EASA Training Module B2 Diploma Aircraft Aerodynamics Structures and Systems - M13.22

EASA Training Module
MODULE 13
B2 Diploma
AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
Student Workbook
M13.1 – M13.22
Riyadh College
Document Control
Approved by: College Head of Curriculum
Issue Date: 29 - 01 - 2020

Introduction
This workbook is designed to be used by students during regular class, remedial classes, as well
as for homework related tasks and classroom-based activities. This should be used with the
student text books and any student-centered activities conducted in class by the teacher.
The tasks in this workbook will cover important concepts and tasks related to the EASA syllabus.
Please note, the main purpose of this workbook is to help students understand content taught in
class, as well as extra material and concepts which students should have studied from the textbook
in their own time.
An index of key technical terminology has been provided (as highlighted on each work sheet)
towards the last part of this workbook, to help students with key phrases and definitions they should
be familiar with in preparation for both the formative and summative assessments.
M13 B2 Diploma
This page is intentionally left blank
M13 B2 Diploma
Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2
13.3 Autoflight ........................................................................................................................................... 5
13.4 Communication/Navigation ............................................................................................................. 23
13.5 Electrical Power .............................................................................................................................. 99
13.6 Equipment and Furnishings ........................................................................................................... 119
13.8 Instruments ................................................................................................................................... 124
13.9 Lights ............................................................................................................................................ 181
13.10 On Board Maintenance Systems ................................................................................................. 186
13.11 Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurization .................................................................................. 190
13.12 Fire Protection ............................................................................................................................. 203
13.13 Fuel Systems .............................................................................................................................. 206
13.14 Hydraulic Power .......................................................................................................................... 209
13.15 Ice and Rain Protection ............................................................................................................... 212
13.16 Landing Gear .............................................................................................................................. 215
13.17 Oxygen ........................................................................................................................................ 221
13.18 Pneumatic/Vacuum ..................................................................................................................... 225
13.20 Integrated Modular Avionics ........................................................................................................ 229
M13 B2 Diploma
Grade
13.3 Autoflight
/
1. In any one flight control system it is necessary to incorporate within the corresponding servo control
loops a signal processing system. List four functions of such a signal processing system.
(4 Marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the three Axis of Automatic Flight Control. (6 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
M13 B2 Diploma
3. Complete the sentence below (2 marks)
The sensing elements are the _________________________________________________ used in the
feedback loop to monitor the value of the output variable. In the heating system example, this function is
normally accomplished using a ____________________________________________.
4. A feedback control system consists of five basic components. Name them (5 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Name the two different autopilot loops. (2 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Define Autopilot engaged. (2 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
M13 B2 Diploma
13.3.2 Command signal Processing
7. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)
Calculations for the extended turn takes the signal from the __________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
8. What is an advantage of a High and Low Blade angle propellers? (2 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Complete the sentence below (1 mark)
Some autopilots generate this signal from the turn knob but it is more commonly generated from the
__________________________________________________________________________________
M13 B2 Diploma
Calculations for the extended turn takes the signal from the
_________________________________________________________________________________
The E and I bar sensor requires an _____________________________________________________.
The movement of the I bar relative to the E section varies the
____________________________________ resulting in the output signal.
The sensing of all changes in aircraft attitude is accomplished by referencing them against some
form of stabilized device comprising _____________________________________________________
M13 B2 Diploma
14. Rate gyros detect short term attitude changes. What are these signals are used for? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. What can be used instead of Rate gyros? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
16. List the basic components of an autopilot. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
17. All automatic flight control systems (AFCS) are based on the open loop servo system. Tick the
correct answer (1 mark)
True (___) False (___)
M13 B2 Diploma
Input signals originate from either a command signal device or a
__________________________________________________________________________________.
19. What does a basic AFCS comprise of? (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
20. Complete the sentence below. (1 marks)
The roll command rate limiter
__________________________________________________________________________________.
The roll command limiter controls the ______________________________________ of the control
system.
10
M13 B2 Diploma
22. What can cause an aircraft to be out of trim? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________ works by applying a force to the primary flight control
surface causing it to move one way or the other.
24. How many types of trim tabs are there? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________ are strips of metal on the trailing edge of the primary control
surface.
_______________________________ tabs are operated by the pilot, either electrically or by
handwheels.
11
M13 B2 Diploma
27. List the two types of sensors that identify trim imbalance. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ of an aircraft is controlled by ailerons.
This controls the direction of the aircraft in the same way as the ______________ on a boat.
30. Delta winged aircraft have combined control surfaces that act as both elevators and ailerons
(1 mark)
What are these control surfaces called?
_________________________________________________________________________________
12
M13 B2 Diploma
The avionic systems of the aircraft provide the flight control computer with inputs of:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
32. What type of information is supplied by the LVDT? (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
In the output from the LVDT, the direction of movement is signified by the output phase and the
amount of displacement
__________________________________________________________________________________
If INS (Inertial Navigation System) fails, the _______________________________is adversely
affected.
13
M13 B2 Diploma
It is the ______________________________________________________ which selects the most
efficient method to achieve the attitude change requested by the pilot.
36. List the benefits of Fly by Wire. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. What is the purpose of a Damper System? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
AFCS sensors are gyro’s accelerometers and components considered to be in the
__________________________________________________________________________________
14
M13 B2 Diploma
_________________________________ is displayed on Attitude Indicator and can be used for
Monitoring the Autopilot and for providing visual commands for the pilot.to follow.
40. Autopilot functions can be adjusted utilizing which latest installations? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
41. Complete the sentence. (1 mark)
Basic stabilization mode is selected whenever the autopilot is engaged without
________________________________________________ selection.
42. List the two types of basic stabilization modes. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15
M13 B2 Diploma
Selecting ___________________________________________ mode on the autopilot mode control
panel couples the radio deviation signal from the navigation receiver to the autopilot’s roll channel.
The Localizer MUST be captured before _________________________________________________
or the autopilot will not activate in the ILS mode.
The Flight Control Computers (FCC) send ____________________________________________ to
a mach trim actuator to control the elevator movement.
The _________ damper system keeps the airplane stable around the airplane __________ (vertical)
axis.
16
M13 B2 Diploma
47. What is unwanted airplane yaw motion referred to as? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
An automatic flight control system may be used in ___________________________________ with
the yaw damper system engaged.
49. Complete the text below. (1 mark)
__________ has been the standard radio navigation system for cross country flying around the
world for many years.
50. List three advantages of the VOR system. 3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
17
M13 B2 Diploma
An _______________________________________________________________ (ILS) provides pilots
with commands which enable a non-visual approach to a runway.
52. The Middle Marker (MM) is located about 6.5km from the landing threshold. Tick the correct answer
(1 mark)
_______________________________________ is the term used to describe the touchdown
maneuver.
13.3.8 Autoflight – Autothrottle Systems
An ____________________________ allows a pilot to control the power setting of an aircraft's
engines by specifying a desired flight characteristic, rather than manually controlling fuel flow.
18
M13 B2 Diploma
55. In Speed mode the throttle is positioned to attain a set target speed. Tick the correct answer
(1 mark)
This mode is initiated prior to take-off by engaging the
_______________________________________, the computer of which provides the engine rotational
speed (N1) limits for each flight profile, and an N1 target speed.
57. Complete the sentence below. (1
mark)
The __________________________________________________ limits the airspeed to minimum
and maximum safe values independent of the target airspeed values, and it also limits the angle of
attack or alpha angle.
58. (1 mark)
This mode can be engaged when the auto-throttle system is engaged and the radio altitude is less
than 2,000 feet. What is this mode called?
__________________________________________________________________________________
19
M13 B2 Diploma
13.3.9 Autoflight – Automatic Landing Systems
Autoland may be used for any suitably approved _____________________________________ or
____________________________________________________________.
The _________________________________________________ also controls the aircraft throttles
to maintain the appropriate approach speed.
If the system is properly in the ARM mode, when the ILS receiver detects the localizer, then the
autoland system mode will change to
__________________________________________________________________________________
20
M13 B2 Diploma
62. List four vital factors that must be considered for a successful landing to take place. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
63. (1 mark)
This mode allows one or more failures to occur but ensures the system still functions overall to
permit auto-land and roll out.
__________________________________________________________________________________
64. Define the ILS definition for CAT III. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
21
M13 B2 Diploma
65. Define a “Dual – Dual” system redundancy. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
22
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4 Communication/Navigation Grade
/
13.4.1 Radio Wave Propagation
1.True or False. ________________________ (1 mark)
Frequency is the number of times the wave oscillates i.e. rises and falls, per second.
2. True or False. _________________________ (1 mark)
The maximum or peak value of displacement - the Amplitude represents the cycle time to create one
wave.
3. Which type of wave is an electro-magnetic wave? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Frequency is and stated in units called ________________________. (1 mark)
23
M13 B2 Diploma
5. True or False. _____________________________ (1 mark)
The direct wave travels in a straight line (or is reflected from the earth’s surface) from transmitter to
receiver.
The sky wave is refracted, and subsequently reflected to earth, by a region in the upper atmosphere
called the ___________________________.
Sky wave reflection from one of the layers of the ionosphere enables communication between a
transmitter and a receiver which may be hundreds or thousands of miles apart. Communication may be
obtained by
8.True or False. _____________________________________ (1 mark)
Waves passing through the ionosphere cause protons to collide with gas molecules, and power is
dissipated.
24
M13 B2 Diploma
9. True or False. ______________________________________ (1 mark)
The depth of penetration into the ionosphere depends on the frequency of the wave and its angle of
incidence.
Waves of frequencies ______________than the MUF will not be reflected by the ionosphere.
11. True or False. ________________________ (1mark)
The distance from the transmitter to the nearest point at which a sky wave can be received is
called the skip distance.
The eruption of solar flares causes ‘_______________________________________’.
13. True or False. ___________________________ (1 mark)
The side band that contains the sum of the RF and AF signals is called the middle side band (MSB).
25
M13 B2 Diploma
___________________________________________ is a system in which the amplitude of the
modulated carrier is kept constant, while its frequency is varied by the modulating signal.
15. True or False. ______________________ (1 mark)
Amount of frequency shift is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
16. How many Radar Bands are there? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
One major source of radio interference comes from the discharge of static electricity which is produced
on the aircraft due to ____________________________________________.
26
M13 B2 Diploma
At the sharper edges in these locations, such as at aerofoil trailing edges, these fields become high
enough to cause ionization of the air and short bursts of charge, or current, will leave the aircraft as
__________________________________________________________________________________
The p-static problem can easily be solved by installing
__________________________________________________________________________________.
13.4.2 Antennas
20. Which type of antenna isn’t discussed in this section? (1 mark)
Longwire
Loop
Marconi
Parabolic
Yagi
27
M13 B2 Diploma
Longwire antennas can be either ____________________ or not terminated (resonant).
The simplest form of resonant antenna is the __________________________________________.
The folded dipole is a single antenna but consists of __________________________________
elements.
24. List two advantages that the folded dipole has over the straight dipole. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
The radiation pattern of a Marconi antenna depends on
__________________________________________________________________________________
The precise effect of the ____________________________________ depends on its distance and
tuning.
28
M13 B2 Diploma
When using any antenna, the antenna should be at least a quarter wavelength high.
Some modern buildings are used as transmission towers, but are so high that the ground effect on
the antenna is reduced. In these instances, an artificial ground plane called a ___________________
is used.
________________________________________________ can be either Directional or Omni-
directional.
__________________ polarization has no orientation and the energy is transmitted without reference
to any plane.
_______________________________ is the actual power level of the RF energy that leaves the
antenna.
29
M13 B2 Diploma
The radio antenna must be located on the exterior of the aircraft or located near the exterior protected
by plastic or _____________________________________ cover.
Antennas and their associated cables should be visually _____________________________ for
security and integrity.
The _____________________ should be inspected for cracks and to ensure a proper seal to the
airframe.
13.4.3 Transmission Lines
A ________________________ is a device designed to guide electrical energy from one point to
another.
30
M13 B2 Diploma
36. There are three types of line losses, identify them. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________ is a result of copper and dielectric losses.
Another type of copper loss is due to
______________________________________________________.
Copper losses can be minimized and conductivity increased in an RF line by plating the line with
____________________________________.
40. True or False. __________________________ (1 mark)
Dielectric losses result from the heating effect on the dielectric material between the conductors.
31
M13 B2 Diploma
Induction losses occur when the electromagnetic field about a conductor cuts through any nearby
metallic object and a current is induced in that object.
Transmission line constants, called distributed constants, are spread along the entire length of the
transmission line and cannot be distinguished separately. The amount of
__________________________________________________________ depends on the length of the
line, the size of the conducting wires, the spacing between the wires, and the dielectric (air or insulating
medium) between the wires.
______________________________________ also exists between the transmission line wires.
As soon as current flow and voltage exist in a transmission line, another property becomes quite
evident. This is the presence of an _____________________________________, or lines of force,
about the wires of the transmission line.
32
M13 B2 Diploma
The field associated with current is called a __________________________________________.
Assume an RF transmitter is designed to output 2 000 volts at 10 amp, using ohms law, the output
impedance for this transmitter is ____________. Pg 75
The advantage of using a folded dipole with multiple loops to _______________ antenna impedance.
48. True or False. ________________________________ (1 mark)
In an electric circuit, energy is stored in electric and dielectric fields.
These fields must be brought to the _____________________________________ to transmit that
energy.
50. True or False. (1 mark)
Standing waves are phase shifted 90° from each other, when one is maximum or peak, the other is
minimum or zero.
33
M13 B2 Diploma
51. True or False. ______________________________ (1 mark)
A resonant line is a line that has no standing waves of current and voltage.
52. List 6 variations of Transmission Line Types. (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum which falls between 1000 MHz and 100,000 MHz is
referred
to as the ________________________________________________.
Two-wire transmission lines have __________________________________________ because they
have a relatively small surface area.
34
M13 B2 Diploma
Coupling RF energy to waveguides is accomplished with
______________________________________ by using probes or loops.
The ___________________________________________ in a waveguide is a frequency that would
cause angles of incidence and reflection to be perpendicular.
57. Complete the definitions for the terms below. (8 marks)
57.1. Input Impedance
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.2. Radiation and Induction Losses
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.3. Leakage Current
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.4. Electromagnetic Field
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.5. A Shielded Pair
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
35
M13 B2 Diploma
57.6. Rigid Coaxial Line
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.7. Flexible Coaxial Lines
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
57.8. Waveguides
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
13.4.4 Communication – Radio Communication
In a Carbon Microphone by running a current through the carbon, the changing resistance changes the
___________________________________________________________________________________
59. Identify the microphone described below. (1 mark)
This is a system combining the advantages of both EM and carbon microphones.
___________________________________________________________________________________
36
M13 B2 Diploma
60. List 4 disadvantages of Carbon Microphones. (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
61. List the 5 components of a basic telecommunication system. (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
A loudspeaker (or loud-speaker or speaker) is an
_____________________________________________ which converts an electrical audio signal into a
corresponding sound.
37
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.5 Receivers
63. Identify the component described below. (1 mark)
This is a particular form of detector circuit, commonly used when strong signals are received.
___________________________________________________________________________________
As a diode conducts current in ________________________________________, it is a non-linear
device.
65. What 6 functions are required for a basic radio receiver to intercept a portion of the transmitted
electromagnetic wave, and from it extract the audio intelligence and convert it into an audible sound
wave? (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
38
M13 B2 Diploma
66. Define a Supersonic Heterodyne Receiver. (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________________
67. What does frequency changer consist of? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
A system known as ______________________________________________ is used in many receivers
to remove noise from the audio output when a signal is not being received.
69. List 4 parameters the quality of a receiver’s performance may be judged on. (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
DETECTION, also called DEMODULATION, is the process of
___________________________________________________________________________________
(intelligence) from radio frequencies which are present in the composite IF signal.
39
M13 B2 Diploma
71. What is the function of the audio-frequency stage of a radio receiver? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
The final stage of a series of audio amplifiers is called the
_________________________________________________________________________________
73. List 3 advantages of Single Sideband System. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
74. List two functions of a Power Amplifier. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
40
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.6 Transmitters
______________________________________________________ are unsuitable for radio
transmission.
76. List 2 reasons why in practice, transformer coupling is generally preferred. (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
77. Define a Modulated Wave. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
78. Define Staggered Tuning. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
41
M13 B2 Diploma
Radio-Frequency power amplifiers are used in a transmitter to raise the signal power to the level
required for _______________________________________________________ from the aerial.
80. Explain Conversion Efficiency. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
An _____________________________________ generates an alternating voltage which may be
sinusoidal or of some other waveform.
82. List three types of oscillators. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
42
M13 B2 Diploma
83. List 5 sources of Noise. (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.4 Communication Working Principles
13.4.7 Very High Frequency (VHF) Communication
The electromagnetic waves in the VHF band are space waves, so are
__________________________________________________________________________________.
85. Complete the table for VHF Communications Characteristics (7 marks)
Frequency range: _____________________
Power output: ________________________
Channel spacing: _____________________
Channels: ___________________________
43
M13 B2 Diploma
Propagation: _________________________
Sensitivity: __________________________
Stability: ____________________________
86. List 3 components of a VHF system. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
87. What is the general purpose of an antenna? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
88. Complete the table below for antenna features (7 marks)
Impedance: _________________________________________________________________________
Radiation pattern: ____________________________________________________________________
Polarization: ________________________________________________________________________
Connection: _________________________________________________________________________
Type: ______________________________________________________________________________
Size: ______________________________________________________________________________
44
M13 B2 Diploma
Mounting: __________________________________________________________________________
The microphone and data inputs provide the modulating signal for the
___________________________.
90. List 8 points that summarize the HVF Transceiver. (8 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
45
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.8 High Frequency (HF) Communication
Jets that routinely fly the Pacific or Atlantic will have _________________________________________
for ATC purposes (HF fitted when VHF communications impossible due to isolation of aircrafts flight
path – distance from nearest station – HF
____________________________________________________).
HF radios have a max range of about _________________________________ compared to a
maximum of only about ______________________________ for VHF communications. Range is
dependent upon frequency selected and time of day (ionosphere) etc.
93. What is the general rule for frequency selection? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________ vary in size during the day, with the seasons, and with solar
activity.
46
M13 B2 Diploma
95. Complete the table below for characteristics of HF Communications. (8 marks)
Frequency range: ___________________________________________________________________
Channel spacing: ___________________________________________________________________
Propagation: _______________________________________________________________________
Modulation: ________________________________________________________________________
Mode: _____________________________________________________________________________
Power Output: _______________________________________________________________________
Frequency Stability: _________________________________________________________________
Sensitivity: ________________________________________________________________________
96. List the 3 components of an HF system. (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
97. List two functions of an Amplifier. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
47
M13 B2 Diploma
98. Define the following terms. (4 marks)
Impedance
__________________________________________________________________________________
Reactance
__________________________________________________________________________________
Inductive Reactance
__________________________________________________________________________________
Captive Reactance
__________________________________________________________________________________
99. Name the four groups antenna couplers are divided into. (4 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
100. List 2 disadvantages of pre-set ATUs. (2 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
48
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.9 Audio
101. Explain how SELCAL – selective Calling works? (3 marks)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Modern airliners have a complex interphone system that allows flight crew members to communicate
with each other and ground crewmembers.
103. True or False. __________________________________ (1 mark)
Only headsets are connected via jacks located in the cockpit with the audio integrating system.
13.4.10 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
104. What is the purpose of an Emergency Locator Transmitter? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
49
M13 B2 Diploma
105. List the two transmission modes of ELTs. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
106. Which two frequencies are now satellite-incompatible? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
107. Name the full names of the 3 beacons as well as each beacon’s specific purpose. (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
108. List the two activation methods for emergency beacons. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
50
M13 B2 Diploma
109. Once registered, what information does a 406 MHz Beacon transmit? (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
110. List the 6 components of an ELT. (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.4.11 Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
111. What is the purpose of the cockpit voice recorder? (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
51
M13 B2 Diploma
112. List the components of the CVR. (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
The voice recorder can be played back in the air.
Power is supplied from the 230 volts AC system.
115. Complete the table below for a Flash Crash Survivable Store Unit (FCSSU). (6 marks)
Storage capacity: ______________________________________________________
Acceleration surviving: __________________________________________________
Force to withstand: _____________________________________________________
Deep sea pressure: ____________________________________________________
Temperature to survive: _________________________________________________
52
M13 B2 Diploma
116. What is unique about a Solid-State Voice Recorder? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
117. What is a ULB? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.4.28 Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System ACARS
118. How is ACARS used? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
119. What is the purpose of ACARS? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
120. True or False. ________________________ (1 mark)
The ACARS can’t manage both transmission and reception of data.
53
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4 Navigation Part One VOR, ADF, ILS, MLS, FDS
13.4.12 Very High Frequency Omni-directional Range (VOR)
During an instrument approach, a pilot has to _______________________ determine all this
information, and also calculate and fly corrections.
2. What does an ADF provide? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. List 5 advantages of the VOR system. (5 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
54
M13 B2 Diploma
The system provides flight crews with the ability to navigate accurately along a planned route using
__________________________________________________________________________________
In effect, it provides the ability to follow a desired path in the air.
5. What information can be obtained from a VOR? (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
55
M13 B2 Diploma
6. What component is described below? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
The pilot need do no more than switch on and tune the receiver to an in-range station in order to obtain
a continuous indication of the bearing to the VOR station on the Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI).
7. When does the Cone of Confusion occur? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define the term Heading. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Define the term Radial. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
56
M13 B2 Diploma
The name Omni-Range leads one to believe that Range to a station is provided.
11. List 2 VOR errors. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
12. VOR information can also be displayed on a variety of which instruments? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13. What information does the VOR/MKR receiver provide? (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
57
M13 B2 Diploma
________________________________________________________________________________
14. Define VOR Operation. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. Complete the table of VOR characteristics in the table below. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
58
M13 B2 Diploma
16. (5 marks)
List 5 outputs the VOR/ILS receiver that contains a conventional super heterodyne which has a filter
for separating signals and a converter.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.4.13 Automatic Direction Finding (ADF)
17. What is the purpose of an Automatic Direction Finder? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
59
M13 B2 Diploma
These beacons transmit a non-directional signal and are called directional beacons (NDB).
19. (3 marks)
The ADF system operates in the frequency range of 190 kHz to 1750 kHz and is generally divided into
3 bands. Name them.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
20. Complete the sentences below. (2 marks)
A problem known as ________________________________________; the signal could have
originated in one of two directions. This ambiguity is overcome by combining the receiving properties
of the
__________________________________________________________________________________.
60
M13 B2 Diploma
The sense antenna is a ______________________________________________________ and can
be mounted either on top of or underneath the aircraft.
22. List the 5 components of ADF system. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
23. Name the 3 modes that can be selected in an ADF system. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
61
M13 B2 Diploma
The frequency of the BFO signal is designed to be equal to the received signal frequency when the
receiver is tuned correctly. If the receiver is off frequency, a ______________________________ will
be created.
25. What indicator is being described below? (1 mark)
The double bar needle points to the received ADF station with respect to aircraft heading.
__________________________________________________________________________________
26. List 5 sources of ADF errors. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
62
M13 B2 Diploma
27. Define Precipitation Static. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
An RMI normally provides for indication of two magnetic headings from a combination of
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.4.14 Instrument Landing System (ILS)
29. What is the obvious advantage of the Instrument Landing System? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
63
M13 B2 Diploma
30. What components of the ILS supply guidance information? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
31. List the 5 components of the ILS ground equipment. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The localiser signal provides ____________________________________________________,
information to guide the aircraft to the centerline of the runway.
64
M13 B2 Diploma
33. Note the distance from the runway and color for each marker. (6 marks)
Outer Marker: ___________________________________________________________
Middle Marker: __________________________________________________________
Inner Marker: ___________________________________________________________
34. What term is described below? (1 mark)
The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the line of a runway can see the runway surface
markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its center line.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The _______________________________ is the specified altitude or height in the precision approach
at which a missed approach must be initiated if the required visual reference to continue the approach
has not been established.
65
M13 B2 Diploma
36. List the airborne components of the ILS system. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. Define Difference in depth Modulation (DDM). (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
38. How many antennas are required for ILS operation? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
66
M13 B2 Diploma
39. List 4 different types of indicators that display ILS information. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
40. List the 4 outputs of the ILS System. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Localizer and Glideslope signals are also fed to the autopilot system.
67
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.15 Microwave Landing System (MLS)
The relatively low frequency range of the ILS was also susceptible to
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
and other distortions of the low frequency band.
43. List the basic limitations of an ILS. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
68
M13 B2 Diploma
44. List 5 advantages of the Micro Landing Systems. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
45. Where is the Azimuth located? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
46. Explain how the Time reference Scanning Beam technique works? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
69
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.16 Flight Director Systems
47. What is the purpose of Flight Director Systems or an Integrated Flight Systems? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
48. List 6 inputs for Flight Director Systems or an Integrated Flight Systems. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
49. A flight director system developed in this manner comprises two principal display units. (2 marks)
Name the two units.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
70
M13 B2 Diploma
50. List 5 Attitude Director Indicator features. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
51. List 5 Horizontal Situation indicator features. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
71
M13 B2 Diploma
52. Complete the sentence below. (1
mark)
The __________________________________________________ processes and outputs all signals
to drive the attitude director command bars.
53. The pitch channel of the FDS computer receives signals from which devices? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
72
M13 B2 Diploma
54. The roll channel of the flight director computer receives signals from which devices? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
73
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4 Navigation Part Two DME, VLF, Doppler, RNAV, FMS
13.4.17 Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
____________________________________________________ is a secondary radar pulsed ranging
system operating in the band 978-1213 MHz.
2. Compare the DME system to the TACAN system. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define Jitter. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
74
M13 B2 Diploma
4. Describe what a Squitter is? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Define Echo Protection. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. How many channels does an airborne DME have? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
75
M13 B2 Diploma
7. How many X and Y channels are there for DME operation? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
DME beacons are co-located with VOR or ILS beacons.
9. What component is described below? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
The L-band antenna is a blade-type antenna. Electrical connection to the antenna is made using a
type-N coaxial connector located at the bottom of the antenna base.
76
M13 B2 Diploma
The VHF transmitter should be keyed on several channels noting that no
__________________________________ occurs. This test should be made near to
__________________________________ where the field-strength is weak.
11. Describe how the DME Transmitter works. (8 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
77
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.18 Very Low Frequency and Hyperbolic Navigation (VLF/OMEGA)
___________________________ was the first truly global radio navigation system for aircraft,
operated by the United States in cooperation with six partner nations.
13. Give 3 reasons why the VLF range was the best frequency for Omega. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
14. List 5 propagation anomalies that effect VLF Omega accuracy. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
78
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. Define the term Diurnal Effect. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
16. Define the term Directional Ambiguity. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
As each station is identified and its signal is evaluated. Only those which yield
_____________________________________________ will be used. Selection is
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
79
M13 B2 Diploma
Three of the strongest (most accurate) station signals will be selected and further corrected. Then,
__________________________________________________________________________________
will give present position in
_____________________________________________________________.
13.4.19 Doppler Navigation
19. Define the Doppler effect. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Some Doppler’s are designed to produce beams narrow enough to keep the error within acceptable
limits.
80
M13 B2 Diploma
21. Define the terminology below. (5 marks)
21.1 Track
__________________________________________________________________________________
21.2 Heading
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
21.3 Drift Angle _____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
21.4 Ground Speed
__________________________________________________________________________________
21.5 Along Heading Velocity
__________________________________________________________________________________
81
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.20 Area Navigation and RNAV Systems
_________________________________ allows the pilot to fly direct to a destination without the need
to fly VOR radials or other ground-based facilities.
____________________________ based on VORTAC and _________________________ facilities
has been in use for some time. It is accomplished with a course line computer that creates
_______________________________________ at convenient locations for a direct route of flight.
The pilot navigates to and from these phantom VOR’s (or navigation points) the same way as actual
VOR navigation.
24. True or False. _______________________________ (1 mark)
Waypoints cannot be used if they would take the aircraft beyond the line-of-sight reception range of a
VOR facility.
82
M13 B2 Diploma
25. True or False. _______________________________ (1 mark
Using INS, the pilot does have to consider ground based radio navigation facilities, and any number of
waypoints can be programmed.
13.4.21 Flight Management System (FMS)
26. What is the purpose of a Flight Management System? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
27. Describe the functions of the Flight Management Computer. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
28. Define the term Guidance. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
83
M13 B2 Diploma
29. List two advantages of the Vertical Flight Plan calculated by the FMS. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
30. With reference to the Lateral Flight Plan complete the sentence below. (2 marks)
When the “Offset Route” course is selected the CDU will switch ___________ an offset light to
highlight (and remind) the pilots that the aircraft is flying a _______________________ of the original
flight plan.
31. List the Performance Management inputs when computing the flight plan. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
32. How often must the navigation database be updated? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
84
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4 Navigation Part Three GPS, GNSS, INS, IRS, ATC, TCAS, WXR, RADALT
13.4.22 Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems

(GNSS)
The American ____________________________, also called NAVSTAR, uses 24 satellites, with three
or more spares, in orbit at any one time.
Because the satellites are moving, the ________________________________________________
changes the received frequencies. The receiver computers compensate by altering their receiver
frequencies, using the satellite ephemeris to make the calculations.
_____________________________________________ lock on to one satellite at a time, measure
the pseudo-range, then search and lock on to the next. This is of little use in aviation, where the receiver
is moving quickly. ____________________________ are expensive, because they have to receive the
85
M13 B2 Diploma
signals from all the satellites in view independently and simultaneously but are the preferred type for
aviation.
4. Describe Satellite Position Error. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. List 3 types of GPS Errors. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
86
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.23 Inertial Navigation System (INS) and Inertial Reference System
6. Complete the two equations below. (2 marks)
6.1 Acceleration = ____________________________________________
6.2 Force = _________________________________________________
7. State Newton’s Third Law (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the purpose of an Accelerometer? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
87
M13 B2 Diploma
9. Define Speed. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
10. Define Velocity. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
11. Define Acceleration. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
An _______________________________ is a Dead Reckoning navigation system. It performs all
calculations on ________________________________________________based on measurements of
__________________________________________________________________________________
88
M13 B2 Diploma
The _________________________________ is the main access point to the Inertial Navigation
System.
14. What is the function of the Gyros and Gimbals with regards to the Accelerometers? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. Define Navigation and explain how navigation is made possible. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
89
M13 B2 Diploma
16. Identify the system being described below. (1 mark)
The gyros and accelerometers are mounted solidly to the system chassis which is in turn mounted
solidly to the aircraft. There are no gimbals to keep the sensors level with the surface of the earth.
__________________________________________________________________________________
17. Identify the device described below. (1 mark)
It is a device that measures rotation by using the properties of two laser beams rotating in opposite
directions inside a cavity.
__________________________________________________________________________________
18. List the 4 outputs/information the Inertial Reference System provides. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
90
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.24 Air Traffic Control (ATC)
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) transponder is an integral part of the
__________________________________________________________________________________.
The ATC transponder also responds to interrogation from aircraft equipped with a
__________________________________________________________________________________
21. List 3 properties of Primary Surveillance Radar. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
91
M13 B2 Diploma
________________ transponder system allows the individual addressing for all aeroplanes of the
world.
13.4.25 Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
23. What is the purpose of the TCAS? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
24. What does TCAS I include in terms of components? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
92
M13 B2 Diploma
25. What information about intruders can TCAS II provide? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The computer determines if the aircraft will pass close enough to warrant giving advice to the flight
crews. Pilots are given two levels of warnings:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
27. List the 4 intruder aircraft threats including their symbol and color. (8 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
93
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
28. List 4 of the 12 different TCAS II aural warnings. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
29. List the 6 components that make up the TCAS system. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
94
M13 B2 Diploma
13.4.26 Weather Radar (WXR)
The _________________________________ allows the detection and display of severe weather
areas.
31. List the 3 visual indications supplied by the WXR system. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
32. Name the two hazards when operating weather radar. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
95
M13 B2 Diploma
33. List 5 rules that need to be observed when operating the weather radar on the ground. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.4.27 Radio Altimeter (RADALT)
34. What is the function of a Radio Altimeter? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
96
M13 B2 Diploma
The principle of the radio altimeter is to transmit a frequency modulated signal,
__________________________________________________________________________________
reflected signal after a certain delay.
The time between the transmission and the reception of the signal is proportional to the
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. What does the abbreviation DH mean? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
97
M13 B2 Diploma
Depending on the aircraft at altitudes below ________________________, the radio altitude is
announced by a synthetic voice generated by the Flight Warning Computer. The callout comes from
the
_________________________________________________________________________________.
98
M13 B2 Diploma
Grade
13.5 Electrical Power
/
Introduction
1. Define DC Current. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define AC Current. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.1 Batteries Installation and Operation
The electro-chemical action in a _________________________________ is non-reversible, but in
a secondary cell, the action is reversible.
4. List three advantages of the NiCad cell. (3marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
99
M13 B2 Diploma
Cells electrically connected together and grouped in a casing are called a
_______________________.
6. List 4 main uses of batteries on aircraft. (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. Which batteries are most commonly used in light general aviation aircraft? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
A typical aircraft lead-acid battery consists of __________ cells to give a nominal voltage of
_________.
9. List the advantages of a ‘Valve Regulated Lead-acid Battery’ over the normal ‘flooded’ type.
(4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
100
M13 B2 Diploma
10. List two advantages of Nickel Cadmium batteries. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
With regards to Ni-Cad batteries. The electrolyte does not play an active part in the chemical reaction; it
is used only to provide a path for current flow.
12. List 4 Advantages that Ni-Cad batteries have over Lead-acid (Non-Sealed Type) batteries. (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13. (4 marks)
List 4 Disadvantages that Ni-Cad batteries have compared to Lead-acid (Non-Sealed Type) batteries.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
101
M13 B2 Diploma
14. Define the term Thermal Runaway. (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the conditions of the location a battery would be installed in. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
16. How is battery gas vented to the atmosphere? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Typically, a modern passenger carrying aircraft would have
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
and batteries for emergency lighting.
102
M13 B2 Diploma
Many aircraft that use Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-cad) batteries don’t have a battery temperature monitor
system.
19. (5 marks)
List 5 checks that should be completed when performing scheduled maintenance on a battery.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
20. In case of an electrolyte spillage in the aircraft, what action must be taken immediately? (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
21. (2 marks)
If it is suspected that electrolyte has contaminated a structure, what following action should be taken?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
103
M13 B2 Diploma
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
22. List 4 Factors which can cause overheating of a battery (may lead to thermal runaway). (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Lead-acid batteries should be stored in a
__________________________________________________
entirely separate from nickel-cadmium batteries.
13.5.2 DC Power Generation
Generators should be stored, preferably in their
___________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ corrosive fumes.
104
M13 B2 Diploma
25. List 3 primary advantages that DC Alternators have over other generators. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
26. What is the function of an Over Voltage Protector? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.3 AC Power Generation
27. (3 marks)
In all AC generators, the rotating part of the generator is called the ROTOR and the stationary part is
called the STATOR. Name the three basic types:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
105
M13 B2 Diploma
28. List the 5 components of an AC Brushless Generator. (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
29. Name the two Permanent Magnet arrangements. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
As these elements are resistive, the variation of frequency had no effect, so the
_____________________________________________________ was fed to resistive circuits such as
___________________________________________________________________________________
and engine de-icing heaters.
31. When are Constant Speed Generators required? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
106
M13 B2 Diploma
32. Name the two types of AC power distribution systems. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
33. Explain the Operation of a Constant Speed Drive. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
34. Explain the CSD Governing System. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
35. Explain the CSD Disconnection. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
36. Explain the CSD Reconnection. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
107
M13 B2 Diploma
37. What is the purpose of the Integrated Drive Generator? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Indications to the pilot will vary depending on the aircraft. These may include:
___________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________etc.
39. Describe how a Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) Generator works. (6 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
40. Name the two protection circuits that you will only find in a paralleled system. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
108
M13 B2 Diploma
13.5.4 Emergency Power Generation
41. Define Emergency Power Generation. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
42. List three ways in which emergency power can be provided. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
43. True or False. ____________________________ (1 mark)
In the case of the A320 the RAT is only deployed automatically in flight if the electrically power is lost.
13.5.5 Voltage Regulation
44. How is voltage regulation accomplished? (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
109
M13 B2 Diploma
45. What are the two main methods for Voltage Regulation? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
The operation of the carbon pile type of voltage regulator is based on the fact that the contact
electrical resistance between faces of carbon discs varies not only with actual area of contact, but also
with the _____________________ by which disc faces are held together.
47. List the 3 separate adjustments are normally provided in carbon pile-voltage regulators. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
48. Name the two categories of Solid-state Voltage Regulators. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
110
M13 B2 Diploma
49. Explain the operating principle of the Zener Diode. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.6 Power Distribution
During an inflight emergency an AC standby power system can source power from another load bus or
use a rotary or ___________________________, to generate AC, powered from a DC source.
51. List 5 sources of DC Power that an aircraft might have. (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
52. What is the function of a Busbar? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
111
M13 B2 Diploma
53. List 3 functions of the Electrical Power System Protection. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
54. How are Tied DC Buses separated? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
55. Why is the Hot Battery Bus the most important Battery Bus System? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
56. List the components of a basic aeroplane’s electrical system. (10 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
112
M13 B2 Diploma
57. (3 marks)
A tied bus system means the AC generators outputs are connected together onto the same bus.
Before the generators can be connected together in synchronism, or paralleled, they must be matched
so that their:
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.7 Inverters, Transformers, Rectifiers
Small aircraft have DC systems for their primary electrical power, but require AC for certain instrument
and electronic systems. These aircraft use ____________________________ to provide the required
AC.
59. What is unique about a Static Inverter? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
A typical transformer consists of three coils of wire wound around a common core, but not
connected electrically.
113
M13 B2 Diploma
Transformers allow the values of AC voltage and current to be changed through the use of
____________________________________________________________.
The conversion of alternating to direct current is accomplished by a circuit referred to as a rectifier.
Rectifier circuits typically employ _____________________ that allow current flow in only one
direction.
64. What is the purpose of a Transformer Rectifier Unit? (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.8 Circuit Protection
65. Name the two types of fuses used in aircraft circuits. (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
114
M13 B2 Diploma
66. What is the purpose of a Current Limiter Fuse? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
67. What is the benefit of a Circuit Breaker when compared to a Fuse? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
68. Name three basic configurations of circuit breakers used in aircraft electrical systems (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
A Magnetic Circuit Breaker must be reset manually.
A thermal circuit breaker uses a mono-metallic strip to operate.
115
M13 B2 Diploma
71. Name the three major assemblies of a thermal circuit breaker. (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
If a circuit breaker has tripped, reset it immediately.
73. What is a normal indication of an Under-Voltage condition? (2 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
74. What is the purpose of a Differential Current Protection System? (4 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
75. What is the purpose of the Merz-Price Protection System? (3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
116
M13 B2 Diploma
76. What is the purpose of the Differential Protection Current Transformer (DPCT) AC system?
(3 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
77. Describe an Electrical Load Control Unit (ELCU). (5 marks)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
78. What is the name of the additional Coil used in relays which has extra resistance? (1 mark)
___________________________________________________________________________________
13.5.9 External/Ground Power
79. True or False. ____________________________. (1 mark)
Aircraft only use DC Ground Power.
117
M13 B2 Diploma
80. How many pins does a DC ground power unit have on the aircraft connection? (1 mark)
______________________________________________________________________________________
118
M13 B2 Diploma
13.6 Equipment and Furnishings Grade
/
13.6.1 Electronic Emergency Equipment
1. Name 3 types of Emergency Equipment. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How do you determine which Beacon is best your craft? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
119
M13 B2 Diploma
3. List 3 types of Emergency Beacon (full name) and which environment they are best suited for.
(6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. ELTs for aircraft are classed in 7 categories. Name them. (7 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
120
M13 B2 Diploma
5. Which Frequency is the only satellite compatible Emergency Frequency Beacons broadcast on?
(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. Name the two ways Beacons are activated. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. True or False. __________________________________________ (1 mark)
All distress alerting beacons operating on 406 MHz should be registered.
13.6.2 Cabin Entertainment Equipment
Passengers are informed about a variety of matters on board via the
____________________________.
121
M13 B2 Diploma
6. There are several levels of priority assigned to the passenger address system. List them. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the function of the Cabin Intercommunication Data System? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. List 5 systems integrated and controlled by the CIDS. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
122
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
123
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8 Instruments
Grade
/
Instruments Book One
3.8.1 Classification
1. List 6 basic parameters pilots need to fly an aircraft. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. List 4 examples of power plant instruments. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
124
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Modern ____________________________ aircraft can monitor and display all the power plant
information to the pilots in an easy readable display on an
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.2 Atmosphere
The _________________________________ is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and contains the
entire world’s weather patterns.
The ______________________________________ affects the transmission of radio waves sent out
from aircraft and the earth below. Depending on their
________________________________________, some radio waves are absorbed by the
125
M13 B2 Diploma
ionosphere, others are reflected back to earth, and others are passed through to outer space.
6. True or False ____________________________________ (1 mark)
Above 15 000 ft. (4.5 km) altitude the atmosphere is not dense enough to supply sufficient oxygen to
maintain a person’s physical comfort and safety.
7. True or False ____________________________________ (1 mark)
Aircraft that operate at high altitudes usually have their crew and passenger compartments
pressurized to a pressure equivalent to that at altitudes around 8 000 ft.
When the proportion of water vapour is small the air is said to be
________________________________; conversely, when the proportion is significant the atmosphere
is described as moist, damp, wet, or __________________________.
The maximum proportion of water vapour that air can hold depends mainly on its temperature.
126
M13 B2 Diploma
10. True or False. _____________________ (1 mark)
Air near sea level (where its pressure is relatively high) is denser than air at any higher altitude where
the pressure is less.
11. If the air density drops there will be a reduction in 3 important factors of flight. Name them (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
At sea level the standard pressure is ____________ or 29.92 in Hg, and the standard temperature
is 15°C.
127
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.3 Terminology
13. Provide a definition for the terminology listed below. (19 marks)
13.1 Accelerometer
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.2 Bourdon Tube
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.3 Constantan
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.4 Deviation
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.5 Directional Gyro
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
128
M13 B2 Diploma
13.6 IAS – Indicated Air Speed
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.7 Lubber Line
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8 Mach Number
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.9 Pneumatic altimeter
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.10 Pressure, differential
__________________________________________________________________________________
129
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11 Radar altimeter
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.12 Ratiometer indicator
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.13 Servo altimeter
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.14 Tachometer
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.15 Transponder
130
M13 B2 Diploma
13.16 Turn and slip indicator
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.17 VOR
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.18 Venturi
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.19 Wheatstone bridge
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.4 Pressure Measuring Devices and Systems
14. What are the four principal elements that make up a measuring instrument? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
131
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. What element is being referred to when discussing mechanisms based on the principles of rods and
levers? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
These instruments are filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen or helium and
_____________________________________ (i.e. made airtight) to prevent condensation (or a fog)
forming on the inner surface of the glass and obscuring the display.
13.8.13 Direct Reading Pressure and Temperature Gauges
17. Define absolute pressure. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
132
M13 B2 Diploma
Most pressure gauges measure the difference between the absolute pressure of a fluid and the
__________________________________________________.
19. What element is used to measure atmospheric pressure? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
20. What type of gauge is described in the text below? (1 mark)
A reading is only given when one of the pressures is either higher or lower.
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ take advantage of the electrical
properties of naturally occurring crystals such as quartz.
133
M13 B2 Diploma
22. (1 mark)
The substance property used provides a convenient means to classify an instrument measuring
temperature. List 4 types direct reading temperature gauges.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
23. What measuring method is indicated below? (1 mark)
For temperature measurements in aircraft, many of the instruments employed are of the electrical
moving-coil type, and as the coil material is usually copper or aluminum, changes of indicator
temperature can cause changes in electrical resistance of the material.
__________________________________________________________________________________
134
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.5 Pitot-Static Systems
The system of ports and tubing on the aircraft which supplies
___________________________________
____________________________________________ for the instruments is called the pitot-static
system.
The pitot inlet senses impact pressure so faces directly forward into the oncoming airstream.
When pitot-static lines or ports become blocked by ice or other factors, it will not cause the
instruments to give improper readings.
135
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.6 Altimeters
27. Define an altimeter? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
28. Complete the following abbreviations. (6 marks)
28.1 QNH
__________________________________________________________________________________
28.2 QFE
__________________________________________________________________________________
28.3 QNE
__________________________________________________________________________________
28.4 Elevation
__________________________________________________________________________________
136
M13 B2 Diploma
28.5 Altitude
__________________________________________________________________________________
28.6 Height
__________________________________________________________________________________
29. List 4 advantages the servo-altimeter has over simple/sensitive altimeters. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
30. How often must an altimeter be tested? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
137
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.7 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
31. What is the main function of s Vertical Speed Indicator? (1
mark)
32. List 3 possible errors that a VSI can suffer from? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
33. List 2 possible faults that a VSI can suffer from? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
138
M13 B2 Diploma
The __________________________________________________________________ is also
sometimes referred to as the Inertial Lead Vertical Speed Indicator (ILVSI).
35. What are EFIS enabled aircraft with a modern digital VSI fitted with? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.8 Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
36. Why is an airspeed indicator essential to the pilot? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. 1 NM = _______________________________ (1 mark)
139
M13 B2 Diploma
True airspeed (TAS) is Indicated airspeed (IAS) corrected for
___________________________________.
39. What does the Red Line on the ASI represent? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.9 Machmeters
40. Define Critical Mach number. (1
mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
140
M13 B2 Diploma
41. Define the following terms. (4 marks)
41.1 Sonic
__________________________________________________________________________________
41.2 Subsonic
__________________________________________________________________________________
41.3 Supersonic
__________________________________________________________________________________
41.4 Transonic
__________________________________________________________________________________
42. What are the functions of the two pointers on the maximum allowable airspeed indicator?
(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
141
M13 B2 Diploma
43. Define the Mach number. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
44. Define MMO. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.10 Altitude Reporting/Alerting Systems
Modern altitude encoders have no moving parts and electronically produce the
____________________________________________________.
The code is then sent to _________________________________________________________ either
by ATC Transponder, _______________________________________________________________,
ADSB (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast) or the newer FANS (Future Air Navigation)
systems.
142
M13 B2 Diploma
46. Define Altitude Alerting. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.11 Air Data Computer (ADC)
47. Describe the functions of an Air Data Computer. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
ADMs convert Pitot or static pressure into _______________ output signal.
49. List four different variations when the measurement of temperature is observed. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
143
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
50. List the two categories that make up Indicating Systems. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
51. List the classifications of temperature measuring instruments. (4
marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
144
M13 B2 Diploma
52. Identify the Indicator described below. (1 mark)
The system consists of a Bourdon tube indicator that is actuated by the pressure rise of the vapour
given off by a volatile liquid such as methyl chloride and the capillary tube that connects the gauge to
the sensing tube that contains the liquid.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The most common method of measuring resistance is by means of the well-known
__________________________________________________________________________________
54. Identify the Indication System described below. (1 mark)
This type of indicating system measures the ratio of two currents.
__________________________________________________________________________________
145
M13 B2 Diploma
55. Complete the abbreviations below. (4 marks)
55.1 SAT
____________________________________________________________________________
55.2 OAT
____________________________________________________________________________
55.3 TAT
____________________________________________________________________________
55.4 RAT
____________________________________________________________________________
56. Identify the Indication system described below. (1 mark)
If the ends of two dissimilar metals of equal length were jointed together at both ends to form a
continuous circuit and one end was heated, an EMF will be generated in the circuit.
__________________________________________________________________________________
146
M13 B2 Diploma
57. Describe the function of the Thermo-emf System. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The form of energy conversion known as the _________________________________ is based on the
fact that when two wires made of dissimilar metals are joined at their ends, so as to form separate
junctions.
59. List two types of basic Thermocouple Sensors. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
147
M13 B2 Diploma
60. Complete the abbreviations below. (4 marks)
60.1 EGT
_____________________________________________________________________________
60.2 ITT
_____________________________________________________________________________
60.3 TIT
_____________________________________________________________________________
60.4 TGT
_____________________________________________________________________________
148
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8 – Instruments - Book Two
13.8.12 Instrument Pneumatic Systems
61. Identify the system described below. (1 mark)
Steel-vane air pumps have been used for many years to evacuate the instrument cases. The
discharge air is sometimes used to inflate rubber de-icer boots on the wing and empennage leading
edges.
_________________________________________________________________________________
As flight altitudes increase, the air is less dense and more air must be forced through the instruments.
Air pumps that do not mix oil with the discharge air are used in high-flying aircraft.
_________________________________________________________________________________
149
M13 B2 Diploma
They need no external lubrication. Some types can be easily damaged if the engine is turned backwards
(e.g. by turning the propeller backwards by hand).
_________________________________________________________________________________
64. What is the difference between a Pressure Driven Pump and a Vacuum system? (2 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
65. List 4 disadvantages of Air Driven Gyros. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
150
M13 B2 Diploma
66. List 6 advantages electrically Driven Gyros. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.16 Gyroscopic Principles
A gyroscope is any
____________________________________________________________________.
When it spins at a high enough speed, it exhibits two interesting characteristics:
__________________________________________________________________________________
151
M13 B2 Diploma
68. State Newton’s First Law (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
69. Write down the formula for calculating Velocity. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
70. Define a Pulse. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
71. Define Precession in detail. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
152
M13 B2 Diploma
72. List the three factors that affect the rate of precession. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
73. List 3 ways to increase gyroscopic inertia or rigidity. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
74. The three-frame gyro was said to have three degrees of freedom. Name those freedoms. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
153
M13 B2 Diploma
75. Describe Gyroscopic Balance. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
76. Which axes does a Vertical Gyro sense? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
77. Which axis does a Directional Gyro sense? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
78. Identify the Gyro described below. (1 mark)
These types of gyroscopes are the basic element of the gyro horizon or artificial horizon indicator.
__________________________________________________________________________________
154
M13 B2 Diploma
79. Identify the Gyro described below. (1 mark)
The gyroscope is spring restricted about the tilt axis so that when the unit is turned about the Veer axis,
the amount of displacement due to precession is a measure of the rate of turn.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Horizontal and Vertical gyroscopes are
____________________________________________________; the horizontal measuring
displacement (change of direction) of the longitudinal axis and the vertical measuring change in pitch
and roll about the lateral and vertical axis of the aircraft.
13.8.17 Artificial Horizons
An _______________________________________________________________________ works on
the same gyroscopic principle as the gyro horizon.
155
M13 B2 Diploma
82. List 4 alternate names for Artificial Horizons. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
83. What is the function of the Flight Director Indicator (FDI)? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
84. What is the function of the Command Bars? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
The _____________________________ shows the aircraft’s position in relation to the localiser beams.
156
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.18 Turn and Slip Indication
Turn and Slip indicators are actually _______________________________________ in the one
housing.
The dial of a turn and slip indicator is not graduated with numbers.
RATE GYROS are used in control equipment, aircraft instrumentation, inertial navigation, and in many
other applications to detect and measure linear rates of change.
157
M13 B2 Diploma
A standard rate turn for (light) aeroplanes is defined as a _________ per second turn, which completes
a 360° turn in 2 minutes.
This is known as a ___________________________ turn, or rate one (= 180°/minute). For heavy
aeroplanes a standard rate turn is a 4-minute turn.
90. Define a Slipping Turn. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
91. Define a Skidding Turn. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
158
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.19 Directional Gyroscope (DG)
92. What is the function of a Directional Gyroscope? (2
marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
93. . List the advantages of a directional gyroscope over a magnetic compass when used for a heading
reference (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
94. List 4 errors that occur when using Inertial Navigation Systems. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
159
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8 – Instruments - Book Three
13.8.23 Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS)
The _________________ is fully integrated with digital computer-based navigation systems.
96. In a typical system, six colors are assigned for the display of the many symbols, failure
annunciators, messages and other alphanumeric information.
Describe the function of the following colors: (4 marks)
Green:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Magenta:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Yellow:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Red:
_________________________________________________________________________________
160
M13 B2 Diploma
97. What is being described below? (1mark)
These provide the analogue, discrete and digital signal interfaces between an aircraft’s systems.
________________________________________________________________________________
The _________ displays traditional pitch and roll attitude indications against a raster-scanned
background.
99. What is being described below? (1 mark)
Four principal display modes may be selected on the control panel: MAP, PLAN, ILS and VOR.
__________________________________________________________________________________
161
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.24 Instrument Warning Systems, Master Warning and Panels
100. Describe the functions for the following Warning and Caution Indicators below. (3 marks)
6.1 Stall Warning
________________________________________________________________________________
6.2 Retractable Landing Gear
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6.3 Altitude Alerting System
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
101. What is being described in the sentence below? (1 mark)
Often called doll’s eyes, these indicators are often used in aircraft landing gear indication circuits.
__________________________________________________________________________________
162
M13 B2 Diploma
102. What is BITE an abbreviation for? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
103. Describe the Airbus ECAM system. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
104. List 3 automatic display modes that ECAM display has. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
163
M13 B2 Diploma
105. List the color coding for the ECAM indicators. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The main component in the ECAM system is the
_____________________________________________.
107. Describe the monitoring functions of Boeing’s EICAS system. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
164
M13 B2 Diploma
108. List the 4 parameters of the EICAS System. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
109. List the systems displayed on the upper EICAS display. (7 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
165
M13 B2 Diploma
110. The EICAS system uses colors to present information. (3 marks)
What do the following colors represent?
Red
__________________________________________________________________________________
Magenta
__________________________________________________________________________________
Cyan
__________________________________________________________________________________
111. List the Main EICAS formats of different types of messages. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
166
M13 B2 Diploma
112. What information is conveyed in Memo messages? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
113. What Level and Color are Memo messages? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
114. List 5 system that can be displayed on the lower EICAS screens. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
167
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.27 Glass Cockpit
115. Define the term “Glass cockpit”. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
116. What is digitally presented on the Primary Flight Display? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The Navigation Display is located next to the PFD and displays horizontal situation data to the pilot,
__________________________________________________________________________________
168
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.15 Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems
118. Where are fuel tanks normally located in or on an aircraft? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
119. List 2 safety rules when near or around fuel tanks. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
120. What are the two main methods for determining the amount of liquid in a tank? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
121. Name the two different ways of calculating fuel quantity using the Volumetric method.
(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
169
M13 B2 Diploma
122. List three disadvantages of using the mechanical systems when calculating volume.
(3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
These ___________________________________ are installed so they cross the tank from top to
bottom, and when the tank is empty, the plates are separated by air which has a dielectric constant of
_________. When the tank is full, the dielectric is fuel which has a constant of approximately
____________________. In any condition between full and empty, part of the dielectric is air and part is
fuel, and so the capacity of the probe varies according to the level of fuel in the tank.
Digital technology is also incorporated into a __________________________________ indicating
system. Basically, the system uses capacitance probes.
The indicating system converts the ___________________________ into fuel weight.
170
M13 B2 Diploma
____________________________________________ if actual fuel weight reaches the preselected
value. The __________________________________________ is used for automatic refueling, from
refuel panel.
126. (2 mark)
The basic principle of ultrasonic fuel gauging is its dependence on two measurements, name them.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
127. List 4 issues that can affect aircraft fuel measurement. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
171
M13 B2 Diploma
The presence of large bubbles in the Stillwell must be avoided at all times.
13.8.20 Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS)
During operation, a _____________________ senses the nearness of the ground and warns the pilot if
the aircraft is too near the ground when it is not in a configuration for landing.
The ___________________________________________________________ incorporates terrain
alerting and display functions.
The __________________________________________________________ creates an increasing
terrain clearance envelope around the intended airport runway directly related to the distance from the
runway it is active during take-off, cruise and final approach.
172
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.21 Compass Systems
The Earth’s magnetic poles are not located on, but are close to, the spin axis which is referred to as
the geographic poles.
133. What are agonic lines? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
134. Name the two versions of a standby compass. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
135. Name the two major causes of compass errors? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
173
M13 B2 Diploma
136. List three reasons for turning errors. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.8.22 Flight Data Recording Systems
137. List 6 flight parameters that a flight recorder can record. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
138. List 3 additional parameters recorded by flight data recorders for aircraft that have take-off
weights over 27000kg. (3
marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
174
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
139. Where are flight recorders normally located? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
140. List 4 systems that send data to the flight data recorder. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
141. List 3 types of Flight Data Recorders. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
175
M13 B2 Diploma
142. Explain the system monitoring requirements of Flight Data Recorders. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
143. What is the purpose of AIDS network in larger aircraft? (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
144. List the 2 different types of Flight Data Recorders. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
176
M13 B2 Diploma
The _________________________________________ is a computer which collects various basic
aircraft system parameters and converts them by internal processing.
146. What range and for how long does the FDR Underwater Location Beacon transmits for?
(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The ______________________________________ detects acceleration along the longitudinal, the
lateral and the vertical axes and the unit is at the center of gravity of the aircraft.
177
M13 B2 Diploma
13.8.25 Stall Warning and Angle-of-Attack Indicating Systems
148. Complete sentence below. (1 mark)
An aeroplane can stall at almost any airspeed, depending on the load and the angle of bank;
but it will stall at only
___________________________________________________________________.
There are two types Stall Warning systems. Name them.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The indicator for this system is marked from 0 (zero degrees angle of attack) to 1 for the angle of
attack that will
_________________________________________________________________________________.
178
M13 B2 Diploma
________________________ aircraft can have stall warning and stall prevention included in the
software.
13.8.26 Vibration Measurement and Indication
During the manufacture and the overhaul of gas turbine engines, the rotating engine components
are balanced and are assembled to
__________________________________________________________.
153. List 4 rotating components of gas turbine engines. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
179
M13 B2 Diploma
Some vibration indicators incorporate a _________________________________ that will alert the
crew when a maximum vibration threshold occurs.
The heart of these engine vibration systems is the
___________________________________________ pickup which will oscillate with a predetermined
electrical input -this oscillation is then monitored.
180
M13 B2 Diploma
Grade
13.9 Lights
/
13.9.1 External lighting
1. List 4 functions of exterior lighting. (4 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. List 7 applications of exterior lighting. (7 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
181
M13 B2 Diploma
3. Where are the wing leading edge lights located on most aircraft? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
The ______________________________________________________ supplies lighting to the area in
the direction the nose wheels are pointed.
If pilots can identify the position of another aircraft from its position lights, they may safely navigate
around that aircraft, hence position lights are often referred to as
______________________________________.
6. What color is the starboard light (right side)? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
182
M13 B2 Diploma
7. Where on an aircraft are strobe lights installed? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Name the two typical types of strobe lights? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Where on the fuselage are anti-collision lights mounted? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.9.2 Internal Lighting
Most modern aircraft have a system of warning and caution lights called an
______________________________________________________________.
183
M13 B2 Diploma
A ______________________________________________ is an automatic signaling system which
provides an 'attention getting’ display in response to fault signals from specified systems.
12. List the three colors used in the central warning system and describe their significance. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.9.3 Emergency Lighting
The emergency lights automatically supply lighting and identify the exits, if the aeroplane has an
electrical
_______________________________________________________________________________.
184
M13 B2 Diploma
In the _____________________________________, the emergency lights stay off unless the
attendant's emergency lights switch is set to ON.
15. List the two ways emergency exit lighting can be activated. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
185
M13 B2 Diploma
13.10 On Board Maintenance Systems Grade
/
13.10.1 Central Maintenance Computers
1. Name the two modes that the Central Maintenance System operates in. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The CMS allows the operator to obtain ______________________________________ from the
systems and to initiate self-tests via MCDU. This mode is available on
____________________________________.
3. What is the purpose of a Central Maintenance Computer? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
186
M13 B2 Diploma
The CMC manages the dialogue protocols with the following equipment; hence all the information can
be retrieved through a
_____________________________________________________________________.
5. Describe the attributes of a Type 1 system computer that can be linked to a CMC. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.10.2 Data Loading System
6. List the two types of data loaders. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
187
M13 B2 Diploma
7. Which aircraft typically uses the Cursor Control Device (CCD) to select and update software on the
Maintenance Access Terminal? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.10.3 Electronic Library Systems
8. Name the three parts an Electronic Library System is typically subdivided into: (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.10.4 Printing
9. The printer is designed to print reports from which systems? (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
188
M13 B2 Diploma
10. Why is the CMC connected to the printer? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.10.5 Structural Monitoring (Damage Tolerance Monitoring)
11. List three reasons why structural monitoring is used. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
12. List 5 methods or tools used with tasks associated with Structure Health Monitoring (SHM).
(5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
189
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11 Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurization Grade
/
13.11.1 Air Supply
1. List three sources of air supply for air conditioning? (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Name three areas on a gas turbine engine that air supply may be bled off from. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. True or False. __________________________ (1 marks)
APU systems use two common methods of supplying air for air conditioning and cabin pressurization.
190
M13 B2 Diploma
4. List 5 functions ground carts can deliver. (5 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
APUs may be designed for bleed air extraction on
___________________________________________.
If an APU is designed for bleed air extraction in flight, then the bleed air extraction is normally limited up
to a specific flight _______________________________ only.
13.11.2.1 Air Conditioning Systems
This method of air conditioning is made up of continuously repeating sets of
________________________ that use the flow of a _____________________________ that converts
back and forth from liquid to gas. (called phase changes) to transport heat from lower temperatures to
_____________________________.
191
M13 B2 Diploma
7. List the six components found in a vapour cycle air conditioning system. (6 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
To protect the compressor, all refrigerant should be _________________ before it enters the
compressor.
The actual cooling unit in vapour cycle systems is the
__________________________________________.
10. List the 8 components of an air conditioning pack. (8 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
192
M13 B2 Diploma
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.11.2.2 Air Cycle and Vapour Cycle Machines
The compressor increases the
____________________________________________________________.
13.11.2.3 Distribution Systems
The air distribution system supplies the conditioned air to the _______________________________
and _________________________________________________________.
193
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11.3 Pressurization
People breathe easier at ______________________________, but flight is more efficient at high
altitudes. Therefore, aircraft need to be ____________________________ for the comfort and safety
of passengers.
14. What is the downward force exerted by a column of air called? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
15. What is the atmospheric pressure (PSI) at sea level? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
16. Does atmospheric pressure increase or decrease as altitude increases? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
194
M13 B2 Diploma
17. Define Cabin Altitude. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
18. Define Pressure Altitude. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
19. Define. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
20. What is Maximum Differential Pressure? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
195
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11.3.1 Pressurization Systems
21. List three inputs that can be used on a Pressure Controller. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
On descent the pilot will set the barometric pressure correction to the pressure setting for the
__________________________________________________________________________________.
In response to slight changes in reference chamber pressure, the
___________________________________________________ modulates to maintain a substantially
constant reference pressure in the chamber throughout isobaric range of operation.
196
M13 B2 Diploma
As the flight altitude increases, the outside pressure decreases, and when it becomes low enough the
cabin differential pressure reaches the ______________________________________.
25. List the 7 major components of a pneumatic pressurization system? (7 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
197
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11.3.2 Control and Indication, Including Control and Safety Valves
26. What is the term for the description below? (1 mark)
It is used until the aircraft reaches the altitude at which the difference between the pressure inside and
outside the cabin is equal to the highest differential pressure for which the fuselage structure is
designed.
__________________________________________________________________________________
A ________________________________________________________ is maintained between the
cabin pressure and the atmospheric pressure as the aircraft climbs or descends.
The _________________________________ consist of a venturi which use engine bleed air to
provide a vacuum (or lower pressure air) source for the control and outflow valve components.
198
M13 B2 Diploma
To protect the aircraft from _______________________________________________, safety relief
valves will open at a set pressure to protect the aircraft structure. This may happen if the outflow valves
fail closed.
30. (1 mark)
The operation of this valve is automatic. It opens to equalize the cabin and ambient pressure if the
ambient pressure exceeds cabin pressure by more than about 0.3 psi (23 kPa).
What is the name of this valve?
___________________________________________________________
A __________________________________________ involves pressurizing the cabin to a high
differential pressure and checking the fuselage for structural integrity.
199
M13 B2 Diploma
13.11.3.3 Cabin Pressure Controllers
32. Name the two types of cabin controllers. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
33. Name the two modes of operation for cabin pressure controllers. (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.11.4 Safety and Warning Devices
34. List 3 safety precautions when dealing with air supply systems. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
200
M13 B2 Diploma
None of the hot bleed air from the engines can be bypassed around the ACM if warm air is needed in
the cabin.
The shutoff valve is the first in line to the air con system to shut off bleed air in the event of an engine
bleed air malfunction.
The safety valve works similarly to an outflow valve, except that it is preset to a minimum cabin
pressure differential.
During operation, the aeroplane may experience a situation where cabin Differential Pressure
becomes higher than the 10.95 psi allowed by the pressure controllers.
201
M13 B2 Diploma
Once the aeroplane cabin altitude exceeds (typically) 10,000 feet, a pressure will activate and supply a
ground to a relay which will sound an aural warning.
If the cabin altitude climbs above 20,000 feet, the passenger oxygen system will drop the oxygen
masks and begin to flow oxygen.
202
M13 B2 Diploma
Grade
13.12 Fire Protection
/
13.12.1 Fire and Smoke Detection and Warning Systems
The _______________________ of the insulating material decreases with an increase in
temperature
until, at the warning temperature, sufficient current passes to operate a warning circuit.
2. True or False ____________________________ (1 mark)
A continuous-loop detector or sensing system permits less coverage of a fire hazard area than any
type of spot-type temperature detectors.
3. At normal temperatures, the eutectic salt core material prevents electrical current from flowing.
What fire detection system employs this method? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
203
M13 B2 Diploma
The continuous-loop fire detection system initiates a fire warning signal when a specific portion of
the continuous loop reaches a temperature for which the loop element is designed.
The thermal switches open if the overheat setting is reached and close after cool down.
Photoelectric optical smoke detectors can detect any smoke.
The most effective method for extinguishing aircraft fires involves using a chemical compound that
combines with the oxygen to prevent it from combining with the fuel.
204
M13 B2 Diploma
13.12.2 Fire Extinguishing Systems
8. True or False _________________________ (1 mark)
With respect to Discharge Cartridges, the cartridge installed doesn’t have to be of the same make as
the fire bottle or correspond to the specification indicated in the Maintenance Manual.
13.12.3 System Tests
In order to indicate that discharge has taken place, a disposable plastic, or metal, disc is blown out from
a discharge indicator.
A cartridge also known as a squib contains 500 mg detonant.
205
M13 B2 Diploma
13.13 Fuel Systems Grade
/
13.13.5 Cross-Feed and Transfer
Via the Cross-Feed System system the fuel is transported from another main tank to the engine
concerned.
13.13.6 Indications and Warnings
The Fuel Quantity Indication System measures the amount of fuel in each individual tank electrically
by means of a probe ____________________________.
3. List the three factors that influence capacitance. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
206
M13 B2 Diploma
In most cases there is the use of a __________________________________ to generate fuel
pressure.
5. List the two different procedures to refuel an aircraft. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.13.7 Refueling and Defueling
6. Refueling points should be marked with the ____________________ of fuel to be used. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
Over-wing filling points should also be marked with the ___________________ of each tank.
207
M13 B2 Diploma
Never service an aircraft with fuel inside a hangar or in any other closed area.
13.13.8 Longitudinal Balance Fuel Systems
If the CG gets too far forward or too far backward the aircraft will be out of
_______________________.
10. Of the three parameters that affect CG, which one is always changing during flight? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
208
M13 B2 Diploma
Grade
13.14 Hydraulic Power
/
13.14.4 Pressure Generation
The purpose of a hydraulic pump is to supply a ___________________________ to a hydraulic
system.
13.14.5 Emergency Pressure Generation
In case of total hydraulic power loss, there must be alternative method to supply hydraulic power
to the aircraft. This called a _________________________________.
3. True or False _______________________________ (1 mark)
The instruments and switches for each separate hydraulic system are normally grouped separately.
209
M13 B2 Diploma
13.14.9 Indication and Warning Systems
Screen displays use different colors to indicate the operating condition of separate hydraulic
systems.
Amber means __________________________________________.
Prior to the flight, the crew checks the quantity in each reservoir to make sure that sufficient fluid is
present for __________________________________________.
13.14.10 Interface with Other Systems
Session 144
6. What is the ultimate purpose of any hydraulic system? (1 mark)
_________________________________________________________________________________
210
M13 B2 Diploma
7. List 5 most common systems that interface with hydraulic system actuators. (5 marks)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
211
M13 B2 Diploma
13.15 Ice and Rain Protection Grade
/
13.15.1 Ice Formation, Classification and Detection
Icing on aircraft is caused primarily by the presence of super cooled water droplets in the atmosphere.
The term super cooled means the water is present in liquid form at a temperature above the freezing
point of 0°C.
Once icing conditions cease, the ____________________________ will no longer shave ice.
4. True or False. _______________________________ (1 mark)
In Thermal (Hot-Air) Systems the leading edges of wings and tail units are usually provided with a
second inner skin positioned to form a small gap.
212
M13 B2 Diploma
13.15.2 Anti-Ice Systems: Electrical, Hot Air and Chemical
Hot air from an engine compressor low pressure stage is used to heat the engine nose cowl.
13.15.3 De-Icing System: Electrical, Hot Air, Pneumatic and Chemical
6. List the components that a typical de-icing system comprises of. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.15.4 Rain Repellent
7. True or False. _________________________________ (1 mark)
Chemical rain repellent should not be discharged onto a dry windshield because it will smear and be
difficult to remove.
213
M13 B2 Diploma
13.15.5 Probe and Drain Heating
8. True or False. _______________________ (1 mark)
Do not operate probe heating systems on ground, except for short test function. The probes may be
damaged by overheat.
13.15.6 Wiper Systems
____________ removal systems are used in larger aircraft to keep the windshield free of water so
the pilot can see for the approach and to maneuver the aircraft safely on the ground.
The Windshield Wipers may be driven by electric motors or __________________________or
pneumatic actuators.
214
M13 B2 Diploma
13.16 Landing Gear Grade
/
13.16.1 Construction, Shock Absorbing
The choice of type of landing gear is also determined by the location of the aircraft’s center of
___________________________________________________________.
2. List 3 types of landing gear. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
215
M13 B2 Diploma
The strut is partly filled with fluid while in use and the remaining area is filled with
________________________________________________, which is already charged to a certain
amount of pressure.
The four or six wheels are connected in pairs to the bogie beams are also called
_____________________.
13.16.2 Extension and Retraction Systems
The up-lock mechanism consists of a _______________________________ in which the landing gear
is secured in the retracted position.
216
M13 B2 Diploma
The nose gear shock strut works on the same principle as that of the shock
________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
A down lock mechanism prevents undesired retraction of the landing gear when it is in the down
position.
13.16.3 Indications and Warning
Session 147
8. When the landing gear is down and locked, what color will be displayed on the indicator in the
instrument panel? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
217
M13 B2 Diploma
13.16.5 Tyres
The chine tyre is a nose wheel tyre designed to deflect water and slush to the side and away from
engine intakes.
10. What is another name for a Shock Strut? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
When doing an Initial Tyre Inflation, prior to inflation, ensure the wheel is correctly assembled in
accordance with the wheel ____________________________________________________________.
218
M13 B2 Diploma
Excessive wear may be seen at the center of the tread resulting in
_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
in comparison to the remaining tread profile is associated with
_________________________________.
13.16.6 Steering
13. The nose wheel steering system works mechanically/hydraulically, list the components. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
219
M13 B2 Diploma
The __________________________________ provides an interlock to prevent landing gear
retraction while the aircraft is on the ground.
220
M13 B2 Diploma
13.17 Oxygen Grade
/
General
As altitude _______________________, the oxygen available decreases.
2. True or False. ___________________________________ (1 mark)
A lack of sufficient oxygen will bring on hypoxia.
13.17.1 System Layout
The _______________________________ provides over-pressure relief through an overboard
discharge port and manifold common to the crew system.
221
M13 B2 Diploma
13.17.2 Oxygen Sources, Storage, Charging and Distribution
One liter of LOX produces about _____________________ liters of gaseous oxygen.
A __________________________________________is used to prevent oxygen temperature
extremes.
13.17.3 Supply Regulation
Typically, in Pressure Regulators, the regulated output pressure is between _______________ PSI.
222
M13 B2 Diploma
13.17.4 Indications and Warnings
Oxygen flow is often indicated by a direct type of ____________________________, e.g. a float inside
the transparent hose of a mask, or by a pressure-operated blinker type of instrument.
With reference to Oxygen Discharge Indicator Disc, If the disc in the cylinder ruptures or if the
pressure relief valve opens, the oxygen flows through the overboard discharge line and blows out the
_______________________________________.
9. True or False. _______________________________________ (1 mark)
With reference to Precautions when Working on Oxygen Systems, a clean bench surface and tools
free of dirt and grease should be used whenever it is necessary to carry out work on oxygen system
components.
223
M13 B2 Diploma
10. True or False. _______________________________________ (1 mark)
For leak testing, any testing solutions that are similar to those listed in the manufacturing manuals can
be used.
224
M13 B2 Diploma
13.18 Pneumatic/Vacuum Grade
/
13.18.1 System Lay-Out
1. Identify the system being described below. (1 mark)
A system used to supply driving power, in the form of a suction of air, to several gyro instruments,
such as the ADI (artificial horizon), HSI (heading indicator) and Turn indicator.
__________________________________________________________________________________
The vacuum pump moves a ___________________________ of air than is needed to supply the
instruments with the suction needed, so a suction-relief valve is installed in the inlet side of the pump.
3. List 3 component systems which use bleed air. (3 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
225
M13 B2 Diploma
Compressed air is generally not suitable for the operation of large capacity components, leaks can be
difficult to trace and the results of pipeline or component failure can be very serious.
13.18.2 Pneumatic Sources
5. True or False. __________________________________ (1 mark)
The pneumatic sources may be divided into those available in flight and those available on the ground.
The engine _____________________________ system consists of the power source (the engine
compressors) and the control devices.
226
M13 B2 Diploma
13.18.3 Pressure Control
7. Identify the valve described below. (1 mark)
It closes in case of malfunction of the pressure regulating valve to protect the users against over
pressure.
8. What is the purpose an Isolation Valve? (2 marks)
__________________________________________________________________________________
13.18.6 Interfaces with Other Systems
The APU pneumatic supply pressure will not automatically increase for engine starting or high air
conditioning cooling demand.
227
M13 B2 Diploma
The pneumatic supply temperature from the engine will be automatically increased for wing and tail
anti-ice system operation.
228
M13 B2 Diploma
13.20 Integrated Modular Avionics Grade
/
13.20.1 Functions of Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)
IMA is the trend of the future due to the economies in fuel savings and increases in the payload factor
derived from less weight.
The IMA increases workload for flight crew and maintenance personnel due to less operational
activities.
Multiple functions can be achieved with a single Line Replacement Unit (LRU).
229
M13 B2 Diploma
13.20.2 Core Systems
______________________________________________________________________________ is the
primary communications path between the major subsystems of the avionics systems.
Controller Area Network (CAN) data bus is a serial communications protocol that supports distributed
real-time control with a low level of security.
13.20.3 Network Components – Review, Summary and Details
A _______________________________________ can easily destroy valuable electronic
components.
230
M13 B2 Diploma
7. What are the advantages of the AFDX communications technology? (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
The term Full duplex means that the subscriber cannot simultaneously transmit and receive on the
same link.
231
M13 B2 Diploma

EASA Training Module B2 Diploma Aircraft Aerodynamics Structures and Systems - M13.22

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EASA Training Module B2 Diploma Aircraft Aerodynamics Structures and Systems - M13.22

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EASA Training Module

Approved by: College Head of Curriculum

Issue Date: 29 - 01 - 2020

in their own time.

2. Describe the three Axis of Automatic Flight Control. (6 marks)

The sensing elements are the _________________________________________________ used in the

normally accomplished using a ____________________________________________.

5. Name the two different autopilot loops. (2 marks)

6. Define Autopilot engaged. (2 marks)

7. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

8. What is an advantage of a High and Low Blade angle propellers? (2 marks)

9. Complete the sentence below (1 mark)

11. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

The E and I bar sensor requires an _____________________________________________________.

12. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

The movement of the I bar relative to the E section varies the

____________________________________ resulting in the output signal.

13. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

form of stabilized device comprising _____________________________________________________

15. What can be used instead of Rate gyros? (1 mark)

16. List the basic components of an autopilot. (4 marks)

correct answer (1 mark)

True (___) False (___)

Input signals originate from either a command signal device or a

19. What does a basic AFCS comprise of? (5 marks)

20. Complete the sentence below. (1 marks)

The roll command rate limiter

21. Complete the sentence below. (1 marks)

The roll command limiter controls the ______________________________________ of the control

23. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

______________________________________ works by applying a force to the primary flight control

surface causing it to move one way or the other.

24. How many types of trim tabs are there? (1 mark)

25. Complete the sentence below (1 mark)

26. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

_______________________________ tabs are operated by the pilot, either electrically or by

28. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

_____________________________________ of an aircraft is controlled by ailerons.

29. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

What are these control surfaces called?

32. What type of information is supplied by the LVDT? (2 marks)

33. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

34. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

If INS (Inertial Navigation System) fails, the _______________________________is adversely

It is the ______________________________________________________ which selects the most

efficient method to achieve the attitude change requested by the pilot.

36. List the benefits of Fly by Wire. (3 marks)

37. What is the purpose of a Damper System? (1 mark)

38. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

AFCS sensors are gyro’s accelerometers and components considered to be in the

_________________________________ is displayed on Attitude Indicator and can be used for

41. Complete the sentence. (1 mark)

Basic stabilization mode is selected whenever the autopilot is engaged without

42. List the two types of basic stabilization modes. (2 marks)

Selecting ___________________________________________ mode on the autopilot mode control

44. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

The Localizer MUST be captured before _________________________________________________

or the autopilot will not activate in the ILS mode.

45. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

The Flight Control Computers (FCC) send ____________________________________________ to

a mach trim actuator to control the elevator movement.

46. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

48. Complete the sentence below. (1 mark)

True (_) False (_)

True (_) False (_)

True (_) False (_)