1.

It is defined as any act of person which is observable, any observable responses of a

person to his environment.
a) Behavior
b) Human behavior (It is the sum total of reaction to his/her environment or the way
human beings’ acts. Any involved self-initiated action or reaction to a given
situation, it is also a voluntary and an involuntary of a person’s adapt and fit the
society’s values and ideas. Human beings are social intelligent animals that has
the mental capacity to comprehend, impair and think in a rational ways) (If a
person behaves in a different way in the society there will be an abnormalities)
c) Criminal behavior (Is an abnormal behavior, when there is a commission of the
crime)
d) Psychology (Human behavior is a matter subject of Psychology, it is also a study
of behavior and mental processes, used to investigate all kinds of behavior and
mental processes, like human Development, Cognitive processes, social
behavior) *Human behavior was also shaped by psychological traits.
e) Stimulus (cause of reaction and response, the reason why we react)
f) Criminal psychology (Sub field of general psychology which is confined in the
studying of criminal behavior or criminal conduct and activities in the attempt to
discover the recurrent patterns to formulate rules about his behavior) (Studying
the wills, thoughts, intentions, and reactions of the criminal) (Also linked to the
Criminal Anthropology) (This field also studying how, why and what are the
factors of the criminal to commit the crime)

2. This is a view in human behavior that is concerned with the way the brain processes
and transforms information into various ways.
a) Neurological view (It deals with human action; it includes the neurons which is
the basic building block of the nervous system. Neurons was also responsible for
communicating information throughout the body in both chemical and electrical
forms. Motor neurons, sensory neurons, inter-neurons. Sensory neurons are
responsible for rein formation from the sensory receptor cells throughout the
brain which they carry information from the sensory throughout the body to the
brain. Motor neuron is responsible for transmitting message to the brain and from
the muscles to the body. Inter-neurons are responsible for communicating
different neurons in the body)
b) Behavioral view (External functions of the human being that can be observed and
measured)
c) Cognitive view (Approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior
by understanding your thought processes, thoughts are the primary determinants
of emotions)
 d) Psychoanalytical view (Emphasizes the unconscious motives from aggressive
impulses in childhood) (History of the person, their past can be determinant in
today’s behavior) (Repression which is a memory that possibly cannot be
recovered because of experienced trauma) (Determinants of origin of one’s
abnormality)
e) Humanistic view (Focuses on the motivations and positive experience of an
individual towards self-actualization) (Looking at the person’s uniqueness in each
individual) (Begins with the existential assumptions that people have free will and
they are motivated to reach their potential and self-actualize) (Personal agency is
a humanistic term for the exercise of free will, personal choices we make in life
and the other paths and thinking about the consequences)

3. it refers to any behavioral reaction’s reflexes exhibited by people because of their

inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection.
a) Inherited (Inborn) behavior (Passing of traits to an offspring from its parent or
from the ancestors) (A & B are the basic types of behavior)
b) Learned (Operant) behavior (It involves knowing and adaptation, which enhances
human beings’ ability to cope which changes in the environment to increase the
chances of survival) (maybe acquired in the environment or even trained/learned)
c) Sensation (The causes of Human Behavior) (This is the five senses, feeling of
impression by a given stimulus or caused lives to a particular reaction or
behavior)
d) Perception (Refers to a person knowledge to a given stimulus which largely to
help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation, what are
the responsible actions to the particular stimulus)
e) Awareness (Psychological activity based on interpretation on past experiences
with the given stimulus or objects)
Classifications of Human Behavior
1. Habitual (Curtailment) - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in
language and emotion. (Usually entails unconscious decisions/routines, repeated
frequently)
2. Instinctive - are generally unlearned and simply comes out of man's instinct
which can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors. (Occurs natural
and automatically, I do not need to be learned to be displayed, are inherently to
engage spontaneously to a particular pattern of behavior) (Pag naging
hungry/nagutom kakain ka)
3. Symbolic - are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words
and shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex - are those behaviors that combine two or more of the classified ones.

4. It is something deviating from the normal or differing from the typical, is a subjectively
defined behavioral characteristic, assigned to those with rare or dysfunctional
conditions.
a) Deviation from Statistical Norm (Bases of Abnormality in individual) (Based on
height, weight and intelligence) (A person who is extremely intelligent is
considered as an Abnormal) (Most of the people falls into medium range of
intelligence) (IQ and EQ was belong to A, level of anxiety was measured)
b) Deviation from Social Norm (Every culture has certain standards for acceptable
behavior, behavior that deviates from the standard will considered as abnormal,
violation of law, deviates the culture and norms)
c) Maladaptive Behavior (How the behavior affects the will being of an individual or
social)
d) Personal Distress (People who suffer mental illness, insomnia, depression,
extreme anxieties)
e) Abnormal behavior (Socially unacceptable, the attitude is inappropriate not
natural to fit into the social value or norms) (Personal distressful over a period of
time)
The Intellectual Quotient

IQ Category Equivalent Capacity

1 to 25 Idiot A child from 1 to 3 years old
26 to 50 Imbecile A child from 3 to 6 years old
51 to 75 Moron A child from 6 to 8 years old
76 to 90 Dull minded A child from 9 to 11 years old
91 to 120 Normal (Average) A child from 11 to 14 years old
121 to 130 Superior Above average capacity
 131 to 140 Talented Highly development
140 above Genuis Very high development

LEVEL OF MENTAL RETARDATION

IQ Categorization Capability
Able to care their selves; finish education; hold
50 to 70 Mild semi-skilled jobs; can be married and serve as
adequate parents
Maybe trained to care their selves; reach primary
level of education, hold menial jobs often
35 to 49 Moderate
sheltered workshops; difficulty in maintaining
social relationships; rarely marry
Many learn sedimentary language and work skills,
20 to 34 Severe
unable to care for themselves
Spend their lives in institution that provides
20 & Below Profound
custodial care, not capable of true interaction

What is mental retardation base on IQ?

Mental Retardation is a condition of limited ability in which an individual has a
low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to
everyday life; he/she first exhibited these characteristics during the so-called
developmental period- by age 18 (Santrock, 2000).

The two aspects of Maladaptive Behavior are:

a) Maladaptive to One's self - It refers to the inability of a person to reach goals or
to adapt the demands of life. (Paranoid individuals, any person who tries the
assassinate political leaders. People who experience frustration results to
suicidal thoughts) (Flight is other term to suicide)
b) Maladaptive to Society - it refers to a person's obstruction or disruption to social
group functioning. (Any person who give harm or danger to the society, Terrorist)
5. It is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between
incompatible or contradictory alternatives.
a) Conflict (Negative emotional state, a state where 2 or more motives cannot be
easily satisfied cause of interference)
b) Psychological Conflict (Types of Conflict) (Internal conflict, could be going inside
the person and no one would know, Id, Ego, Superego)
c) Social Conflict (Individual opposing a group, me against them, and them against
me concept election scenario)
d) Approach-Avoidance (Approach Approach Conflict (ApApC), Avoidance
Avoidance Conflict (AvAvC), and Multiple Avoidance Conflict)

(Approach-Approach Conflict - the two individual must choose two positive goals
of approximately equal value, two good choices but you must choose only one)

(AvAvC - It involves more obvious of stress negative goal, an individual must

choose two negative outcomes)

(Approach Avoidance Conflict - when there’s an attractive and unattractive part to

both sides, arises when obtaining a positive goal necessitates negative outcomes
as well, Ex. Maganda si Anna pero hindi siya masipag mag-aral, Cheating in
examination)

(Multiple Avoidance Conflict - conflicts that has complex combination of

Approach and Avoidance Conflicts, it requires to individual to choose the
alternative contain both positive and negative consequences,

Kinds of Approach-Avoidance
a) Approach-Approach Conflict - In Approach Approach conflict, the individual
must choose between two positive goals of approximately equal value.
b) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict - Avoidance Avoidance conflict involves more
obvious sources of stress.
c) Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Approach Avoidance conflict exists when there
is an attractive and unattractive part to both sides.
d) Multiple-Approach-Avoidance Conflict - refers to conflict with complex
combinations of approach and avoidance conflicts.
6.This is a major depressive episode that occurs after having a baby.
a. Psychotic Depression
b. Postpartum Depression
c. Major Depressive Disorder
d. Bipolar Disorder
e. Stress

(According to Psychology, Depression runs into the families too.)

Psychotic Depression - severe depressive illness is accompanied by some of
psychosis (Extreme type of depression) it may experience some hallucinations
and delusions, lost into the reality believing that they are in the fantasy world)
Postpartum Depression - a major depressive episode within one (1) month
after giving birth, in their statistics 10-15% of women experience Postpartum
depression. (Postpartum Psychosis - changes of behavior after giving a birth
which she experiences hearing things, a danger to herself and to her baby)
Major Depressive Disorder - also called Major depression, characterized as a
combination of symptoms that interferes the persons ability to work, sleep, study,
eating, and enjoy pleasurable activities. Disables the person which stops the
person to function normally. May occur once in a lifetime, but more often, it may
also occur in person’s lifetime.
Bipolar Disorder - Manic depressive Illness, it is a common of depression,
characterized by mood changes from extreme high to extreme lows.
Stress - refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism human or animal
to respond appropriately emotional to the physical trends, whether actual or
imagine. Stressor - things that give some stress negative to positive.

Two Types of Stress

1. Eustress (Positive) - is a word consisting of two parts. The fix derives from the
Greek Eu meaning either "well" or "good". Healthy stress. Exploring the potential
gain, challenging work.
2. Distress (Negative) - is known as the negative stress. Persistent stress that is
result to coping and adaptation. It may lead to anxiety, withdrawal behavior and
even depression.
17. It refers to the situation which blocks the individual's motivated behavior. Sustained
frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.
a. Frustration (Cause of prevention of reaching a goal, unpleasant state of tension
and high sympathetic activity resulting to a block goal it is associated with
motivation, frustration can be also external - external stress Ex. Hindi na tanggap
sa trabaho and personal - caused by an individual by inner characteristics)
b. Aggression (It refers to any response made with the intent of harm of persons or
objects the intentional infliction maybe physical or psychological harm)
c. Displaced Aggression (Refers to a redirecting of aggression to a target other than
one’s source of frustration. Ex. Sinigawan ka ng boss mo imbis na sigawan mo
din ang boss mo nialabas mo sa bahay ang iyong galit)
d. Scapegoating (An act of blaming a person or group of people for conditions)
e. coping mechanism (Are the sum total of --- in which people deal with minor to
major stress, some of the processes maybe unconscious, a way for a person to
deal with his/her trauma and stress)
f. defense mechanism (Individual’s way on reacting to frustration this is also
unconscious psychological strategy brought into play by various entities to cope
with reality and self-image)

Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate modes of
response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic, or
becoming aggressive. (Not showing the inner frustration)
Broad Reactions to Frustration
Fight - is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means
of breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals. (A person did
create a plan to solve his/her problems)
Flight - it can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.
(A person did not make a plan to solve his/her problems)
8. A volleyball team captain keeps the game on even if it is a 25-20 and there losing at
the fourth set of game. The situation is referring to:
a. Acting out (Kinds of coping mechanisms, includes C) (This means literally acting
out the desires that are forbidden by Superego and yet desired by the Id that
creates imbalance, kahit alam na mali, gagawin parin niya dahil nandun ang
kaniyang satisfaction. Ex. Online sabong)
b. Dissociation (Involves the separating of thoughts and activities from the main
area of conscious mind. Ex. A Religious person but he/she is cruel to children)
c. Avoidance (Simply by avoiding the place in comfortable situation and somethings
and activities. Ex. Paghindi mo gusto yung tao, iiwas ka)
d. Denial (Simply refusing to acknowledge the reality, simply acts that nothing
happens)
e. Sublimation (It is the transformation of unwanted impulses, into something less
harmful. Ex. Pagmay problems ka or malungkot niyayaya mo ang mga iyong
kaibigan para mawala ang iyong lungkot)
f. Displacement (Shifting of desired actions to a target, to substitute the target. Ex.
Boss scene)

Coping mechanisms:
1. Aim Inhibition- sometimes we have desires and that we believe or realize that we are
unable to achieve
2. Altruism - avoid your own pains by concentrating pains of others.
3. Attack
4. Compartmentalization- it is a 'divide and ----- process for separating thoughts that will
conflict with another.
5. Compensation - Where a person has a weakness in one area, they may compensate
by accentuating or building up strengths in another area.
6. Conversion - occurs where cognitive tensions manifest themselves in physical
symptoms.
7. Emotionality
8. Fantasy or Day Dreaming- also provides temporary from the general stresses of
everyday living.
9. Help-rejecting Complaining - a person becomes up otherwise elicits supporting
actions from other people.
10. Idealization - it is the over-estimation of the desire qualities and underestimation of
the limitations of a des
11. Identification - it occurs when a person changes apparent facets of his/her
personality such that he/she appears to be more like other people.
12. Intellectualization - refers to a 'flight into reason', where the person avoids
uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic.
13. Introjection
14. Projection
15. Reaction Formation
16. Rationalization
17. Regression
18. Repression (Repressing his/her memory which is unable to remember which was
caused by trauma psychologically resulting to creation of Phobias)
19. Self-harming
20. Suppression (Where the person consciously and deliberately pushes down any
feelings of anxiety, Ex. Moving on)
21. Substitution
22. Symbolization
23. Undoing

9. This refers to a significant loss of reality.

a. Schizophrenia (Withdrawal from reality, psychotic condition)
b. Psychosis
c. Neurosis (Class of functional neuro disorder, involving distress but neither
delusion and hallucination, showing endless of anxiety, fear, and endless
troubles)
d. Anxiety reactions
e. Paranoia
10. This is a disorder where in the individual cannot remember his/her name and
remembers little or nothing in the past in varying levels of intensity.
a. Amnesia
b. Anterograde
c. Retrograde
d. Localized

11. This is an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which an individual feels
carry out although it is recognized as irritation.
a. Suicidal mania
b. Homicidal mania
c. Dipsomania
d. Megalomania
e. Compulsion

12. Are classified as people with little or no conscience, sociopaths do have a limited
and ability to feel empathy and remorse.
a. Sociopath
b. Psychopath
c. Nymphomaniac
d. Sadist
e. Masochist

Sexual deviancy
Sexuality - The behavior associated with the relation between sexes and their
respective reproductive organs.
Normal Sexuality - Sexual completion that to a mature and well-adjusted individual.

A theory that contends that victims give the criminal events that harm them, either the
victim facilitation or even through victim’s provocation
a. Victim precipitation theory
b. Active precipitation
c. Passive precipitation
d. Lifestyle exposure theory
e. Deviant place theory