Computer Applications in Power

Systems(ECEg5252)
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering

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 Chapter One
Outline
 Introduction
SCADA Systems
Evolution and Topology
Requirements for the SCADA master
station
SCADA Architectures
SCADA Protocols
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 Introduction
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used to monitor and
control a plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and
waste control, energy, oil and gas refining, and Transportation (airport, traffic control,
rails)
These systems encompass the transfer of data between a SCADA central host
computer and a number of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCs), and the central host and the operator terminals
A SCADA system gathers information (such as where a leak on a pipeline has
occurred), transfers the information back to a central site, then alerts the home station
that a leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control, such as
determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in a logical and
organized fashion
These systems can be relatively simple, such as monitoring environmental
conditions of a small office building, or very complex, such as a system that monitors
all the activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system

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SCADA
What is SCADA?
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
SCADA is “Supervisory Control And
Data Acquisition”.
 Real-time industrial process control systems used to centrally
monitor and control remote or local industrial equipment such as
motors, valves, pumps, relays, sensors, etc.
 SCADA is Combination of telemetry and Data Acquisition.

 SCADA is not just a hardware, neither a software. It’s a

concept, it’s a system as a combination of special hardware,
software and protocols.

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  SCADA is used to control chemical plant processes, oil and gas pipelines,
electrical generation and transmission equipment, manufacturing facilities, water
purification and
distribution infrastructure, etc.

Water & Sewage Electricity Transportation

Critical manufacturing Industrial Automation Oil & Gas Building Management

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 Diagram for SCADA System
 Description: The goal is to supervise, control, monitor and
acquire data for critical infrastructure systems, operate from
remote end and ensure security and safety
 Actors:
 Field Devices
 Local Control Center (LCC)
 Remote Telemetry Units (RTU)
 Master / Central Control Terminal Unit (MTU)
 Operator
 Supervisor

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 Archiving, Logging,
Graphics and Batch processing Access Control, Alarms

Distributed database
Data Server Data Server

Field Bus
Control Programs
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 Dedicated Consoles
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Point to point communication 6/7/2022
No network
No remote access
No remote diagnostic

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 Why SCADA is needed ?
• The Ability to Remotely collect different plants on different
places.

• The Ability to control process from a distance.

• The Ability to create logs and reports about system’s current and
past state.

• The Ability to send necessary information to Engineers and

operators in real-time using Instant Messaging and SMS.

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 USES of SCADA IN POWER
1. Monitoring : Continuous monitoring of the parameters of
voltage ,current, etc.
Measurement: Measurement of variables for processing.
3. Data Acquisition: Frequent acquisition of data from RTUs and
Data Loggers / Phasor data Concentrators (PDC)..
4. Data Communication: Transmission and receiving of large
amounts of data from field to control centre’s. centre’s.

5. Control: Online real time control for closed loop and open loop
processes.
6. Automation: Automatic tasks of switching of transmission lines,
CBs, etc.

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 SCADA Hardware
- Field level instrumentation and control devices
Sensing field variables, controlling the process and ….

- Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)

Send control and monitoring data to MTU. (could be a PLC)

- Master Terminal Unit or MTU (Also called The Master Station)

gathering information from RTUs, Monitoring and processing,
sending necessary control actions to RTUs.

- Communication System

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 SCADA Functionality:
SCADA
- Data acquisition and display
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
store binary & analog data into process data base
- Alarm & Events
record important changes and operator actions
- History data base
keep a record of the process values
- Measured processing
calculate derived values (limit supervision, trending)
- Logging & reporting
- Human Machine Interface (HMI):
graphical object state presentation, lists, reports
- Operator Command handling
binary commands, set points
recipes, batches, scripts (command procedures)
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SCADA
Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Remote Monitoring including:

Alarms and events

Current state Trends and history

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 What is an alarm, an event ?
 consider changes occurring in the plant (process) or in the
control system (operator actions, configuration changes,…) that
merit to be recorded.

 Recorded changes can be of three kinds:

 informative: no action required
(e.g. "production terminated at 11:09")
 warning: plant could stop or be damaged if no corrective action
is taken "soon"
(e.g. “fuel low")
 blocking: the controller took action to protect the plant and
further operation is prevented until the reason is cleared (e.g.
“Temperature too high")
 An event is a change related to:
operator actions ("grid synchronisation performed at 14:35"),
configuration changes ("new software loaded in controller
21"), and system errors 6/7/2022
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 SCADA functions
 Alarm Handling
 Based on limit and status checking *
 More complicated expressions developed by creating
derived parameters *
 Alarms are time stamped and logically centralised *
 Notifications (audible, visual, Email, GSM)
 Multiple alarm priority levels
 Grouping of alarms and handling of groups is possible
 Suppression and masking of alarms either individually or as
a complete group
 Filtering of alarms is possible

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 SCADA functions
 Trending
 Multiple trending charts
 Charts are pre-defined or configured on-line
 Charts contain multiple pens,
 Zooming, scrolling, panning, ‘Hairline’
 Real-time and historical trending

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 SCADA functions

 Logging, Archiving
 Data stored in compressed and proprietary format
 Logging / Archiving either for a set number of parameters or for a set period of
time
 Logging / Archiving can be frequency or event driven *
 Logging of user actions together with a user ID
 VCR facility for playback of stored data
 Report Generation
 Automatic generation, printing and archiving of reports
 Use of ‘components’ for report generation

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 Water & Sewage Electricity Transportation

Critical manufacturing Industrial Automation Oil & Gas Building Management

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 Main Control
Center SCADA
Historian
Smart Event

SCADA
VPN
Control
Monitor

PLC1 PLC2 PLC3 PLC4

Shop Floor Shop Floor

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READING assignment SCADA
Protocols

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 Thank You
maxwell.dondo@drdc-rddc.gc.ca

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