Almaarefa University

Faculty of Applied Science

Research Methodology Course

Energy Drinks Consumption Among Almaarefa University Students In Riyadh Saudi

Arabia 2022

By

Nawaf Adel Hakami 202120479

Al-Waleed Alsharari 201120319
Nasser Alqahtani 212120719

Supervised by

Yasir A M Eltahir (MBBS, MSc, MHPE, RM Dip, PhD)

Associate Professor of Anatomy & Medical Education

Submitted to the

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Almaarefa University
Riyadh, KSA

1
 2022

Background review

Introduction
Energy drinks are a category of drinks that typically contain caffeine, which is
advertised as stimulating the mind and body.

These beverages were developed to promote alertness, concentration, and prevent

sleep. [1]

In Japan, Taisho Pharmaceuticals produced the first energy drink in 1960. Energy
drinks were first used in the UK in hospitals to aid patients' recuperation in 1929,
and were later used to regain lost energy. [1]

Energy drinks are now consumed widely across the world, particularly by young
people and college students. This is supported by numerous previous studies
conducted in various nations.

Numerous ingredients, including guarana, ginseng, and ginkgo biloba, as well as B

vitamins, amino acids like taurine, amino acid derivatives like carnitine, and sugar
derivatives like glucuronolactone and ribose, are found in energy beverages. [2] [3]
Caffeine is a key component that is thought to be the primary cause of the majority
of side effects, which can affect the nervous system, cardiovascular system,
gastrointestinal system, urinary system, and other systems. Cardiovascular side
effects include tachycardia, heart failure, and insomnia. [2] [4] Although while most
people drink energy drinks to wake up, increase alertness, and improve mood, they
can have negative physical effects as well. Additionally, Energy drinks shouldn't be
used during physical activity since, in addition to causing sweating and fluid loss,
caffeine has a diuretic impact that can lead to dehydration. [4] [5] [6] [7]

2
Rationale
The study's goal is to determine how common it is for university students to drink
energy drinks, what impact this has on them, and how this study's findings can be
used to promote studies in other cities and nations. If the results are significant,
focus should be put on educating people about energy drinks, especially young
people.

Literature review

In 2009, Hacettepe University conducted a cross-sectional study on the frequency of

energy drink usage and its contributing factors among 439 fourth-year medical
students. According to this study, students who participate in sports, the arts, and
energy drinks are more likely to do so (48.3% of the time) and are more likely to
have their first experience with them in college (58.9%). Students who participate in
these activities are also more likely to skip breakfast, smoke, and participate in
sports on a regular basis. [8]

This study, which involved the general public and was conducted in Australia in
2010, used a retrospective observational analysis to describe the epidemiology and
toxicity of exposures. Caffeine-containing energy drinks in Australia were
investigated on 297 calls related to exposure to these drinks by searching the
NSWPIC Microsoft database for calls to the center to report the poisoning of
caffeine-containing energy drinks, whether they be consumed by children or
adolescents, over a seven-year period from January 2004 to December 2010. As a
result, the amount of poisoning caused by energy drinks increased. From 12 in 2004
to 65 in 2010, more people with high caffeine levels were exposed to stimulation,
the majority of whom were adolescents and most of whom were men (57% of
them). [9]

3
A thorough analysis of the human population between 1966 and February 2011 was
done. 15 studies that assess a health-related outcome after consuming energy
drinks were found in this review. With the key outcome measures separated into
four categories—cardio respiratory, physiological outcomes, pathological outcomes,
and body consumption—study quality was evaluated by two independent reviewers
using a standardized technique. According to several physiological outcomes from
this study, after consuming an energy drink every day for 4 weeks, resting energy
expenditure increased by 10.45%. Two studies that looked at cardio, respiratory
outcomes found that the heart rate increased between 30 and 60 minutes after
consuming energy drinks. After 30 minutes, considerable blood glucose level (BGL)
increases in pathological consequences.

respiratory effects Two studies that measured heart rate found an increase in heart
rate between 30 and 60 minutes after consuming energy drinks. After consuming
energy drinks for 30 minutes, large rises in blood glucose level (BGL) resulted in
adverse pathological effects. Fat mass and body fat percentage have decreased as a
result of diet, according to long-term follow-up data. [10]

Study conducted in Jeddah in 2016 with 4355 male and female students (ages 12-
26). They wish to know the frequency, causes, and measurements of the usage of
energy drinks. Data was gathered through a questionnaire poll, and it was
discovered that code red was the most popular brand, being consumed by 60% of
respondents at least once each week. 63.3% of them consumed two to four drinks
per week, with 68.7% of them drinking because they liked the taste of energy
drinks. [11]

The recommended drinking age for energy drinks in Australia in 2016 has not yet
been established, although children should not consume them. This study tested the
consumption of energy drinks among 400 Australian teenagers, and the findings
revealed that 28% of consumers consume energy drinks at least monthly and 56%
start doing so at some point in their lifetime. The mean age of onset was 10 years.
56% of participants reported experiencing unusual physiological changes. Children,
adolescents, and adults should drink different amounts of energy drinks each day, as
should anyone who doesn't know how much is advised. [12]

4
Objectives

General object:

Determine Energy Drinks Consumption Among Almaarefa University Students in

Riyadh Saudi Arabia.

Specific objects:

• To ascertain usage patterns and which age and gender are more inclined to
consume energy drinks.

• To ascertain the causes of energy drink usage.

• To ascertain how the usage of energy drinks affects academic performance

• To determine if there is a correlation between the usage of energy drinks and

daily routines (such as smoking, sleep, and food)

5
Methods

Study design

Arabic questionnaires will be employed in this study's cross-sectional analysis.

Study area

There will be 2157 male and female students participating in this study at
Almaarefa University's three colleges over the course of six weeks.

Sampling

We'll employ the multistage sampling method. Three groups—clinical, scientific,

and others—will be created from the designated university colleges. The final
sample size was divided among the selected colleges proportionately to the actual
student size in the various colleges. One or two colleges were randomly chosen from
each stratum.

Sample size

Based on a sample size formula for a cross-sectional study design, 440 students
were determined to be the appropriate sample size for this investigation. P=50%, a
95% Confidence Interval (C.I.), an error of less than 5%, and a non-response rate of
10% are the parameters used to estimate sample size. The sampling strategy is a
basic random stratified multistage approach.

Data collection

We delivered an Arabic questionnaire that was self-administrated to the target

sample in order to gather data.
The questions, which are broken up into sections and comprise a variety of topics,
were created to attain the desired outcome.

The first set of questions concentrates on personal and socioeconomic information,

while the second set concentrates on behavior and their unique habits, and the third
set concentrates on energy drinks, asking when and why they consume them and
whether any symptoms have occurred.
6
Data analysis

The data will be entered into the statistical software tool SPSS. The association will
be evaluated using the Chi-square test.
Frequency calculations will be made using descriptive statistics.
To account for potential confounders of the link, such as physical activity, eating
habits, and sleep patterns, regression analysis will be employed.

Ethical Considerations

• Obtain informed permission from the ethical review board.

• Explain to the target samples the goal of the study and how the information
gathered from them will be put to use in science.

• Support from the university.

Strengths and Limitations

Researchers cannot include every member of the population in this sort of sample
because they may have diverse personalities, a low response rate, the need for a
return date, and issues with incomplete questionnaires.

Expected Outcomes

The study's objective was to determine how frequently university students

consumed energy drinks, what impact this had on them, and what factors
contributed to this behavior. Support other cities and nations, and if there are
notable results, we'll suggest and provide some recommendations for reducing the
issue, such as improving and raising awareness about energy drinks, particularly for
young people, and urging the university administration to forbid their sale or entry.
7
Project Management

Gantt chart

8
References

"Energy drink - Wikipedia.”

N. Z. Qamhia, "Drinking Patterns and Side Effects of Energy Drinks among An-
Najah National University Students," no. Md, 2011.

H. Al-sabbah and N. Z. Qamhiya, "Consumption Patterns and Side Effects of

Energy Drinks among University Students in Palestine," 2012.

S. D. Reid et al., "Energy drink usage among university students in a Caribbean

country : Patterns of use and adverse effects," vol. 1, pp. 103-116, 2015.

A. S. M. Seifert and J. L. Schaechter, "Health Effects of Energy Drinks on

Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults," vol. 127, no. 3, pp. 511-528, 2018.

"Safety issues associated with commerc."

J. Thorlton and D. A. Colby, "Energy Drink Adverse Effects: What Is Being Done
to Protect Public Health?," West. J. Nurs. Res., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 3-4, 2018.

S. Attila and B. Çakir, "Energy-drink consumption in college students and

associated factors," Nutrition, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 316-322. 2011.

N. Gunja and J. A. Brown, "Energy drinks: Health risks and toxicity," Med. J.
Aust., vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 46-49, 2012.

T. Burrows, K. Pursey, M. Neve, and P. Stanwell, "What are the health

implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? A systematic
review," Nutr. Rev., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 135-148, 2013.

9
 A. A. Alrasheedi, "Prevalence and Reasons for Consumption of Energy Drinks
among Adolescents and Young Adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia," Glob. J. Health
Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 23, 2016.

B. M. Costa, A. Hayley, and P. Miller, "Adolescent energy drink consumption:

An
Australian perspective," Appetite, vol. 105, pp. 638-642, 2016.

10
‫‪Annexure‬‬

‫]‪Questionnaire [2] [4‬‬

‫هل ترغب في المشاركة في تعبئة االستبيان؟‬

‫ال‬ ‫‬ ‫نعم‬ ‫‬
‫القسم األول‪ :‬البيانات الشخصية و االجتماعية‬

‫‪ .١‬العمر‪......... :‬‬

‫ انثى‬ ‫ ذكر‬ ‫‪ .٢‬الجنس‪:‬‬

‫‬
‫متزوج‬ ‫ أعزب‬ ‫‪ .٣‬الحالة االجتماعية‪:‬‬
‫ قرية‬ ‫مدينة‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ .٤‬مكان السكن‪:‬‬
‫سكن جامعي‬ ‫‬ ‫ بمفردي‬ ‫ مع عائلتي‬ ‫‪ .٥‬أنا أسكن‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬الكلية‪.............................. :‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬السنة الدراسية‪...................... :‬‬

‫مقبول‬ ‫‬ ‫جيد‬ ‫‬ ‫جيد جدا ً‬ ‫‬ ‫ممتاز‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ .٨‬تقدير المعدل التراكمي‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬الوزن‪................ :‬‬
‫‪ .١٠‬الطول‪............. :‬‬
‫القسم الثاني‪ :‬السلوك اليومي‬

‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم‬ ‫‪ .١١‬هل أنت مدخن‪/‬ة ؟‬

‫أقل من ‪ ٢٠‬سيجارة يوميا ً  أكثر من ‪ ٢٠‬سيجارة يوميا ً‬ ‫‬ ‫في حال "نعم" ‪:‬‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ بشكل غير منتظم‬ ‫‪ .١٢‬هل تمارس‪/‬ين الرياضة ؟  نعم بانتظام‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ بشكل غير منتظم‬ ‫ نعم بانتظام‬ ‫‪ .١٣‬هل تتناول‪/‬ين الفطور؟‬
‫‪11‬‬
 ‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم‬ ‫‪ .١٤‬هل لديك نظام نوم محدد؟‬
‫‪ .١٥‬عدد ساعات نومك في اليوم؟ ‪..................‬‬
‫القسم الثالث‪ :‬مشروبات الطاقة‬
‫‪ .١٦‬هل سبق أن شربت مشروبات الطاقة؟‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم جربت مسبقا ً و أشربها لآلن‬ ‫ نعم جربت مسبقا ً لكن حاليا ً ال‬
‫‪ .١٧‬إذا كانت إجابتك (ال) ما السبب؟ ‪ -‬يمكنك اختيار أكثر من إجابة ‪-‬‬
‫ السعر مرتفع‬
‫ ليس لدي فضول لتجربتها‬
‫ ال أعلم مكوناتها‬
‫ تحتوي سعرات عالية‬
‫ أعتقد أنها غير صحية‬
‫ ال أحتاج طاقة إضافية‬
‫ ال يوجد سبب محدد‬
‫سبب آخر‪.................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .١٨‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬كيف تعرفت على مشروبات الطاقة؟‬
‫ األصدقاء  العائلة  مواقع التواصل االجتماعي‬ ‫ إعالنات  نقاط البيع‬
‫‪ .١٩‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬كم كنت تبلغ‪/‬ين من العمر عندما شربت مشروب الطاقة ألول مرة؟‬
‫ ‪ ٢٥- ٢١‬سنة‬ ‫‪ ٢٠- ١٦‬سنة‬ ‫‪ ١٥ - ١١‬سنة‬ ‫‪ ١٠‬سنوات وأقل‬

‫‪12‬‬
 ‫‪ .٢٠‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬حدد السبب الذي شربت مشروبات الطاقة من أجله‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬يمكنك اختيار أكثر من إجابة ‪-‬‬
‫إزالة االكتئاب‬‫‬ ‫‬
‫زيادة النشاط‬ ‫‬
‫السهر‬
‫ زيادة التركيز‬ ‫ تقليد األصدقاء‬ ‫ أستمتع بالطعم‬
‫ الفضول‬ ‫ التخلص من الصداع‬ ‫ إزالة التوتر‬
‫ ال يوجد سبب محدد‬
‫سبب آخر‪......................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٢١‬ما هو نوع مشروب الطاقة األكثر استخداما ً للديك؟‬
‫بالك‬ ‫‬ ‫بوم بوم‬ ‫‬ ‫بايسون‬ ‫‬ ‫باورهاوس‬ ‫‬ ‫ ريدبول  كودرد‬
‫نوع آخر‪.......................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٢٢‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬هل تحصل‪/‬ين على التأثير المطلوب عند استخدامها؟‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم‬
‫‪ .٢٣‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬هل تعرف‪/‬ين المكونات األساسية لمشروبات الطاقة؟‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم‬
‫‪ .٢٤‬في حال "نعم" ‪ :‬هل تعرف‪/‬ين إذا ما كان هناك أعراض جانبية الستخدام مشروبات‬
‫الطاقة؟‬
‫ ال‬ ‫ نعم‬
‫أجب عن األسئلة التالية فقط إذا كنت ممن يزالون يستخدمون مشروبات الطاقة إلى اآلن‬

‫أكثر من مرتين‬ ‫ مرتين ‬ ‫‪ .٢٥‬كم مرة تشرب مشروب الطاقة في اليوم؟  مرة‬
‫‪ .٢٦‬في آخر ‪ ٣٠‬يوم كم مشروبا ً من الطاقة شربت؟‬
‫أكثر من ‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ ‪٢٠-١٢‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪ .٢٧‬مع استخدام مشروبات الطاقة‪ ،‬أي األعراض التالية تشعر‪/‬ين بها؟‬
‫‪ -‬يمكنك اختيار أكثر من إجابة ‪-‬‬
‫ إدرار بول‬ ‫ نعاس‬ ‫ أرق ليلي‬
‫ توتر‬ ‫ صداع‬ ‫ زيادة وزن‬
‫ ال أشعر بشيء إطالقا ً‬ ‫ تسارع نبضات القلب‬
‫أعراض أخرى‪........................................... :‬‬

‫‪14‬‬