HABERMAN SurveyAlcoholDrug 1994

Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education (JADE)
A Survey of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Practices Among College Students
Author(s): SHIRLEY E. HABERMAN
Source: Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Winter, 1994), pp. 85-100
Published by: Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education (JADE)
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A Survey of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Practices
Among College Students
SHIRLEY E. HABERMAN
Student Health Services
University of Pittsburgh
Abstract
This study reports on the alcohol and drug use of students enrolled
in a mid-Atlantic university . Ninety percent of the respondents
indicated that they currently use alcohol or have done so in the past.
Thirty-nine percent used alcohol one or more times weekly. Less
than one percent reported daily use of alcohol. In reference to other
drugs , 40% indicated previous or current use of marijuana, 11%
cocaine , and 11% "speed" or other stimulants. A number of students
indicated past , but not current use of illicit drugs. These findings
suggest a growth of intolerance toward drug abuse among college
students.
Introduction and Problem Statement
Widespread,
Widespread, college college
students excessive have andstudents have been
been even documented documented
destructive by drinking by numerous
numerous researchers
patterns researchers among
(Barnes & Welte, 1983; Engs & Hanson, 1985; Kinnick, Genova,
Ogden & Rodriguez, 1985; Wechsler, McFadden & Rohman, 1980).
Students may use alcohol to compensate for low self-esteem, to increase
sociability, and to relieve tension and stress (Saltz & Elandt, 1986).
Students who develop drinking problems tend to have fewer coping skills,
lower self-esteem, fewer ties to conventional campus life, and a perception
of themselves as being under more stress than other students (Matuszewski,
1987). Further, problem drinkers tend to be more impulsive, prone to
deviant behavior and less oriented to academic success (Berkowitz &
Perkins, 1986). A relationship has been demonstrated between unintended
sexual activity and alcohol (Flanigan & Hitch, 1986). It is also likely that
alcohol is a frequent factor in acquaintance rape of college campuses
(Spitzhoff, 1986).
The possibility of alcohol being a gateway drug to other drugs has been
Please address correspondence to author at:

Student Health Service
204 Brackenridge Hall

University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, PA 15260
85
raised in the literature. While not all alcohol users progress to other drug
experimentation, heavier alcohol use has been associated with marijuana use
(Wechsler et al., 1980).
A longitudinal study by Johnston, O'Malley & Bachman (1991) of over

1 ,000 college students examined the annual prevalence rates for fourteen
types of drugs. In 1990 the prevalence rate for alcohol was 89% , marijuana
was almost 30% followed by cocaine at about 6% which represents steady
declines from earlier years for all substances. Probably the most significant
finding was that self-reported occasions of heavy drinking among college
students have remained highly prevalent throughout the past decade.
College students are often regarded as a high-risk population because

they often neglect their own health needs and frequently engage in high-risk
behavior. Many colleges have initiated health education or health promotion
programs in an effort to prevent the consequences that often result from
health-compromising behaviors. Another intent of these programs is to
promote student health and well-being during, and even long after, the
college years.
The purpose of this study was to conduct a needs assessment that could
identify the actual alcohol and other drug using patterns of college students
at an urban, four-year university. The results of the survey provide a base
for more effective planning of student health promotion programs.
Methods on Study Design
In the winter term of 1991 , the Student Health Service of a large, urban,
research university in the mid-Atlantic United States conducted a survey of
1,000 full-time students. The subjects were randomly selected from a
computer generated list of full-time students. Each student was mailed a
packet containing a cover letter explaining the purpose of the study and
instructions for responding to the questionnaire, a postage-paid envelope,
a postcard and the questionnaire.
In an attempt to increase the number of responses, a monetary incentive

was offered to all potential subjects. The students were instructed to return
the enclosed postcard, separately from the questionnaire, completed with
their name and address. The subjects were informed that each postcard
received would be entered into a drawing for $50. Entry into the drawing
was not contingent upon completing the questionnaire. However, it was
hoped that most of the subjects would feel motivated to complete the
questionnaire. We also mailed follow-up notices to each student two weeks
after the initial mailing.
86
Instructions on the questionnaire requested anonymous responses.
Packets were mailed to 700 undergraduates and 300 graduates. A 44%
return rate yielded a sample size of 440 students, representing 286
undergraduates and 153 graduate students. Demographic information about
the respondents is shown in Table 1 .
The Survey of Selected Health Practices of College Students (Haberman,

1988) was modified for use in this study. The original survey is a four-page
instrument containing 86 items with information addressing five content
areas: 1) demographic characteristics of the respondents; 2) nutritional
health; 3) emotional health and stress management; 4) alcohol and other
drug use; and 5) sexual health. As stated earlier, the purpose of this study
was to conduct a needs assessment that would identify the alcohol and other
drug practices of students at the University. Therefore, only those items
from the original instrument which pertained to alcohol and other drug use
were used for the present study. The resulting instrument contained 48
questions covering three areas: 1) demographic characteristics of the
respondents; 2) alcohol and other drug use patterns; and 3) personal beliefs
and attitudes regarding alcohol and other drug use.
Results
Data were analyzed according to the following demographic variables:

gender, class or academic level, membership in a fraternity or sorority and
place of residence (i.e., residence hall, fraternity or sorority house,
apartment or rented home). Dependent variables were the students' alcohol
and other drug practices and problems associated with alcohol and other
drugs. Differences based on demographic variables (particularly between
graduates and under-graduates) were in most cases insignificant. Only those
variables with significant differences or noteworthy results are reported.
The results of the survey generally coincided with national statistics

(Johnston, et al., 1991). Ninety percent of the respondents indicated that
they currently use alcohol or have done so in the past. Thirty-nine percent
of the respondents were regular users of alcohol (defined as using alcohol
one or more times per week). Nine percent reported alcohol use several
times per week, while less than one percent of the respondents reported
daily drinking of alcohol. Table 2 shows the responses to selected alcohol
and other drug use questions.
In reference to other drugs, the questionnaire measured the use of

marijuana, crack or freebase, cocaine, "speed" or other stimulants, downers
or depressants, Ecstasy (MDMA), and narcotics (e.g., fentanyls, percodan),
"ice" and diet pills. Forty percent of the respondents reported previous or
current use of marijuana, 11% cocaine and 11% "speed" or other
87
stimulants. Regular use of illicit drugs was found to be virtually nonexistent
(less than one percent). The majority of the respondents reported that they
had never tried an illicit drug.
Negative consequences of alcohol and other drug use were identified in

many of the cases. Eight percent (8%) of the 440 respondents believed that
their drinking was a problem, while 3% believed their use of other drugs
was a problem. Drinking or drug use had caused problems for 13% of the
respondents.
Twelve percent (12%) of the respondents reported mixing alcohol with

other drugs, and 35% had often drunk more than they had intended.
Approximately one-fifth (20%) in each case reported drinking alcohol in
order to get drunk or 22% reported having unintended sex after alcohol or
drug use. Over one-fifth (22%) also reported memory lapses or blackouts
attributed to alcohol and other drug use. Driving while under the influence
of alcohol or other drugs was reported by 42% of the students, while 29%
said they missed academic classes after a night of alcohol or other drug use.
Nine percent (9%) have physically hurt themselves or others while under
the influence of alcohol or other drugs.
Alcohol and other drug use was identified as problematic for friends and
relatives of the respondents. Thirty-five percent (35%) reported that a close
blood relative had an alcohol or other drug use problem while 2% identified
themselves as recovering alcoholics and/or addicts. Forty-nine percent
(49%) of the respondents reported that at least one friend had an alcohol or
other drug use problem. Greeks were more likely to report a friend with a
problem than independents (65% vs. 47%). See Table 3 for selected items
based on Greek affiliation. Seventeen percent (17%) of the students believed
that they drank more than their friends and that they handled their alcohol
well. Eight percent (8%) of the respondents had been "annoyed" by friends
criticizing their drinking or drug use habits or patterns. Furthermore, 9%
had friends that expressed concern about their alcohol and other drug use.
Female respondents were about equally experienced with alcohol and

other drugs as their male counterparts, a finding consistent with an earlier
study by Engs and Hanson (1985). However, males were twice as likely to
report problems than females. In this study, males were three times more
likely to report "blackouts." See Table 4 for selected items by gender.
All the students who resided in a fraternity reported previous experience

with alcohol compared to 90% and 83% of those who lived in residence
halls or at home, respectively. Students who lived off-campus were more
likely to report previous experience with other drugs. More than half use
88
or have used marijuana and about 13% have tried LSD. See Table 5 for
selected items based on residence.
Discussion
The results of this study are generally consistent with other recent
studies that have documented declining levels of alcohol and other drug use
among college students (Johnston, et. al., 1991). The declining trend which
this study identified appears to contradict popular perceptions of college
students and their use of alcohol and other drugs.
It appears from this study that many students may be moving in a

direction away from illicit drug use, as evidenced by a substantial number
of respondents indicating past, but no current use of illicit drugs. The
overall level of illicit drug use appeared quite low. Some students identified
themselves as recovering alcoholics and/or drug addicts. These findings may
suggest a growth of intolerance toward drug abuse among college students.
Furthermore, the number of respondents identifying past complaints and
worries about substance abuse from their friends may reflect growing peer
support on the university campus for a student desiring to be drug free.
Among students using substances, alcohol remains the primary drug of

choice. Many of those students who drink alcohol appear to place their
health and well-being at risk. With all the public education aimed at
preventing driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, it is
disconcerting that 42% of the respondents report engaging in this life-
threatening practice. The public health implications of this practice are
serious considering that automobile accidents, especially those accidents
where alcohol is a factor, continues to be the leading cause of death among
young adults (Fell & Nash, 1989).
A number of students who drink alcohol are already exhibiting
problematic drinking patterns. Behavioral indicators such as memory lapses
and blackouts, tolerance to alcohol, and social impairment (i.e., drinking
more than their friends and believing that they are handling it well, along
with their annoyance with people who criticize their alcohol and other drug
use) are criteria used in diagnosing alcohol dependency (Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 1987). It is clear that some of the
respondents drink excessively and in ways that are potentially self-
destructive. When 20% of the students drink to get drunk and 35% admit
they often drink more than they had intended, a number of threatening
consequences can follow. The ability to make sound decisions concerning
issues of using drugs and/or having sex can be impaired. In this time of
AIDS, designer drugs, and crack cocaine, poor decisions can have lethal
outcomes. The chances of students resisting pressure to engage in dangerous
89
and unhealthy behaviors is compromised when students are impaired by the
use of alcohol or other drugs (Flanigan and Hitch, 1986).
The discrepancy between the respondents who perceive that they

personally have an alcohol problem and the 49% who perceive a friend has
an alcohol or other drug problem is not surprising. Denial is a central
feature among problem drinkers. It is possible that friends could prove
invaluable in confronting destructive drinking and/or drug behaviors in
friends.
There are several limitations inherent in this study which include the
following:
1) Self-selection of respondents may have played a significant

role. It is possible that the more active drug users were
uncomfortable, uninterested, or unable to respond to the
questionnaire. Therefore, the study sample of respondents
may represent a healthier, more motivated segment of the
student population.
2) Whenever a study relies on self report, it is expected that

there will be inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the data.
There is a current prevailing mood in this country of little
tolerance or "zero tolerance." It must be considered that
respondents may be anxious enough to minimize their

reported usage.
3) It is possible that this university may attract a more

conservative student population which frowns upon alcohol
or other drug use. Or perhaps, the urban setting of this
university offers students more social alternatives to alcohol
or other drug use. A further study comparing usage rates
between colleges in urban versus rural settings would be
illuminating.
4) Some more broad societal trends may have influenced the

results of this study. It appears that alcohol and other drug
usage has been declining steadily throughout the United
States (Johnston, et. al., 1991). Perhaps this university
community has been a fortunate recipient of these general
societal changes.
5) An increased response rate and greater representation of the

student body would have enhanced the generalization of this
study. All of the results must be qualified on that basis.
90
Recommendations
From the results of this study, the following series of recommendations

and strategies for programming have been developed. Some of the following
recommendations have been adapted from the work of Lammers & Ness
(1990):
1) Although other drugs should not be neglected, survey results

indicate that the use of marijuana, cocaine, and other illicit
drugs is far less common, and hence less demanding of
attention, than alcohol. Therefore, alcohol should be the
primary focus of the university's efforts in education. Such
an emphasis will likely be legitimized by a student
population that will generally perceive alcohol as posing the
most problems on campus.
2) Target first-year students and other higher- risk students with

programs on alcohol abuse. Programming should include
development of other drug-related presentations available
from campus and community resources. Programs on
alcohol use and responsible decision-making regarding
alcohol issues should include and/or be conducted through
the fraternity and sorority organizations. Education programs
on legal liability need to continue to encourage responsible
decisions among peers.
3) Despite repeated media messages about the dangers of

driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs,
a considerable number of students continue to engage in the
practice. The university can take an active role in the
creation of programs aimed at curtailing this practice. While
popular in the last few years, designated driver programs
have at least one inherent drawback. Passengers are likely
to assume that it's safe for them to consume alcohol in
excess just as long as there is a non-drinking driver in the
group. Therefore, we must continue exploring other
approaches to this persistent problem.
4) Develop intervention strategies for alcohol-related infractions

on the college campus such as a Student Assistance
Program. A need for intervention is apparent by the
percentage of students who reported actual alcohol-related
problems. Students who are referred to the university
disciplinary system with alcohol-related offenses may be
required to participate in an alcohol/drug education program.
91
5) Information about the signs of problem drinking or other
drug use and how to approach a friend about these problems
are also indicated. Friends helping friends is an extremely
valuable concept to promote on the college campus. Peers
can be effective change agents and learn to avoid enabling
students with problems. Resident assistants are among those
who can benefit from specialized training in these areas.
6) Provide alcohol and other drug-free activities. Reinforce a

no-drinking choice for students who choose not to drink. An
unexpected finding of the study was the high percentage of
students reporting they either used alcohol infrequently (i.e.,
once or twice a year) or not at all. Many students are
choosing not to use alcohol, and therefore messages should
be designed to reinforce their no-drinking choice.
7) Continue to assess substance use by university students.

Administration of similar surveys, every several years,
should be planned to permit longitudinal evaluation of
changes in knowledge, consumption use, and consequences.
Although any observed differences cannot be attributed
unequivocally to the alcohol and drug education programs,
such surveys can serve as a measure of the extent to which
desired changes are occurring.
8) The connection between alcohol and sexuality cannot be

overlooked. Excessive alcohol or other drug use all too often
results in unintended pregnancies, unsafe sexual practices
and sexual assault. Of course on the other side of the coin
impaired sexual performance is a common result. Students
need this information to make responsible decisions.
Educational programs need to enlighten students of the
potential consequences.
9) Support groups are relatively easy to organize on the college

campus. Students who have family members with alcohol
and other drug problems may benefit from campus support
groups for adult children of alcoholics and/or addicts. Such
groups offer the opportunity to resolve painful childhood
memories related to living in an addicted family. With a
growing population of recovery students, campus-based
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA)
groups can serve a ready audience.
92
Colleges have an opportunity to have an impact on the drinking
problems occurring on their campuses. Educational programs, support
groups and public information campaigns are just several ways to maintain
a high visibility around these issues.
References
Barnes, G.M. & Welte, J.W. (1983). Predictors of alcohol use among
college students in New York state. Journal of American College
Health, 57:150-157.
Berko witz A. & Perkins, H.W. (1987). Recent research on gender

differences in collegiate alcohol use. Journal of American College
Health. 36: 123-129.
Berko witz A. & Perkins, H.W. (1986). Problem drinking among college
students: A review of recent research. Journal of American College
Health , 55:21-28.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (third edition -

revised) (1987). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association,
166-175.
Engs, R.C. & Hanson, C.E. (1985). The drinking patterns and problems of
college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education , 5i(l):65-83.
Fell, J.C. & Nash, C.E. (1989). The nature of the alcohol problem in the
U.S. fatal crashes. Health Education Quarterly , 16: 359-372.
Flanigan, B.J. & Hitch, M.A. (1986). Alcohol use, sexual intercourse and
contraception: An exploratory study. Journal of Alcohol and Drug
Education , J7(3):6-38.
Haberman, S.E. (1989). An instrument for assessing the health practices of

college students. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International , 50(4):881-A.
Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M. & Bachman, J.G. (1991). Drug Use
Among American High School Seniors , College Students and Young
Adults , 1975-1990 , Vol. II. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, 139-149.
Kinnick, B.C., Genova, N.S., Odgen, J.R. & Rodriguez, A.F. (1985).
Alcohol consumption: A comparison of 1978 and 1982 data at one
university. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education , 57(l):41-49.
Lammers, J.W. & Ness, M. E. (1990). Comments regarding alcohol

knowledge, drug use and drinking practices: Implications for
programming on a college campus. Health Education , 27(4):27-31.
93
Matuszewski, J. E. (1987). Toward the prediction of drinking problems
among college students: The relative contributions of cognitive,
behavioral, and environmental factors (Doctoral Dissertation, University
of Rhode Island, Providence, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts
International , 47(8):3532-B.
Saltz, R. & Elandt, D. (1986). College student drinking studies: 1976-1985.

Contemporary Drug Problems , 13(1): 117-159.
Spitzhoff, D. (1986). Women , Alcohol and the College Campus . (Report

No. CGO 19559). Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the
National Association for Women Deans, Administrators, and
Counselors, Denver, CO. (ERIC Document Reproductive Service No.
ED276942).
Wechsler, H., McFadden, M. & Rohman, M. (1980). Drinking and drug

use among college students in New England. Journal of American
College Health , 25:272-279.
Table 1
Distribution of subjects by gender, race, and
class standing compared to overall full-time
student population
Survey University
Respondents Students
N = 440 N = 18694
Characteristic % %
Sex
Male 43 54
Female 57 46
Class
Freshman 14 30
Sophomore 10 18
Junior 18 14
Senior 23 10
Graduate 35 28
Race
White 92 90
Black 4 7
Hispanic 1 *
Asian/Pacific Islander 3 3
Native American * *
•Less than 1 %
94
Table 2
Percentage of Responses to Selected Questions About
Alcohol and Other Drug Use (Sample Size = 440)
Item Frequency Percentage (%)
I am a recovering alcoholic/addict
6 2
Alcohol usage
Never 45 10
Past use but not presently 9 2
Once or twice per year 52 12
Once or twice per month 161 37
Once or twice per week 132 30
Several times per week 38 9
Daily 3 *
Marijuana usag
Never 262 60
Several times per week 6 1
Daily 1 *
Lysergic Acid
usage
Never 405 93
Once or twice per week 1 *
Several Times per week 2 *
Daily 0 0
"Speed" or othe
Never 388 88
Several times per week 1 *
Daily 0 0
♦Less than 1 %
95
Table 2 (continued)
Cocaine usage
Never 389 89
Several times per week 1 +
Daily 0 0
Crack or freeba
Never 436 99
Narcotics (heroin, opium, codeine)

usage
Never 418 96
Once or twice per month 1 *
Downers or depressants usage

Never 416 95
Once or twice per month 1 *
Ecstasy (MDMA) usage

Never 429 98

Once or twice per year 2 *
Diet Pill usage

Never 395 91
At least one friend of mine has a

drinking/drug problem 216 49
A close blood relative of mine has a

drinking/drug problem 154 35
♦Less than 1 %
96
Table 2 (continued)
I often drink more than intended 127 35
I have had memory lapses or forgotten

things I did when under the influence of
alcohol or other drugs 80 22
I have driven while under the influence

of alcohol or other drugs 152 42
I drink to get wasted or drunk 70 20
1 have had unintended sex after alcohol

or other drug use 76 22
1 have missed academic classes after a
night of alcohol or other drug use 104 29
I drink more than friends and handle it

well 61 17
*Less than 1 %
97
Table 3
Percentage of Responses to Selected Questions Based
on Greek Affiliation
Greek Indep.
Item
At least one friend has a

drinking/drug problem
True 35 65 179 47
False 19 35 202 53
I often have drunk more

than intended
True 23 43 102 34
False 30 57 200 66
I have had memory lap

or blackouts
True 14 27 63 21
False 38 73 238 79
I have used alcohol/dru

and engaged in uninten
sexual activity
True 14 28 61 20
False 36 72 231 80
Alcohol usage
Never 2 4 43 11
Over 1 year ago 0 0 9 2
1 or 2 X per year 1 2 51 13
1 or 2 X per month 18 33 143 37
1 or 2 X per week 23 42 106 28
Several per week 9 17 29 8
Daily
98
Table 4
Percentage of Responses to Selected Questions Based
on Gender
Male Female
Item
# % a %
Alcohol usage?
Never 23 12 22 9
Past use 164 88 230 91
Marijuana usage?
Never 107 58 154 61
Past use 79 42 98 39
Cocaine usage?
Never 160 86 228 90
Past use 26 14 24 10
Speed or other stimulant

usage?
Never 167 89 220 87
Past use 20 11 32 13
Diet pill usage?

Never 178 96 216 86
Past use 8 4 36 14
Blood relative with AOD
problem
True 53 29 100 40
False 131 71 149 60
Drinking/drug use caused

problems
True 27 18 19 9
False 120 82 191 91
Memory lapses
True 40 27 40 9
False 106 73 169 91
Driven under the influence

True 79 54 73 35
False 68 46 137 65
99
Table 5
Percentage of Res pon «es to Selected Questions Based

on Place of Residence
Never Past Use

Item
0 % § %
LSD
At home 117 97 3 3
Dorm 74 96 3 4
Fraternity 6 100 0 0
Rent alone 55 89 7 11
Rent with others 94 85 16 15
With spouse and/or children 48 92 4 8

Other 10 100 0 0
Alcohol
At home 21 17 99 83
Dorm 10 13 69 87

Other 1 10 9 90
Marijuana
At home 88 74 31 26
Dorm 51 66 26 34

Other 5 50 5 50
Cocaine
At home 115 96 5 4
Dorm 75 97 2 3

Other 9 90 1 10
Speed/Stimulants
At home 113 94 7 6
Dorm 73 95 4 5
Other 8 80 2 20
100

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Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education (JADE)

Introduction and Problem Statement

Please address correspondence to author at:

204 Brackenridge Hall

A longitudinal study by Johnston, O'Malley & Bachman (1991) of over

College students are often regarded as a high-risk population because

Methods on Study Design

In an attempt to increase the number of responses, a monetary incentive

The Survey of Selected Health Practices of College Students (Haberman,

Data were analyzed according to the following demographic variables:

The results of the survey generally coincided with national statistics

In reference to other drugs, the questionnaire measured the use of

Negative consequences of alcohol and other drug use were identified in

Twelve percent (12%) of the respondents reported mixing alcohol with

Female respondents were about equally experienced with alcohol and

All the students who resided in a fraternity reported previous experience

It appears from this study that many students may be moving in a

Among students using substances, alcohol remains the primary drug of

The discrepancy between the respondents who perceive that they

1) Self-selection of respondents may have played a significant

2) Whenever a study relies on self report, it is expected that

respondents may be anxious enough to minimize their

3) It is possible that this university may attract a more

4) Some more broad societal trends may have influenced the

5) An increased response rate and greater representation of the

From the results of this study, the following series of recommendations

1) Although other drugs should not be neglected, survey results

2) Target first-year students and other higher- risk students with

3) Despite repeated media messages about the dangers of

4) Develop intervention strategies for alcohol-related infractions

6) Provide alcohol and other drug-free activities. Reinforce a

7) Continue to assess substance use by university students.

8) The connection between alcohol and sexuality cannot be

9) Support groups are relatively easy to organize on the college

Berko witz A. & Perkins, H.W. (1987). Recent research on gender

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (third edition -

Haberman, S.E. (1989). An instrument for assessing the health practices of

Lammers, J.W. & Ness, M. E. (1990). Comments regarding alcohol

Saltz, R. & Elandt, D. (1986). College student drinking studies: 1976-1985.

Spitzhoff, D. (1986). Women , Alcohol and the College Campus . (Report

Wechsler, H., McFadden, M. & Rohman, M. (1980). Drinking and drug

Item Frequency Percentage (%)

Item Frequency Percentage (%)

Narcotics (heroin, opium, codeine)

Downers or depressants usage

Ecstasy (MDMA) usage

Past use but not presently 8 2

Diet Pill usage

At least one friend of mine has a

A close blood relative of mine has a

Item Frequency Percentage (%)

I often drink more than intended 127 35

I have had memory lapses or forgotten

I have driven while under the influence

I drink to get wasted or drunk 70 20

1 have had unintended sex after alcohol

1 have missed academic classes after a

night of alcohol or other drug use 104 29

I drink more than friends and handle it

At least one friend has a

I often have drunk more

I have had memory lap

I have used alcohol/dru