Methods of Communication MODEM; Modulator/demodulator can be

transmitter or receiver, refers to

1. Face-to-face
transceiver.
2. Signals
3. Written words Media can be
4. Electrical innovation
1. Unguided; via free space
• Telegraph
2. Guided; twisted pair wire, coaxial
• Telephone
cable, optical fiber (which guided the
• Radio television
signals as it travels from transmitter
• Internet (computer) to receiver.
Electronic communication; refers to the Tx refers to transmitter, while Rx denotes to
sending, reception, and processing of receiver.
information by electrical means.
Optical fibers; refers to media, (has higher
Information source; symbols (letters, bandwidth since it uses light waves)
numbers, words, sounds, etc.) from an
alphabet or (ensemble) of possible symbols. Fiber optics; refers to technology (PLDT’s
fiber FFTH)
Types of communication system where
information can be obtained; radio, Types of electronic communication
telephony, telegraph, broadcasting, radar,
1. One-way (simplex) or two-way (full
telemetry, and radio aids for navigation.
duplex or half simple)
Basic elements/components of electronic 2. Analog or digital signals.
communication system 3. Baseband or modulated signals.

1. Transmitter One-way (simple); only the transmitter can

send a signal.
Refers to source of information, it
converts information signal into a signal Two-way
suitable to the medium.
(Falf-duplex); same direction, not at the
2. Channel or medium same time.

Where the signal travels from point into (Full duplex) same direction at the same
another point; includes electrical time.
conductor, optical media, free space,
Analog signal; continuously varying (time
system-specific media (ex. Using water
varying) includes sine wave and voice.
(SONAR).
Digital signal; Discrete, only two states. One
3. Noise (towards the channel and
(on) and zero (off). Includes telegraph, morse
noise.)
code, binary code and continuously code
analog (analog in nature, digital in
4. Receiver
interpretation)
Refers to the destination, converts the
received signal from the medium, back to
the original signal received in the
transmitter.
Baseband; Unmodulated signal. Types of MUX
1. Frequency division MUX (Analog)
Analog modulation technique 2. Wave division MUX (Analog)
3. Time division MUX (Digital)
1. Information signal (low frequency)
2. Modulator (high frequency) Elements of multiplexing in transmitter
1. Multiplexer
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
2. Composite or multiplexed signal
3. Modulator
𝑉 is amplitude
4. Oscillator
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 is frequency
5. Power amplifier
𝜃 is phase
6. Antenna
3. Modulated signal (amplitude 𝑐
modulation, frequency modulation, λ=
𝑓
and phase modulation)
Modulated signal; refers when a signal is
modified λ wavelength; distance travelled by wave in
a cycle
Broadband transmission; modulated signal
𝑐 speed of light
1. Amplitude modulation
2. Frequency modulation 𝑓 frequency; the number of cycles taken by
3. Phase modulation (modulation in wave in a second
angle phase, digital communication)
Period; the time it takes a wave for an wave
to complete in a second.
Elements of modulation in order (in
1
transmitter) 𝑓=
𝑇
1. Source
Electromagnetic signal
2. Amplifier
3. Baseband signal 1. Electromagnetic waves; transport
4. Modulator energy through empty space stored
5. Oscillator in propagating electric and magnetic
6. Modulated carrier field
7. Power amplifier 2. Magnetic field; refers to variation is
8. Antenna perpendicular to electric field
3. Signal frequency; variation in electric
Multiplexing (MUX)
and magnetic fields in space.
1. Allows two or more signals to use the
Electromagnetic spectrum; range of
same medium
electromagnetic waves’ frequency and
2. Multiple inputs then produce one wavelength.
output; Tx (transmitter) uses MUX,
Rx uses (demultiplexer) DEMUX.
Electromagnetic spectrum’s frequency 1 neper; 8.686 dB; 1 dB; 0.1151 neper

EL 3 – 30 Hz Noise; any unwanted signal tending to

V 300 Hz – 3k MHZ interfere with desired signal.
VL 3 – 30 kHz (includes human hearing
range) Types of noise;
L 30 – 300 kHZ Interference; mixing of one signal to
M 300kHz – 3MHz (AM radio stations) another.
H 3 – 30 MHZ (government and
military two-way communication. Distortion; alteration of signal’s basic
VH 30 – 300 MHZ (FM radio stations) waveform or frequency component
UH 300MHz – 3GHz (TV channels, (imperfect circuit response)
cellular phones, military
communications. Attenuation; degradation of signal’s
SH 3 – 30 GHz (mircrowaves 1 – 30 amplitude
GHz, satellite, radar, wireless
LANSs) Techniques to prevent noise;
EH 30 – 300 GHz (computer data, rada) Filter; for noise and interference
Equalizer; for distortion
Optical spectrum
Amplification; attenuation
1. Infrared; RED, too long to be seen by
human eye. Categories of noise
2. Visible: ROYGBV, visible light
Correlated noise; direct result of signal
3. Ultraviolet; UV; too shore to be seen
by human eye. 1. Intermodulation distortion; unwanted
cross product
Bandwidth; portion of EM spectrum
2. Harmonic distortion; unwanted
occupied by signal (range of frequency)
multiples of single frequency
Two agencies that deals with spectrum
Uncorrelated noise; present whether signal
management;
or none
Federal communication commission (FCC)
1. External; noise created outside the
National telecommunication and information receiver allowed to enter the circuit.
administration (NTIA)
a. Industrial noise; noise coming
In Philippines, national telecommunication from industrial surrounding
communication (NTC) deals with spectrum (affects frequency up to 500
assignment. MHz)
Decibel; a unit used in electrical engineering b. Atmospheric noise; caused by
and acoustics to express on a logarithmic electric disturbances within the
scale, the ratio of two values with the same atmosphere (lightning) (affects
dimensions (two voltages, two power levels, 30 Hz below)
two sound pressure and etc.) c. Extraterrestrial noise; such as
cosmic rays, solar noise.
Any measurement expressed in decibels, (Observable between 8 MHz to
there must exist a reference level. 1.43 GHz.
2. Internal; noise created within the
receiver or circuit

a. Shot noise; noise present in all

semiconductor components
b. Thermal noise (Johnson
noise/thermal agitation
noise/white noise/ gaussian
noise); noised caused by
thermally excited vibration of
charge carriers in conductor.