Political Self

What is politics?
- The art and science of governance
- The process by which Group of people make decisions

Developing a filipino identity: values, traits, community and institutional factors

● Collective action, shared vision, means of sustainable future and the link of generation has been crucial in
the construction of identity and sense of belonging in the democratic standpoint
● On the other hand, in the socio-psychological perspective, citizenship or being a filipino serves a cognitive
and motivational basis for one's belief and behavior.

Three major concerns in Building an identity

1. instrumental
- An individual acts in accordance with Rules and identities Consistent with supportive of democratic
processes.
2. More
- Values and beliefs and body and reinforce democratic principles
3. Transformative
- include the process of self-reflection and redefinition of individuals, institutions and communities.

Aspects in developing filipino identity

Individual attitudes and traits

- Dualism of filipino traits
- Colonial/ accommodative surface value
- Confrontative surface value
- Pivotal interpersonal value
- Associated societal value

Institutional factors
- Family
- Church
- School
- Media
- Government
- Non-government
- People's organization

Macro factors at the societal level

- immediate community with which one readily identifies oneself
- less intimate grouping of which one is a member

ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE

- Sense of community and public good and empowerment of people are central questions to consider in the
development of the democracy agenda. The following framework was used as a guide in the development of an
action agenda. According to Diokno 1999, in her article Becoming a Filipino Citizen, Perspective on Citizenship
and Democracy, the agenda was crafted in a September 1996 conference in which perception of citizenship and
democracy from different standpoint were discussed.
 March and olson's framework of democratic political Przeworski’s concept of effective citizenship
development

● Building institutions that civilized expressions of ● official conduct in accordance with the law.
solidarity and confrontation of conflict among ● a judicial system applied equally to all.
identities ● social conditions for the exercise of citizens are
● forming specific identities ( character, habits of rights.
thoughts, sense of reality and codes of conduct)
that fit into and support a democratic political
order.
● sense of solidarity that connects the individual to
a broad political community of others and
organizes other belongings in a way that enriches
the community.

Democratic agenda
1. structural reforms
- improve the political and social environment.
- enable citizens to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligation.
2. re-examine social institution
- To inculcate democratic citizenship value.
3. Incorporate cross cultural activities
- recognized ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity
4. Promote filipino and philippine languages
- enable articulation of citizenship and democratic views
5. harness institutional and informal mechanisms
- open up spaces for the exercise of citizenship and democracy

Digital Self: Self and Others in Cyberspace

I, Me and Myself and My User ID online

- Digital self is a mask we put on to draw in the innovative world. With the digital technologies such as web
pages, online games, virtual worlds, social media, smart phones, Internet, self- extension is extensive. Objects
that one’s possess can truly extend the self, as when an instrument or weapon enables us to get things done of
which we would somehow, or another be unable. Belonging can likewise emblematically extend self. Sartre
explained that the reason we want to have something is to enlarge our sense of self and that the only way we
can know who we are is by observing what we have. Belk (1988) presented the concept of the extended self: (1)
Dematerialization, (2) Re-embodiment, (3) Sharing, (4) Co-construction of Self, and (5) Distributed memory.

This reasonable refresh looks to renew the idea, consolidate the effects of digitization, and give a
comprehension of consumer feeling of self in the present innovative condition. It is essentially a work in
advance, for the computerized condition and our conduct inside it keep on evolving. Be that as it may, some
vital changes are now certain. Five changes with advanced utilization are viewed as that affect the idea of self
and the idea of belonging. Required alterations and increments to the extended self are laid out, and bearings
for future research are recommended. The advanced world opens a large group of new implies for
self-extension utilizing numerous new items to come to an incomprehensibly more extensive crowd. Despite
the fact that this requires certain reformulations, the fundamental idea of the extended self stays crucial.
 RUSSEL W. BELK
● Co-founder of the association of consumer research film festival
● associate director of the journal of consumer research
● past president of the association for consumer research
● past president international association of marketing and development
● fellow in the association for consumer research
● american psychological association

Digital Dimension Self Possession

Dematerialization Attachment to and singularization of

virtual possessions; almost but not
quite the same.

Re-embodiment Avatars of affect offline self; Attachment to avatars

multiplicity of selves

Sharing Self revelation; loss of control Aggregate possessions; sense of

shared place online

Co-construction of self Affirmation of self; building

aggregate extended self;
“attachment to virtual possession in
video games”

Distributed memory Narrative of self Digital clutter; digital cues to sense

of past

Selective Presentation and Impression Management

Self-presentation is behavior that attempts to convey some information about oneself or some image of oneself to
other people. These behaviors are activated by the evaluative presence of other people and by others' knowledge of
one's behavior. In new situations, many people would like to impress and become self-conscious. People behave in
ways designed to create a favorable impression or even to one's ideals. Humans are social animals and regulate our
behavior to fit in the world or adjust it to the impression that we desire. People monitor their behavior, observe how
others react and adjust their performance to create a desired impression.

Impression management
- A process in which individuals try to influence the perceptions people have about something. a person, or an
event.

Two Types of Self-Presentation

1. Pleasing the audience - This type of self-presentation which try to match self to the audience's expectations and
preferences.
2. Self-construction - This type of self-presentation tries to match oneself to one's own ideal self. The expression
of the audience-pleasing motive varies across situations.

Multiple Aspects of the Self

Higgins (1987) argues that there are three domains of the self: the actual self, the ideal self and the ought self.
1. Actual self- this refers to the attributes an individual possesses.

Multiple aspects of the self

three domain of the self
1. actual self
- this refers to the attribute an individual possess
2. Ideal self
- this refers to the attributes at individual would ideally possess
3. Ought Self
- This refers to the attributes an individual ought possess

Impact of Online Interaction on Self

Computer-Mediated Communication (

Computer-mediated communication encompasses human communication involving several exchanges through

various platforms such as text, audio, and/or video messages. A CMC interaction occurs through various types
of networking technology and software, including email, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), instant messaging (IM),
Usenet and mailing list servers. An interesting discussion can stem from a comparison of how we construct our
identity in the "real world" versus how we construct it in the online world. As Dutton (1996) points out, that
technology can work two ways - open or close social choices. Individuals shape the impact of technology has
on their lives by choosing which technology to use and how to use it.

Two types of CMC

● synchronous communication
- occurs when communication happens between two actively communicating party
- example: video conferencing and instant messaging
● Asynchronous communication
- refers to the instances where a conversation does not depend on an immediate answer
- Example: email, video message, and text message

Dalton ( 1996) The technology can work two ways: open and closed social choices.

Boundaries of Self Online

The line between offline and online self has become blurred. Since people nowadays are becoming more connected
digitally, self-identity is becoming more fashioned in the transmedia paradigm. In the present culture of constant
connectivity, the internet is coordinated into our lives with the end goal that experience of being on the web is
subjectively not quite the same as before

politics of work of political philosophy By Aristotle, a 4th century bc Greek philosopher. The title politics literally means
”the things concerning the polis”

oxford dictionary defined politics as a particular set of political beliefs or principles

Learning to be a Better Student

Becoming a Better Student

As a person growth is an inevitable goal and change will always be present in what we do. As such, for students, the
need to understand that just barely passing the different subjects and graduating after is not necessarily the best
option for successfully landing you dream job, or becoming successful in the world of work. It is also important to note
that being a student does not necessarily mean that the only thing you have to do is to read books, go to class, or
prepare and answer tests, these things may be the usual things expected for a student to do in school, but
understanding that the preparation for real life endeavors may start in the classroom, but not necessarily end
There.

In terms of having freedom in the classroom, there are several things that need to be noted, one of which is in the
freedom of the students towards their choices of what to learn as well as how they are going to use such learning in
real life situations. Aside from having a good learning environment where the needs of the students are being met, the
students should also understand the value of what they are learning and why they are learning those (Kujjpers, Meijers,
Gundy, 2011). To become a better student, several things are needed to be done, aside from just listening from the
discussions and following the directions taught by the teachers a student should be able to have a better
understanding of what they are doing, have the ability to recognize and sort the different information that they are
encountering, and to be able to have a certain level of understanding on the concepts that they are studying in which
could result for better application and appreciation of such learnings.

Tips to Become a Better Student

1. Prepare Before going to school

● Always try to research or read the next lesson, do your assignments at home or before going to school, eat and
have proper rest before going to school.
● In preparation for school not only your assignments, or making sure that you have all the tools you need for
class ready and prepared but also make sure to have your body prepared by making sure to have enough rest
and eating to ensure that you as a student have enough energy to go through the entire day.
● advanced reading
2. Use different Resources
● Aside from books provided for the class, don't forget to use the library,and the internet. Using different
resources will enable you as a student to access more information and be able to learn the latest learnings and
information related to the subject matter that you are studying.
3. Be Critical and make learning personal
● Know what you are learning, why you are learning and how they are important to you and your plans in life. By
being critical to the information that you acquire you will be able to appreciate more their value and be able to
apply and relate them to your situation and let these learning help you to be able to achieve your goals.
4. Ask Help
● The school may focus on the interaction between the teachers and students but the institution is comprised of
more than what or who are inside the classroom and the people in the school from the guidance office, librarian,
registrar, etc. and even people outside the school such as your parents and friends or other professionals can
help you as a student to break limitations, ease the difficulties that is brought about by the requirements of the
curriculum.

5. Do other things
● The school provides co-curricular or extra-curricular activities, join clubs, or school groups to widen your
experiences as a student. Not only can you have better relationships which will translate to more help in the
future, but an active body and mind that may or may not necessarily be related to school work can also help a
student to balance their lifestyle and maintain a healthy body and mind.

What does it mean to be a better student?

1. Being a better student and tails more than just passing a subject, graduating, and landing a job.
2. Being a better student does not necessarily mean that the only thing you have to do is to read books, go to
class or prepare and answer tests.
3. A student should be able to have a better understanding of what they are doing.
4. students should have the ability to recognize and sort the different information that they are encountering.
5. A student shouldShould be able to have a certain level of understanding of the concept that they are studying
which could result in better application and appreciation of such learning.
Taking Charge of One’s Health

1. Stress and its types

What is stress?
● Is a person’s response to events that threaten them.
● Stress is an individual’s physiological and/or psychological reaction to the real and imagined
demands of life. It is the way a person reacts physically and emotionally to change.
● It can affect body’s immune system that can resulted to illnesses,
physical and mental.

Types of Stress
● Acute Stress
- A kind of stress we suffer from for a short period of time. Most common kind of stress.
● Episodic Stress
- It occurs when a person experiences acute stress frequently.
● Chronic Stress
- Ongoing stress resulting from long-term emotional pressure

2. Stressors and Responses

Stressors
● Deadlines from deadlines of projects or exam
● Family problem
● Peer pressure
● Changing environment
● Pleasant events like preparing for a party

3. Stress effect on the body

● Muscle Tension
● Asthma
● Difficulty in breathing
● Tension type headache
● Increased heart rate
● Stronger contraction of the heart heart muscle
● Elevated blood pressure
● Inflammation of the respiratory system
● Heart attack
● Stroke
● Elevated epinephrine and cortisol hormones
● Uncontrolled blood glucose level
● Heartburn or acid reflux
● Diarrhea
● Severe stomach pain
● Ulcer
● Constipation
● Increased respiration rate
● Dilated blood vessel in the arms and legs
● Erectile dysfunction
● Affects testosterone
● Sperm production production
● Absent or irregular menstrual cycle
● Difficult premenstrual symptoms
 4. Stress and Filipinos
● Filipinos experience stress and results in illnesses, physical and mental, fleeting and serious and life
threatening. This can also lead to depression and other maladaptive behavior that can be harmful to
self and others.

Filipinos ways to cope up with stressors:

Women
● Deal with stressful situations through “tiis” (endurance) and “kimkim” (repression).
Men
● Are less expressive than women and prone to confront “political economy of stress”.

Setting Goals for Success

Bandura's Self-Efficacy

Albert Bandura, one of the most renowned psychologists. He has made significant contributions to all branches
of psychology. Self-Efficacy Theory is part of his Social Cognitive Theory (or Social Learning Theory) which is
fundamental to positive psychology.

Self-Efficacy is commonly defined as the belief in one's capabilities to achieve a goal or an outcome. It is the
ability to influence events that affect one's life and control the way these events are experienced (Bandura,
1994). Students with high self-efficacy may be more likely to challenge themselves with difficult tasks and be
highly motivated to achieve the task. They put a high degree of effort and will do everything in their power to
meet their commitments. Self-efficacious students may more likely recover quickly from setbacks and
ultimately are to achieve their personal goal. However, students with low self-efficacy, believe that they cannot
be successful and will be less likely to make extended efforts and may consider challenging tasks to be
avoided. They have low aspirations and may result from poor academic performances.

Four Ways to Build Self-Efficacy

1. Mastery Experience
Every experience is not always a positive outcome. It may also bring failure. This experience will help us build
resilience thru treating failure as a learning opportunity and chance to reach our goal with a different approach.

2. Social Modeling
Observing those who practice high self-efficacy in their lives and who have reached their goals despite
hardships can provide great motivation to a person. Bandura notes that it is necessary to draw role-models
from one's own social surroundings. In this age, the internet and social media can be a big source of employing
role-models.

3. Social Persuasion
It is about finding the right mentor. Social Persuasion is about having other's (role model) directly influence
one's self-efficacy by providing opportunities to master experience. These social persuasions may be mentors
that are knowledgeable and practice what they preach.

4. States of Physiology
Our own emotions, moods and physical state can influence our interpretation of self-efficacy. Having feelings of
tension, anxiety and weariness can lower our self-efficacy. Positive emotion can help build positive insight for
high self-efficacy to a person.
Dweck's Mindset Theory
Another learning theory that explains a person's acquiring of intelligence and realizing his/her goals is the
Mindset Theory by Carol S. Dweck. She is a psychologist from Stanford University that tries to explain the way
to understand the effects of learning and education to a person.

Dweck proposed that people hold for nature and the cause of intelligence have several implications, specifically
the way the person motivates himself to learn and practice. "Mindset" is a term used by Dweck to explain the
assumptions, methods, or notations held by one or more people or groups of people. It represents the cognitive
processes activated in response to a given task.

There are two kinds of mindset, the fixed and growth mindset. Fixed mindset (before termed as entity mindset)
is an innate or in-born personality of a person. It is basically "who you are", how God made you. And Growth
Mindset (or the Incremental mindset), where people believe that training and an effort to learn can change one's
qualities and traits. When A parent constantly attributes the child's success to inborn or innate ability, children
will come to develop a fixed mindset. (e.g. Pedro failed the math exam because he finds the math subject as his
weakness) Thus, praising his success to performance will be attributing the success to the child's intelligence.
However, when the child's success in school was particularly attributed to the child's effort to review to pass the
test, it can be then be that the child has developed a growth mindset. (e.g. Pedro failed the math exam because
he did not review for the test.)

It is then said that acquiring a Growth Mindset is a much better kind of mindset because it attributes success to
learning and continuous practice. Thus, the individual is not afraid of failure, it only directs the person to need to
practice more, pay attention, invest effort, and master new learning. The person then is more confident to face
challenges and believes in him/herself that he will improve his performance.

Goal Setting Theory

Most people would probably agree that goal setting is one of the main ingredient for a person to succeed. It is
a powerful way of motivating people and motivating yourself. Dr. Edwin Locke pioneers a research in 1960s'
about setting goals. This theory was more known to work or industrial setting, much from where the SMART
goal originated. It was also then after several years he collaborated with Dr. Gary Latham to a seminal work "A
Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance.

Goal Setting Theory states that there is a relationship between how difficult and specific a goal was and the
people's performance task. He found that specific and difficult goals led to better task performance than vague
or easy goals. Motivating words such as "Try Hard" or "Do your best" is less effective than phrases such as "Try
to get more than 80% correct" or "Try beating your best score" Having a goal that is too easy is not motivating
force than hard and specific goals.

Five Principles of Goal Setting

a. Clarity Clear, measurable and unambiguous (specific) goals.
b. Challenge-Set a level of challenge to beat yourself with.
c. Commitment - The more harder the goal, the more commitment is required.
d. Feedback Listen to feedback from people to provide opportunities to clarify expectations, adjust goal
difficulty and gain recognition.
e. Task Complexity - The more complicated and demanding the role would give a high level of motivation
to a person.