg
6 months to 6 years 2.5 mg 50 mg
6 – 12 years 5 mg 100 mg
> 12 years 10 mg 200 mg
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.020
xử trí cấp cứu đường thở
cần mê để soi:
D/W bs TMH chuẩn bị dụng cụ
• khởi mê chậm (sevoflurane in O2) vs. propofol TCI
hít phải ¾ tránh N2O
¾ soi sâu xuống thanh quản và xịt lignocaine vào dây thanh âm
dị vật ¾ duy trì tự thở
¾ ‘đặt ống qua mũi thời gian ngắn duy trì khí khi soi qua
• theo dõi di động lồng ngực, HR & SaO2. thường quên EtCO2/phân tích khí
máu
• biến chứng – co thắt thanh quản, phế quản, tràn khí màng phổi và loạn nhịp
• kết thúc thủ thuật – thở qua mask hoặc mũi & cho trẻ tỉnh
¾ có thể dùng IV dexamethasone 0.1 – 0.25 mg/kg tránh phù nề
thanh quản
¾ cần theo dõi liên tục SaO2 sau thủ thuật
¾ Cân nhắc PHDU or PICU
• trẻ mới biết đi
• có thể không ai
chứng kiến
• khò khè khi hít
vào
• duy trì oxy, SaO2 > 92%, dùng canul mũi, nâng đầu hoặc mask thở O2
viêm tiểu pq • sonde dạ dày nhỏ nếu RR >60/min or ăn kém < 50% mong đợi
• hút dịch mũi họng
• trẻ< 2 yrs • chỉ định PHDU/PICU: khó thở tái phát
• theo mùa
• sổ mũi, ho khan, suy hô hấp nặng
khó thở, ăn kém không duy trì được SaO2 > 92%
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.021
xử trí sốc nhiễm khuẩn
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xử trí trạng thái động kinh
YES
• uống hỗn hợp
Paraldehyde 0.8 mL/kg of đánh giá Lorazepam
50:50 paraldehyde/olive oil mạch? 0.1 mg/kg IV/IO
(max 20 mL)
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xử trí cơn hen cấp đe dọa tính mạng
58
18:34:15, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use
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xử trí toan keton do tiểu đường
tiền sử - đa niệu, khát nhiều, sụt cân, đau bụng, mệt mỏi, buồn nôn, lú lẫn
dấu hiệu - mất nước, thở kussmaul, lờ đờ, lơ mơ
chẩn đoán sinh hóa - glucose >11 mmol/L, pH <7.3 or bicarbonate <15 mmol/L,
keton niệu
• Airway & breathing - thở oxy liều cao
• Circulation - nếu sốc, bolus 10 mL/kg 0.9% sodium chloride, lặp lại 3 lần
• đánh giá mức độ mất nước
xử trí • nhẹ (3%) – k thay đổi
• vừa (5%) – niêm mac khô, giảm đàn hồi da
ngay • nặng (8%) – mắt trũng, giảm đổ đầy mao mạch
• 1% mất nước = thiếu 10 mL/kg bù trong 48 hr
• bắt đầu bù dịch bằng 0.9% saline and 20 mmol KCl in 500 mL
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xử trí phù não kèm DKA
• 1% số trẻ DKA xuất hiện phù não kèm nguy cơ tử vong cao
• dấu hiệu – đau đầu, lú lẫn, kích thích hoặc lư mơ, giảm ý thức,
tăng huyết áp, mạch chậm, phù gai thị, tư thế bất thường
• nguy cơ tăng nên nếu dùng insulin cùng lúc với truyền dịch do
đó đề nghị dùng insulin sau khi truyền dịch đã được 1h
chẩn đoán
• nếu nghi phù não cần hội chẩn hồi sức nhi PICU
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FORMULARY (1)
Thuốc Chỉ định liều
Acyclovir sốc nhiễm khuẩn <28 ngày tuổi 20 mg/kg
100 – 500 microgram/kg
Adenosine xử trí SVT
(max 12 mg)
ngừng tim IV: 10 microgram/kg
phản vệ IM: 10 microgram/kg
Adrenaline ho/chèn ép đường thở khí dung: 400 microgram/kg
cung lượng tim thấp truyền: 0.01 – 1 microgram/kg/min
- (0.3 mg/kg in 50 mL 5% Dextrose)
Alfentanil giảm đau ngắn/khởi mê 10 microgram/kg
5 mg/kg
Aminophylline hen đe dọa tính mạng
Then: 1 mg/kg/hr
5 mg/kg (max 1.2 g in 24 hr)
Amiodarone xử trí loạn nhịp
truyền: 300 microgram/kg/hr
Amoxicillin sốc nhiễm khuẩn 50 – 100 mg/kg
0.5 mg/kg
Atracurium giãn cơ
Infusion: 0.3 – 0.6 mg/kg/hr
nhịp chậm 20 microgram/kg
Atropine (100 – 600 microgram)
trước thủ thuật 1h 30 microgram/kg PO (max 900)
Benzyl-penicillin nhiễm khuẩn sơ sinh gd sớm 50 mg/kg
Blood 10 – 20 mL/kg
mất máu/low Hb (< 80 g/L)
(Packed Red Cells) (5 mL/kg will ↑ Hb by ~10 g/L)
Bupivacaine (levo-) tê vùng 2 mg/kg
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FORMULARY (2)
Thuốc chỉ định liều
Dexamethasone chống nôn 0.15 mg/kg
2 mL/kg
hạ glucose
Dextrose 10% Then: 5 mL/kg/hr
tăng kali (kèm insulin)
5 mL/kg/hr
Diazepam co giật 0.1 mg/kg QDS
Diclofenac giảm đau (> 6 months old) 1 mg/kg
cung lượng tim thấp
Dobutamine 5 – 15 microgram/kg/min
- 30 mg/kg in 50 mL 5% Dextrose
nhiễm khuẩn nặng + cung lượng tim thấp
Dopamine - 30 mg/kg in 50 mL 5% Dextrose (central) 5 – 15 microgram/kg/min
- 3 mg/kg in 50 mL 5% Dextrose (peripheral)
500 microgram/kg over 1 min
Esmolol xử trí loạn nhịp Then: 50 microgram/kg/min over
4 min
Fentanyl giảm đau/khởi mê 1 – 2 microgram/kg
FFP/Octaplas rối loạn đông máu/truyền lượng lớn máu 10 – 20 mL/kg
2 mg/kg
Flecanide SVT, VEs or VT kháng thuốc
(max 150 mg)
Hydrocortisone - phẫu thuật ngay lập tức (e.g. liều bình thường AND 1 – 2 mg/kg
laparoscopic) IV khởi mê & 6 h trong 24h
- phẫu thuật lớn (e.g. laparotomy) liều bình thường AND 1 – 2 mg/kg
nếu ngừng steroid > 3 tháng – không IV khởi mê & 6 h trong 48-72h
cần bổ sung
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FORMULARY (3)
Thuốc Chỉ định Liều
Ibuprofen giảm đau(>5 kg) 5 mg/kg
tiểu đường
Insulin 0.05 – 0.1 units/kg/hr
Tăng kali (with 10% Dextrose)
Intralipid 20% giải độc tê tại chỗ 1.5 mL/kg; Then: 15 – 30 mL/kg/hr
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FORMULARY (4)
thuốc chỉ định liều
Phenobarbital trạng thái động kinh 20 mg/kg over 20 min
Sodium Bicarbonate toan chuyển hóa/tăng kali 0.5 – 1 mL/kg of 8.4% solution
giải Rocuronium – dùng ngay 2 – 4 mg/kg
Sugammadex 16 mg/kg
64
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NOTES
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References
• Weight information:
• 1 – 12 months = (0.5 x age in months) + 4
• 1 – 5 years = (2 x age) + 8
• 6 – 12 years = (3 x age) + 7
• UK – WHO growth charts – www.rcpch.ac.uk/growthcharts
• BNF for Children 2013 – 2014
• Advanced Paediatric Life Support. The Practical Approach. 5 th Edition
• Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Blood transfusion and the
anaesthetist: Management of massive haemorrhage. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1153-1161
• Major trauma and the use of tranexamic acid in children, RCPCH, November 2012
• Head injury: triage, assessment, investigation and early management of head injury in
infants, children and adults NICE Clinical Guideline 176, January 2014.
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG176
• “Emergency Management of Severe Burns”, course manual. Australian and New
Zealand Burn Association/UK version for the British Burn Association, 15 th Edition, June
2012
• Paediatric Airway Guidelines 2012 – The Guidelines Group, supported by the
Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists, the Difficult Airway Society and liaising with
the RCoA. Reproduced with permission
• Malignant Hyperthermia Crisis – AAGBI Safety Guideline 2013
• Management of severe local anaesthetic toxicity 2 – AAGBI Safety Guideline 2010
• Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain Management, 2 nd Edition.
APAGBI, July 2012
• APA consensus guideline on peri-operative fluid management in children v 1.1,
September 2007
• Resuscitation Council (UK) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions. January
2008, annotated July 2012
• Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. NICE Clinical Guideline 102,
June 2010. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG102
• Management of status epilepticus NICE Clinical Guidelines CG137 (published 2011) .
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG137
• British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. SIGN & The British Thoracic Society,
revised May 2011
• DKA guidelines. British Society of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes website.
www.bsped.org.uk
66
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.027