IPA18-200-SE
PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION
Forty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2018
UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO ASH TO ENHANCE CEMENT STRENGTH IN WELL
CEMENTING OPERATIONS
Jevi Deziyan Putra*
Novrianti, ST., MT*
ABSTRACT
An excellent cementing process may reduce potential
damage to the wellbore that could occur from lack of
cement strength to withstand formation pressure or
pressure from the fluid in the circulating system. The
Shear Bond Strength (SBS) and Compressive
Strength (CS) values are two parameters which can
describe the strength of the cement in the wellbore.
Numerous chemical additives have been used to
effectively improvecement strength, however, due to
economical reasons and environmental issues, this
utilization of chemical additive should be limited.
Through this study, authorstry to propose an
alternative additive which is relatively economical
and environmentally friendly.
This experimental study uses raw material
originating from the bamboo. The bamboo is known
to contain silica, which has been tested to enhance
the strength of cement. To investigate the effect of
the silica content in bamboo, bamboo ash samples
with different concentrations are prepared and
biaxial loading test is used to obtain high
performance for CS and SBS.
The experimental results show that the highest CS
and SBS valueare achieved for a cement sample with
silica concentrations of 15% BWOC. The values
obtained were 4900.91 psi for compressive strength
and 1152.29 psi for shear bond strength
Keywords: Compressive Strength, Shear bond
Strength, Silica, drilling cement, bamboo.
INTRODUCTION
Cement is an important element in the drilling
process. A good cementing process can
reducepotential damage to the wellbore that could
occur from lack of cement strength to withstand
formation pressure or pressure from fluid in the
circulating system. Cement strength can be improved
by the addition of mineral materialswithproperties
* Islamic University of Riau
like pozzolan. Based on ASTM 618-08a pozzolan is
a natural or artificial material containing silica in a
reactive form. In moisture conditionsand finely form
materials causedpozzolan chemically react with
calcium hydroxide (produced by the hydrating
portland cement), itcan increase strength of cement
(Neville, 2011).
One of the natural materials containing silica is
bamboo. Bamboo is a Monokotilplantand belongs to
the Poaceae family of grasses. There are 1,250
species of bamboo, of which 159 species are found
in Indonesia and 88 of them are endemic to
Indonesia. The use of Bamboo is studied here
because bamboo is an environmentally friendly
organic material and has not been utilized optimally
by the community, either cultivated or growing wild
(Mayasari&Suryawan, 2012). In this research the
bamboo used is BambusaVulgarisSchard.
This research was conducted to determine the effect
of silica contained in bamboo to the strength of
cement. To simulate drilling conditions research was
performed at temperatures of 600C and pressure of
14.7 psi. Additionally, this study also determines the
concentration of bamboo that produces optimum
compressive strength and shear bond strength.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bamboo
Bamboo is one of the native plants scattered
throughout Indonesia, both in the lowlands and in the
highlands, on agricultural land or in forest land.
Bamboo has long been known to the people of
Indonesia mainly because of its many uses and
benefits (Noverita, 2009). Bamboo is able to grow at
a fast rate (15-18 cm per day) and reach maximum
height within 4-6 months (Husnil, 2009). Bamboo in
Indonesia in its natural habitat grows in groups
because of its proliferation through buds. Bamboo is
a plant that is able to use available space to grow
optimally. The productivity of bamboo biomass per
unit area is higher than most other crops, so many
countries are choosing bamboo as a new renewable
energy source (Mayasari&Suryawan, 2012).
Bamboo has high silica content. The chemical
composition of bamboo ash is given inTable 1.
Compressive Strength and Shear Bond Strength
Strength of cement is divided into two components,
namely compressive strength and shear bond
strength. Compressive strength is defined as the
strength of cement in resisting pressures derived
from the formation as well as from the casing, while
shear bond strength is defined as the strength of the
cement in holding the weight of the casing. Thus
compressive strength retains the pressure in the
horizontal direction and the shear bond strength of
the cement retains the pressure from the vertical
direction (Rubiandini, 2010).
The equation used to calculate compressive strength
is:
CS = K x P (A1/A2)
CS = Compressive Strength (psi)
K = Coefficient Factor
P = Maximum Loading (psi)
A1= Bearing Block Area (in2)
A2 = Sample Area (in2 )
The equation used to calculate shear bond strength is:
SBS = K x P x ( )
SBS = Shear Bond Strength (psi)
P = Maximum Loading (psi)
A1= Bearing Block Area (in2) d = Sample Diameter
(in)h = Sample High (in)
RESEARCH METHOD
This research was conductedin the laboratory of
Petroleum Engineering Department of the Islamic
University of Riau. Data collection techniques used
was from primary data obtained from laboratory
experiments supported by literature (handbook of
petroleum engineering, published papers) and
discussions with lecturers.
Materials
Materials used are shown in Table 2. In the mixingof
drilling cement suspension there are some additive
materials used. Their functions are outlined below:
Portland cement
The cement commonly used in the petroleum
industry is Portland cement, originally developed by
JosephAspdin in 1824 in Leeds, England. It is called
Portland because of its resemblance to Portland
Stone when hardened.Portland cement includes
hydraulic cement in the sense that it will harden
when it meets or mixes with water (Rubiandini,
2010)
Water
Water is added to get the desired density of cement.
Water is useful so that the cement suspension can
easily flow and be pumped.
Polypropylene glycol (PPG)
PPG is useful to prevent foam when mixing
cement.It can prevent pores in the cement that can
decrease the strength of cement.
Bentonite
Bentonite is a filler or extender agent to keep liquid
content in cement suspension.
CaCl2
Calcium Chloride is useful for accelerating
thickening time and increasing compressive strength.
Bamboo ash
Silica contained in bamboo ash is a pozzolan that can
increase the strength of drilling cement.
Experiment Detail
The initial process of this research is the preparation
of tools and materials followed by the testing of basic
slurry cement according to API standards. The effect
of adding bamboo ash to compressive and shear bond
strength to the cement is then evaluated. The
finalprocess is to make an analysis of the tests
overall.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results of research can be seen in the Tables3 and
4 wherefrom testing conducted results can be
analyzed for compressive strength and shear bond
strength.
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength value of the basic cement
is 681.21 psi. To increase the compressive strength
of the cement,increasing concentrations of bamboo
ash were added and tested.
Firstly,bamboo ash with a concentration of 2.5% was
addedand tested. This concentration was able to
increase the compressive strength of cement by
417.59 psito 1098.80 psi.
Secondly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 5%
was added and tested. This concentration
yieldedcompressive strength of 1297.60 psian
increase of 616.39 psi compared to basic cement.
Thirdly,bamboo ash with a concentration of 7.5%
was added and tested. This concentrationyielded
compressive strength of 1558.33 psian increase of
877.12 psi compared tobasic cement.
Fourthly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 10%
was added and tested. This
concentrationyieldedcompressive strength of
1823.71 psian increase of 1142.5 psi compared to
basic cement.
Fifthly,bamboo ash with a concentration of 12.5%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
compressive strength of 4070.35 psianincrease of
3389.14 psi compared to basic cement.
Sixthly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 15%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
compressive strength of 4900.91 psian increase of
4219.7 psi compared to basic cement.
Finally, bamboo ash with a concentration of 17.5%
was added and tested.This concentration yielded
compressive strength of 2421.58 psian increase of
1740.37psi compared to basic cement but a decrease
from the compressive strength attained with 15%
concentration.
From the testing,compressive strength increased
with increasing concentrations of bamboo ash up to
a maximum compressive strength reached at 15%
concentration. Higher concentrations of bamboo ash
resulted in decreasing compressive strength.
Compressive strength increases because bamboo ash
has pozzolanik properties.
The addition of 15% concentration of bamboo ash is
the optimum point to increase compressive strength
of drilling cement. In higher concentrations the large
amount of silica content compared to the amount of
lime compound (Ca(OH)2) in the cement decreases
binding strength causing a weakening of the
compressive strength (Hermansyah, 2016). The
effect of adding bamboo ash concentrations to the
compressive strength of cement is shown in Figure 1.
Shear Bond Strength
The value of shear bond strength of basic cement is
407.68 psi. To increase the shear bond strength of the
cement, increasing concentrations of bamboo ash
were added and tested.
Firstly,bamboo ash with concentration of 2.5% was
added and tested. This concentration was able to
increase the shear bond strength of cement by 14.21
psi to 421.89 psi.
Secondly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 5%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 436.24 psi an increase of
28.56 psi compared to basic cement.
Thirdly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 7.5%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 480.75 psi an increase of
73.07 psi compared to basic cement.
Fourthly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 10%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 500.11 psi an increase of
92.43 psi compared to basic cement.
Fifthly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 12.5%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 574.41 psi an increase of
166.73 psi compared to basic cement.
Sixthly, bamboo ash with a concentration of 15%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 1,152.29 psi an increase of
744.61 psi compared to basic cement.
Finally, bamboo ash with a concentration of 17.5%
was added and tested. This concentration yielded
shear bond strength of 771.59 psi an increase of
363.91 psi compared to basic cement but a decrease
from the shear bond strength attained with 15%
concentration.
From the testing, shear bond strength increased with
increasing concentrations of bamboo ash up to a
maximum shear bond strength reached at 15%
concentration. Higher concentrations of bamboo ash
resulted in decreasing shear bond strength.
Shear Bond Strength increasesbecause bamboo ash
has pozzolanik properties.
The addition of 15% concentration of bamboo ash is
the optimum point to increase shear bond strength of
drilling cement. In higher concentrations the large
amount of silica content compared to the amount of
lime compound (Ca(OH)2) in the cement decreases
binding strength causing a weakening of the shear
bondstrength (Hermansyah, 2016). The effect of
adding bamboo ash concentrations to the shear bond
strength of cement is shown in Figure 2.
CONCLUSION
Compressive and shear bond strength increases in
each suspension of cement with added bamboo ash
concentrations between 2.5% to 15%. This proves
that bamboo ash can increase the strength of drilling
cement. At 17.5% concentration there was a decrease
in the strength of the drilling cement which
provesthat too much silica in cement can cause less
strength. The optimum composition of various
concentrations of bamboo ash in drilling cement
is15% with a compressive strength value of 4900.91
psi and shear bond strength of 1152.29 psi.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like say thank you to the Petroleum
Engineering Department of Islamic University of
Riau who supported us to perform this research.
REFERENCES
Amu danAdetuberu. 2010. Characteristics of
Bamboo Leaf Ash Stabilization on Lateritic Soil in
Highway Construction. Olugbenga O. Amu et al.
/International Journal of Engineering and
Technology Vol.2(4), 2010, 212-219.
Hermansyah. 2016. Studi Laboratorium
Pemanfaatan Abu Ampas Tebu untuk Peningkatan
Strength pada Semen Pemboran. Pekanbaru:
Universitas Islam Riau.
Mayasari, Anita danAdySuryawan. 2012.
Keragaman Jenis Bambu dan Pemanfaatannya di
Taman Naional Alas Purwo. Manado: Balai
Penelitian Kehutanan Manado.
Neville, A.H. 2011. Properties of Concrete 5th
Edition. London: 90 Tottenham Court Road.
Noverita. 2009. Tingkat Degradasi Bambu Kuning
(Bambusa vulgaris schardvar. vitata) Dan Bambu
Hijau (Bambusa vulgaris schard var.vulgaris) Oleh
Jamur. Jakarta: Universitas Nasional.
Rubiandini, Rudi. 2010. TeoriUmum Semen Dan
Penyemenan. Bandung: InstitutTeknologi
Bandung
Husnil, Y. A. 2009. Perlakuan gelombang mikro
dan hidrolisis enzimatik pada bambu untuk
pembuatan bioetanol. Fakultas Teknik UI.
Departemen Teknik Kimia. Jakarta.Website:
http://eprints.lib.ui.ac.id/3718/1/122682-
T%2025899- Perlakuan%20gelombang-
Pendahuluan.pdf.
 TABLE 1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BAMBOO ASH

Chemical Composition (%)

SiO2 75,90
Al2O3 4,13
Fe2O3 1,22
CaO 7,47
MgO 1,85
K2O 5,62
Na2O 0,21
TiO2 0,20
SO3 1,06
IR -
LOI -
Source: Amu and Adetuberu (2010)

TABLE 2

MATERIAL OF CEMENT DRILLING SUSPENSION

Basic Materials SG
Portland Cement 3.175
water 0.99
Bentonite 2.65
Bamboo Ash 0.7
CaCl2 1.851
Polypropylene Glycol 1.02
 TABLE 3

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

Composition Average Compressive Strength (psi)

Basic Cement (BC) 681.21
BC + 2.5% Bamboo Ash 1098.80
BC + 5% Bamboo Ash 1297.60
BC + 7.5% Bamboo Ash 1558.33
BC + 10% Bamboo Ash 1823.71
BC + 12.5% Bamboo Ash 4070.35
BC + 15% Bamboo Ash 4900.91
BC + 17.5% Bamboo Ash 2421.58

TABLE 4

SHEAR BOND STRENGTH

Composition Shear Bond Strength (psi)

Basic Cement (BC) 407.68
BC + 2.5% Bamboo Ash 421.89
BC + 5% Bamboo Ash 436.24
BC + 7.5% Bamboo Ash 480.75
BC + 10% Bamboo Ash 500.11
BC + 12.5% Bamboo Ash 574.41
BC + 15% Bamboo Ash 1152.29
BC + 17.5% Bamboo Ash 771.59
 Addition Concentration VS Compressive Strength 
(psi)
6000
4900.91
Strength Cement (psi)

5000 4070.35
4000
3000 2421.58
1823.71
1558.33
2000 1297.60
1098.80
681.21
1000
0
Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic
Cement Cement + Cement + Cement + Cement + Cement+ Cement + Cement+
2.5% 5% Bamboo 7.5% 10% 12.5% 15% 17.5%
Bamboo Ash Ash Bamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo Ash
Addition Concentration (%)

Figure 1 -Compressive Strength Value based on Silica Contents Variant

Addition Concentration VS Shear Bond Strength 
(psi)
1400 1152.29
Strength Cement (psi)

1200
1000 771.59
800 500.11 574.41
407.68 421.89 436.24 480.75
600
400
200
0
Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic Basic
Cement Cement + Cement + Cement + Cement + Cement+ Cement + Cement+
2.5% 5% Bamboo 7.5% 10% 12.5% 15% 17.5%
Bamboo Ash Ash Bamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo AshBamboo Ash
Addition Concentration (%)

Figure 2- Shear Bond StrengthValue based on Silica Contents Variant