REVIEWER COMS (QUIZ NO.1) I.

INTRODUCTION Human Communication exchanging info from one person to another COMMON FORMS: y Sign language y Verbal communication y Writings y Body language y Symbolic/ codes THOERIES IN COMMUNICATION 1. SHANNON-WEAVER THEORY y Encoding y Transmission y Reception y Interpretation y Response 2. ROMAN JAKOBSON THEORY Context Message Sender Channel Coder ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION process of sending/receiving info using electronic devices TELECOMMUNICATION TELE (Greek) - FAR COMMUNICATE (latin) discipline which study the methods of transmitting info and ho it is transmitted. e.g. print, radio, etc. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
INFO SOURCE

e.g. electromagnetic spectrum, radiowave spectrum, microwave spectrum PEOPLE BEHIND WIRELESS COMM: Joseph Henry (1830) transmitted first electrical signal Samuel Morse (1837) - invented telegraph James Clerk Maxwell (1864) concluded that light, electricity, and magnetism are related. Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Watson (1876) telephone Heinrich Hertz electromagnetic waves (1880); radio waves (1887) Guglielmo Marconi wireless radio wave propagation (1887); first radio equipment (1894); ground-wave radio signals (1895) Reginald Aubrey Fesseden transmitted the first radio broadcast using continuous wave (1901); amplitude modulation (1906) Major Edwin Armstrong radio receiver circuit with positive feedback (1914); superhetedodyne radio receiver (1918); wide band requency modulation (FM) (1931) Hans Oesrted discovered electromagnetism Andre Ampere first to demonstrate that a magnetic field is generated when two parallel wires are charged with electricity Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction RADIOWAVE SPECTRUM:
INFRA -- VISIBLE LIGHT -- UV -- XRAY -- GAMMA COSMIC

Message

TX

CHANNE L

RX

INFO DESTINATION

METHODS OF SENDING DATA: Encoding Compression Modulation 2 TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE 1. WIRED/BOUNDED e.g. cables, coaxial cables 2. WIRELESS/UNBOUNDED

BASIC QUANTITIES: 1. Frequency amt of cycle completed in a given period of time (cycles/second; hertz) 2. Period duration or time required to complete one cycle (sec) 3. Wavelength horizontal distance of 1 cycle (m) 4. Bandwidth DECIBEL: BEL (1876) earliest unit to specify signal level DECIBEL (dB) relative unit of measurement and frequently in electronic comm. To describe power gain or power loss

TRANSMISSION MODES: 1. SIMPLEX data transmission is unidirectional; info could only be sent in 1 direction ex: commercial radio broadcasting 2. HALF DUPLEX transmission can be done in to direction but not at the same time ex: citizens band radio (walkie-talkie) 3. FULL DUPLEX transmission can be done in both directions at the same time but they must be between the same 2 stations ex: telephone MULTIPLEXING technique used for transmitting a number of separate signals simultaneously over a single channel or line MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES: 1. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) frequency for each channel 2. WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM) wavelength for each channel 3. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) time (digital) transmission from multiple sources occur on same facility but not at the same time; various sources are interleaved in the time domain 4. STATISTICAL TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (STDM) TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENTS 1. ATTENUATION thinning out; power loss; signal strength loss 2. DISTORTION alteration /distortion of signal 3. NOISE unwanted signal from other sources that fall in the allocated bandwidth TRANSMISSION FACILITIES 1. NARROW BAND data range of 64 kbps; used for transmitting telephone calls and faxes 2. WIDE BAND a bandwidth exceeding that of a nominal 4-kHz telephone channel 3. BROAD BAND - high speed data transmission in which the bandwidth is shared by more than one simultaneous signal COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: 1. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) large networks such as those that cover a complete country or state; telephone companies

2. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) medium sized network; usually one-way comm.; cable tv company 3. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) interconnect multiple stations over a very small area; mainframe/microcomputers 3. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK blutooth NOISE: NOISE any undesirable energy that falls within the passband of wanted signal Noise causes: 1. Information to be misunderstood 2. system to malfunction 3. signal to be less efficient Classification of Noise: 1. CORRELATED NOISE exists only when signal is present 2. UNCORRELATED NOISE can exist without the presence of signal UNCORRELATED NOISE: 1. EXTERNAL noise external to the receiver 2. INTERNAL noise within the receiver TYPES OF EXTERNAL NOISE 1. NATURAL y ATMOSPHERIC caused by disturbances from the earth s atmosphere y EXTRATERRESTRIAL caused by disturbances outside the earth  SOLAR from sun  COSMIC from galaxies, stars 2. MAN-MADE/ INDUSTRIAL caused by man-made devices 3. IMPULSE sudden burst of irregularly shaped pulses TYPES OF INTERNAL NOISE 1. SHOT NOISE caused by random variations in the arrival of electrons (holes) at the output 2. PARTITION NOISE caused by division of current bet. Two or more electrodes

3. FLICKER NOISE excess noise in resistors; 1/f; pink noise due to the concentration of power at the lower end of the freq. spectrum 4. BURST NOISE popcorn noise; low freq noise associated with heavy-metal contamination 5. TRANSIT-TIME NOISE occurs when time taken by charge to cross junction is comparable to the period of the signal 6. THERMAL NOISE caused by rapid, random movements of atoms/molecules/electrons; also known as:  BROWNIAN NOISE discovered by Robert Brown  JOHNSON NOISE named after a man who related Brownian particle movement to electron movement  WHITE NOISE - thermal noise is equally distributed throughout freq spectrum which is analogous to white noise  GAUSSIAN NOISE thermal noise exhibits Gaussian distribution CORRELATED NOISE 1. HARMONIC DISTORTION caused by the production of unwanted harmonics through Non-linear Amplification 2. INTERMODULATION DISTORTION caused by the unwanted sum and difference frequencies generated when two or more signals are amplified in a non-linear device INTERFERENCE external noise caused the production of frequencies from other source that fall outside their allocated bandwidth and interfere info signal from another source PHASE JITTER occurs within the phase of a signal; either leads or lags a signal CROSS TALK unwanted movement of signals with the perspective of radio stations OCTAVE range of frequency within a frequency DITHERING digital audio processing technique used to prevent sound distortion NOISE FIGURE (NF)- term used to describe how noisy a device is

SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO (S/N) measure of the desired signal power to the noise ratio NOISE FACTOR (F) NOISE MEASUREMENTS: dBm using 1 mW reference 0 dBm 1mW rmeasured relative to a 1 mW ref dBm(600) measurement with 1 mW reference with respect to 600 load dBw using 1 W ref; applications: rf power amp, high power radio amp dBv using 1 v ref; applications: specifying input if levels to a common receiver dBmV, dBi, dBv