And Trapezus, called Tarabofan by the Inhabitants and Turks, and Trebisonda by the Italians, on the

Foot of a Hill, and the Coasts of the Euxine, or Black Sea, with a capacious Harbour.

It was heretofore the Metropolis of Cappadocia, as also the Royal Seat of certain Greek Emperors, or
Princes of the Family of Lascara, for the space of 200 years, and is still the Capital Town of the
Beglerbeglick of the same Name. Having taken a view of all the Parts of Natolia, it may not be
improper, here to give a short Account of its most remarkable Mountains and Rivers.

There is a great number of Mountains in this Country, and several have been already mentioned in
the particular Description of the adjacent Towns.

Taurus:

Mount Taurus very much exceeds all the rest. in greatness, taking its rife on the Sea-coast of
Caramania, and the ancient Frontiers of Lycia and Pamphylia: Afterwards it extends itself somewhat
towards the North, and then towards the East, through those Parts of Caramania and Aladulia, that
lye nearest the Mediterranean Sea; as also the whole Continent of Asia, even to the Eastern Ocean.
However, that part of the Mountain is properly called Taurus, in general, which is contained within
the Bounds of Natolia, and the particular Names of which are different, according to the diversity of
Places.

Amanus:

Mount Amanus, named Montagna Neros by the Inhabitants, which serves for a Boundary between
Natolia and Syria, is a Branch of Taurus, and has been above specified. Another much greater Branch
of the Taurus, separates Caramania from Aladulia, as also the latter from Amasia, and heretofore
divided the lesser Armenia into two Parts; this Mountain was well known by the Name of Antitaurus
and the Inhabitants, at this day, retain that of Roham Thaura.

Rivers:

There are several Rivers which water Natolia discharging themselves some into the Black Sea, others
into the Mediterranean, and others into the Aegean, or Archipelago: The chief of these are Iris, Halis
and Sangarius. ,

Iris:

Iris, or Casalmach, formerly a River of Cappadocia and now of Amasia, rises in the Confines
of the lesser Armenia, by Sebastia(Srivatsa), or Saustia: Thence it runs through Cappadocia,
and having watered Amasia, or Amnasan, among other Towns, falls into the Euxine, or Black
Sea, near the utmost limits of Natolia strictly so called.

Halis:

Halis, Omagiuth, or Aly, springing from Mount Antitaurus, ran through Cappadocia, Galatia
and Paphlagonia into the Sinus Amijenus, or Bay of Simiso; but in the modern Mapps, this
River is comprehended within the Bounds of proper Natolia.
Sarayu:

Sangarius, Sangari or Zagari, taking its rise in the greater Phrygia, out of Mount Dindymus
direċted its course through Bithynia into the Euxine Sea, but at present only waters Natolia
properly so called, being the greatest of the Rivers that flow through that Province into the
Black Sea.

Cydnus:

Among the Rivers that run through Natolia into the Mediterranean Sea, Cydnus and Xanthus
were of no small note. The former, was a swift and whole-some River of Cilicia, but so
notably Cold, that it had like to have been fatal to Alexander the Great; and in effect it was
the Death of the Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, # who Bathed in it. At present it is called
Cara-su, from its black Waters, and passes through Aladulia and Caramania; where after
having watered Tarsus, it rolls into the Sea.

Xanthus:

Xanthu, Xanthus or Sirbis, Sirbi, formerly a River of Lycia and flavia. now of Caramania, took
its rise from Mount Cadmus, and watered a Town of the same Name, below which it empties
itself into the Sea.

Lastly, among the Rivers that run through Natolia into the Archipelago, the most remarkable
are Meander, Caystrus, Hermus, Caicus and Scamander, which in passing from South to
North, follow in the same order, and water the Southern Part of Natolia strictly so called.

Menandres:

Meander, or Meandrus, Madre, flows from the greater Phrygia through Caria and lonia,
with a great many turnings and windings, and discharges itself into the Sea, on the
North of Miletus, or Palatscia.

Phrygia:

Granicus:

Granicus now Lazzara according to Niger, or still Granico according to Sanson and others;
rises in Mount Ada, and falls into the Propontis between Cyzicus and Lampsacus. This
River is famous for 4# the first Battle that Alexander fought against Darius on its Banks,
wherein with 4co Macedonian; he killed 22,533 persians, as Plutarch tells us.

Caystrus:

Caystrus, or Cayster, at present called Cara-sou, i.e. Black-water, has its Spring-head
likewise in the greater Phrygia, passes through Lydia, where it waters Philadelphia, and
falls into the Sea in Ionia, between Ephesus and Colophon.
Hermus:

Hermus, or Sarabat, taking its rise also in the greater Phrygia, runs through Lydia, where it
is enriched by the River Pačtolus

Pačtolus:

River Pačtolus is famous for its golden Sands, and afterwards passing through the Confines
of Aeolis and Ionia, rolls into the Bay of Smyrna.

Caicus:

Caicus, now called caicus Girmasti, or Castri, according to Niger, taking its source in the
greater Mysia between its frontiers and those of Lydia and Æolis, waters Pergamus and
enters the Sea between Pitane and Elea.

Scamander, Scamandro, other-wise called Xanthus by Homer, a little River, but the most
noted of the lesser Phrygia, flows down from Mount Ida, and falls into the Sea, below
Troy, not far from the Promontory Sigeum, or Cape fannizari.

Leaving the Continent of Natolia,

these are Iris, Halis and Sangarius, Iris, or Casalmach, formerly a River of Cappadocia and now of
Amasia,

these are Iris, Halis and Sangarius. , Iris, or Casalmach, formerly a River of Cappadocia and now of
Amasia, rises in the Confines of the lesser Armenia, by Sebastia, or Saustia: Thence it runs through
Cappadocia, and having watered Amasia, or Amnasan, among other Towns, falls into the Euxine, or
Black Sea, near the utmost limits of Natolia strictly so called. Halis, Omagiuth,

Ptolemy not only gives to the Indian coasts, from the mouths of the Indus to those of the Ganges, an
undue extension in longitude, but practically denies anything of an Indian Peninsula, placing Cape
Komaria (Cape Comorin) only 4 o south of Barygaza (Bharoach), the real distance being over 800
geographical miles, or according to Ptolemy's system of graduation, 16" of latitude.
PHILOSOPIA, Philosophy. The Study of Nature and Morality, grounded upon Reasoning and
Experience: Its said of the Ancient Philosophy, that it became impious under Diagoras, Vicious
under Epicurus, Hipocritical under Zeno, Impudent under Diogenes, Interested under
Demochares, Voluptuous under Metrodorus, Fantastical under Crates, Buffoonry under
Menippus, Libertinism under Pyrrho, Litigious under Cleanthes, and Restless under Arcesilis:
The Ancient Philosophers were of divers Setts, viz. Epicureans, Stoicks, Platonicks,
Peripateticks, Pyrrhonians, &c. Lucian in his Dialogue of Fugitives brings in Philosophy, speaking
to Jupiter in this manner; ‘Father, see if I have not cause ‘to complain, when yeu saw the World
full of ‘Error and unjustice, you had Pitty upon it, ‘and you sent me to bring Men to change their
‘beastly Lives for a better, for if you do romember, you told me, My Daughter, thou seest ‘what a
Condition Men are brought to by their “Ignorance and Malice, go to them, for thou “art alone
capable to undeceive and cure them. “I did not go at first to Greece, but I began with the most
difficult Work, which was that of the Barbarians; afterwards I went towards ‘the Indians who are a
great People, and whom “I brought down from their Elephants Backs to “hear me; the whole
Nation of the Brachmanes, ‘who are Neighbours to the Necreams and Oxydraci, received my
Dočtrine and live still according to my Laws: From the Indians I went ‘ into Ethiopia, thence to
Egypt where I taught the Egyptian Priests and Prophets the Worship “of the Gods, afterwards I
passed to Babilon to ‘instruct the Caldeans and Magi, then to Scythia; ‘ from whence returning by
the Way of Ibrace ‘I conversed with Eumolpus and Orpheus, and sent ‘them before me into
Greece, with Orders that the first should instruct the Greeks in my My ‘steries, and the other
teach them Músick: ‘I delay'd not to follow them and they received ‘me there neither well nor ill:
However in time ‘I won over the Seven wise Men.

Sapta sindhu rivers and Bharata Tribe - Turkey

1. Sindhu - Sutudri - Barada, Barden, Baradān - tarsus - Cydnus (modern name) - coincidentally the river is
also called baradee.
2. Saraswati - Saros - Sarus - Seyhan (modern name)
3. Parushni - Iravati - Hyranus - Pyramos - Pınarbaşı - Ceyhan (modern name) - Battle ten kings happened
here
4. Vipasa - Apaya - Payas River - Pinarus (modern name)
5. Vitasta - Hydaspes - Bidaspes - widat-aspa - Kara su (Hatay) - Aswad (modern name) - Jhelum -
6. Asikini – Asi - Acesines - Orental (Ptolemy) - Orontes (modern name) -
Chenab -
7. Goksu - West -
8. Afrin -

Other Rivers:
Vetravati (Menandres)
Charamvanti (Marsyas)
Sarayu (Sakarya)
Utpalavati (Euphrates)
Chakravaka (Chorvaka)

Story of Surpanaka and Ram. https://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba24.htm

A Complete Dictionary of the Greek and Roman Antiquities, Explaining the Obscure Places in
Classic Authors ... Also an Account of Their Navigations, Arts and Sciences, and the Inventors
of Them; with the Lives and Opinions of Their Philosophers – Pierre Danet

Semiramis:
Paroponisadai – mountains – paropanisos

Eastern boundary – Oxus – Kaukasian mountains

Arakhosia – Arakhotos

Gedrosia

Imaos – mountains - Irtish and obi

Sogdiaioi –

Komaroi

Baktria

Skythia

Sakai (Karatai) komaroi, komedai, massagetai, grynaioi, skythai, toornai and bilthai

Kodemai – mountains – Jaxartes

Syrastrene

Gulf – Kanthi

Sinthon

Khariphron

Sapara

Bardaxema
Syrastra

Monoglosson

Ortospana

Karoura