i

.1
.l-1
 111

Xl

XV

Part 1 : Articles for Reading & Listening

tJ
C APTER 1 :
1.
Modern Physical 'ì

2.
J ..6
3.
V
4. Art
J 14

5. A l11 erican
v' The Changing Style of the Plains 18
6. A l11 erican
J The Third ÎÎ

7. A l11 erican
V Confederate States of 26

8. A l11 erican
The Civil War

V
 \/9. 21.
TooJs Specifically Human
22.

J Human
23.

I Ani l11 al C0 \11 111unicatìon and HU l11 an Aquaculture

1V. 24.

I Langllage Acquisition by Flightless

13. 25.

1\. 26. CO l11 puter

J Digital

Psychology 27. Earth Science

J Memory and 8 Four

28. Earth

) How Rain is ]0
29.

RaiJroad An Unintended
30.
..•
--
MATVCBE C pue-
e
n - 118
31.

. Electron
32. Printing
Offset
33.
What are Oil and

Vl VII
34. 10. Earth 223
Convergent 11. 230
35. 12. Economics and 237
Energy and 138 13. 250
36. 14.
15. Essays and Term 264
37. 16. Geography 266
17. .. ..270
38. 275
Sports lnternational ...284
39. 20. 287
Conversion of 21. Law ..290
40. 1.} 22. 298
Analysis and 300
24. .. 311
25.
26. 340
Part 2 : Classified Word List
27. M lI sic and
J1. 164 28.
American 29.
V3. Anthropology and ……...………..…..…..…… ……...……….…….
..………………...…………….……….……
..…….
...…… ……
..,……….
..… ……. ..……..171
...…….……"……. … 30. Political
wddx
ili- i-
j

5. Art
6.
7.
8. .. ..390
9. CO l11 pllter and Infofl11 ation

VlIl lX
i
Li stening
J

XI
 [ Sentences

Sentences
•
Sentences 0
•
•

•
Sentences
• 2 Classified Word

• Tip 1

Tip 2

i Part

Tip 3

Xlll
XlI
 i

amber,

=
(-)

(
A

X. IV
xv
Articles

CHAPTER 1: Humanities & Social Science

CHAPTER Natural Science
 Sentences
Hodern
Modern Physical Anthropology
A major shjft in the approach to physical anthropology at
the beginning of the 20th with the discovery of genetic
1l1ajorshift in the approach to physical anthropology occurred
with the cliscovery of genetic principles. principles and of the ABO bloocl groups. Genetics actually
rediscovered. In 1865 an Austrian n10nk , Gregor J. had
forll1u lated the first la\\1ê.. of heredity and 1aid the foundation of the
science of genetics. His findings were ignored at the
J. Mendel had formulatecl the first laws time. 1n 1900 three other European bò1ãñistS' a 1'rived at the san1e
conc1usions that Mendel had published 35 years earlier, and in
researching the hterature on the subject they found his work.
had laid ofthe science of genetics.
Genes the
one to the nex t. The
are the units within sex cells. study of inherited traits has becon1e essential to anthropologists in
seeking to understand hun1an variations and between
races. Genetics has n10dified the theory of progressive evolution
Spern1 and egg transl111t specific hereditary traits frOn1 one sOI11ewhat, because it has been shownby experin1ent that there n1ay
generation to the nex t. be genetic reversals that reversions back to traits and
characteristics thought to be discarded in the
Early in the 20th century another Austrian , a physician nanled K.arl
are thought to be discarded in the hereditary
process. Landsteiner, discovered the blood groups , 0 1' types , known as 0 , A ,
B , and AB. This led anthropologists to investigate blood differences
among the races. They have noted that certain races and subraces Sub -
race

types are genetica l1 y deternlined. have particular distributions of one or another blood type. This has
enabled scientists to categorize the races and , since blood types are
genetica l1 y detern1ined , to trace ear1y nligration patterns.
can trace early 111igration patterns.

2 3
 - Modern Physical Anthropology

anthropology

principles

ABO blood groups

[blAcl]

the iìrst laws of heredity

the foundation of the science of

are the units within sex cells.

[d3 inz J

spern1 and egg

[Sp3'-111 ]

speciiìc hereditary traits

:
o genetic reversals

in the hereditary process

detennined

early n1igration patterns

4
 Key Sentences
-w
The exact nlethods of finding archaeological sites vary , prirnarily
exact 111ethods of finding archaeological sites vary. because manXaC!,i fferent types of sites. SOll1 e sites--
such as ifí1 , tt5npl , rts , roads , cities be
2 / I I
easily visible on ce ground. Such sites 111ay be located
sampling , a lill1 ited nUll1 ber of strategic spots in the region are by sinlple exploration: by an individual or group going over the
checked for signs of an underlying archaeological site. ground on foot , in a je é? R _or c 9-1', oJ/ 9P_ a
, or canle l. This
iind hlmy can be area nlay
be it can involve the techniqlle of sanlpling. 1n
designed to protect the archaeological heritage of an area , sanlpling, a linlited nUlnber of strategic spots in the 1'egion a1'e
has encouraged archaeological sanlpling of areas. checked fo 1' signs of an underlying archaeological site. Sanlpling. was
not widely used in the United States until the passage of the
Archaeological Resources Act of 1979. This act , designed
to protect the archaeological heritage of an area , has encouraged
find sites that have 110 surface traces , archaeologists nlay use archaeological sanlpling of areas in which archaeological relnains
aerial photographs. nlight exist that are in dange1' of being destroyed by const1'uction 01'
by the growth of cities.
To find sites that have no su 1'face traces , a1'chaeologists ll1ay use
ae1'ial photographs taken fron1 or satellites by
nlay Si l11ply probe the ground with sound.
canleras with renlote sensors , or other devices. The
archaeologist for clues such as va1'iations in
01' periscope , nlay be inserted into the ground to locate ll1ay
ancl ditches. existence of a site.
Archaeologists may sinlply the grolúld with sound to check
fol-variations inrdeCHon ofsound that
of structures or hollows in the ground. A pí'Õ oe:' 'ó r be
into the ground to locate walls
6 7
 - Research

sites

spots in the region

['rid38n]

the archaeological heritage

urface traces

photographs

the ground with sound

[prob]

6. probe
(= investigate = examine
inspect)
walls and ditches
['dltIiz]

6. 1ocate find
out = rummage)

8 9
 Key Sentences
Egyptians had an elaborate notion of the afterlife.
took great precautions in the treattnent of corpses.
The internal organs were re1110Ved and stored separately in stone
jars.
body was steeped i11 chetnicals.
body was wrapped in bandages wbich were slneared with pitch
to lnake then1 waterproo f.
were 1110St conscious of the waxy pitch with wbich the
bandaged corpse was coated.
conditions keep the flesh reasonably i11tac t.
10
It was itnportant in the ancient Egyptian way to
the and that to take advantage of the physical body
must ren1am ín eXlstenCe.
They took great precautions , therefore , in the trea tInent of corpses ,
of high-placed .!!10St particularly of
pIlc1.ï:ã011S.- Tl1e internal organs (whicl1f' éJ'(fc äyed 1110St easily) were
relnoved and stored separately i11 stol1e jars , a 1though the heart , as the
of life , was
The body was then steeped in chen1Ícals. No secret,
were COn1111011 substances such as beeswax ,
oiI , and sa1t were tlsed , though the procedure could be very
COll1plicated and to seventy days. The body was thell wrapped
in bandages which were slneared with pitch to 111ake then1 waterproo f.
Foreigners who Ca111e to Egypt were always a111aZed at this care for
corpses , for in a11 other bodies were buried or bur11t or
otherwise quickly disposed of. The Persia11s , who cOl1quered Egypt in
525 B.C. , were a111011g those a111azed at the preserved corpses. They
were 1110St c011scious of the waxy pitch with which the bandaged
corpse was coated , and their word for this was “ 111U111. " To the
Arabs this beCa111e “ 111U111ia" and to us it is 111U111111y. The word has
acquired broader 111eaning. Any body, anitna1 as well as h 1.1 l11a11 ,
which has accidenta Ily J? een preserved under conditio l1 s which keep
the flesh reasonably ü1fctct is said to be “ 111Ulnnlified. " MUlurnified
11131nn10ths have bee11 discovered underthe Siberian ice , for Ìnsta11ce.
eJ
11
 -
aGdp-uft-svsfL-bc-u

••

(l11 U111)

(l11U l11 Îa)

o- 44Al

bandaged corpse was coated w

6 intact

12 13
 Key Sentences
historical research has two p1'ilnary
fïrst is to authenticate a11 art objec t.
chieOy involves the enulneration and analysis of the various
artistic styles , perìods , nlovenlents , and schools ofthe pas t.
Art historical scholarship depends greatly on the intuitive
judgnlent and critical sensitivity of the scholar in lnaking correct
attributions.
..
14
Art historical research has two The first is (1) to
. over
. who made a particular art object (att1'ibution) , (,2) to
aiffhenticate an art object, dete rI nining whethe 1' it was indeeq l11 ade by
the artist to whonl it is traditiona l1 y attributed , (3) to deternlirie a1: what
stage in a culture's in an artist's career the object in
question was nlade , (4) to assãy the influence of on
succeeding ones in the historical (5) to gather 5îographical
data on artists and docunlentation (provenance) 011 the pre: vious
whereabouts and owne 1'ship of pa1'ticula 1' works of ar t.
The second pr Ï1nary concern of art historical 1'esearch is to
understand the stylistic and fonnal developl11ent of artistic traditions
on a
involves the and analysis of the various artistic
and schools ofthe pas t. Art histo 1'Y also involves
'-'wllich is the analysis of synlbols , thelnes , and subject
nlatter in the visual a1'ts , pa1'ticularly the lneaning of reli gious
sYlnbolisnl in Christian ar t.
Art historical scholarship depends greatly on the broad experience ,
intuitive judgnlent, and critical sensitivity of the schola1' in 111aking
correct attributions. An extensive knowledge ofthe historical context
in which the artist lived and worked is also as well as
empathy with and understanding of a particular artis t' s ideas ,
experiences , and insights.
15
 - Introduction

concerns
0

an art object

the in f1 uence

biographical data

the enumeration of the schools of the

[1)1jU I118'reJ8n]

historical scholarship

judglnent

sensitivity

attributions

16 17
 Key Sentences Changing Style of the Plains Indians
Changing Style of the Plains Indians
When the first Europeans arrived in the Great Plains of :North
found aboriginal cultures that were oriented. America , they founcl aboriginal cultures that were
oriented. The daily routine centered on the
once a
c1 aily routine of the Indians the subsistence went hunt to their vegetable diet ancl to
cultivation of corn , beans and squash. obtain siñe w; bone and other did
not occupy 111Uch of their time.
The Indians obtained the first horses after the Spaniards settled
New Mexico in 1598. 1800 , the use of the horse had spread
once a year, the tribes went on a nlajor bison hunt to throughout the tribes of theJJ,t;e q):-:].ß)ains. d
supplelnent their vegetable diet and to obtain hides , sinew, bone by in of aboriginal groups
and other raw nlaterials. onto the Plains to take advantage of the 111aterial wealth afforded by
hunting the great bison herds. Within 100 years of the introduction of
the horse , the Indian population of the Plains had tripled to an
estÎInated 150 ,000. A new way oflife was estabtished , one dependent
The nlobility offered by the horse resulted in the convergence of
upon fo Ilowing bison herds. Thus , subsistence agriculture was largely
diverse aboriginal groups onto the Plains. abal1 doned and the aboriginals of the Plains beCatlle n Ollladic hunters;
gardening sinlply was not as profitable as hunting.

following can be adcled

lndian population of the Plains had tripled to an est Î1nated
This way of Jife , however , was drastically changed by the
,

150 ,000. introduction of the horse.

Where would it best fit in the passage? Choose the one best ans'wer,
(A) , (B), (C), (D).
The aboriginals of the Plains beCanle nOlnadic hunters.

18 19
 - The Changing Style ofthe Plains Indians

cultllres

orientecl
Lægn 'kJ\ ltf8r8 1I] ['on ,sl1lI d]
daily routine
[ru'tin]

sllbsistence cultivation
["ludt8'vef8n]
n1ajor bison hunt
['bmSl)]

their vegetable diet

fs J\ p181118nt] ['da18t]

o obtain hides
[hmdz]
n10bility offered by the horse

convergence of diverse aboriginal groups onto the

to an est Îlnated 150 , 000

ftnpld] ['Est8 111e tI d]
,,

aboriginals of the Plains

tzArBBEL-' CK-c
ZL cri
LU1j- -2.A +E
••

,EA

20 21
 Key Sentence Fhe
Third President
1n a11 effort to restore a balance of Republicans in govenl111ent
an effort to restore a balance of Republicans in governn1ent office Jefferson to be k1l9Wn _ J1W , __': spoi Is
office , Jefferson started what C a111e to be known as the "spoils systen1." He tried in vain to control the StÌÌ-Yt)eJJle"L-'L ðürr il
system." interests of I--Ie the purchase ()f the
vast Louisiana doubtful constitutiona l...ground s..
.Tefferson a1so launched the- Lewis and Clark I-Ie was
He tried in vain to Supren1e Court in the interests responsible fo 1' the fighting of war as a nation , on the shores
will of the people. of Tripoli against the Barbary pirates. His efforts to prevent a second
war with England only postponed it untiI 1812.
Jefferson was slow but successful in nleeting the first real threat to
efferson also launched the Lewis and Clark Expeditioll. timJY American mion-AarOIIBIll-I-was accused of mking a
effort to set up an independent governn1ent in the
Aaron Burr was accused of lnaking a treasonable effoli. This was begun. 111
the trial that of this Burr coîfsþiracy ,
Jefferson's personal aIiil11o EiïtYl:oward Burr and toward Chief Justice
the trial that fo l1 owed the suppression ofthis Burr conspiracy , John did h Í1n little credit.
Jefferson's personal an Íll10sity toward Burr and toward Chief His was a original , but
Justice Joh l1 Marshall did hin1 little credi t.
unsuccessful , n1eans ofkeeping the peace. been
one of the n10st successful and the
young republic. In effect it applied econol11ic pressures against
En1bargo Act was a daring and originall11eanS ofkeeping the Britain and France. who were at war with each other. It was
peace. Jefferson's answer to the British Orders in Council and the
1n1pressl11ent Acts , directed against neutral (in this case , mainly
An1erican) shipping: _The Act stopped All1erican shipping ,
thus in intent depli\í lng nations of son1e of the raw
materials needed for war.

22 23
 Third

a balance of Republicans
[n'pAbIIIC811Z]

office

Supren1e Court

the interests of the will of the people

the purchase
fp3'-tf8S]
grounds

the Lewis and Clark Expedition

(l011tf]
a treasonable

suppression of this Burr conspiracy

an Ílll0S Ît y
L S8tl]

hin1 little credit

Act

daring and original l11eanS

25
24
 Key Sentences of Ameri
Confederate States of America
Between Dec. 20 , 1860 , and Etm.. 1, 1861 , six southern states
declared their withdrawal fr0 l11 the United States. On
Six southern states declared their withdrawal the
Febrlla1'Y 4 , at Montg0111ery, Ala. , they organized a and
United States.
independent govern111ent called the Confederate States ofAtnerica.
The states that set IIp this govermnent were South Carolina ,
Florida , Alaban1a , Georgia , and Louisiana. A seventh
organized a separate and independent government ca l1 ed the
state , Texas , was acl l11 itted to the confederation on March 2.
Confede1'ate States of Al11e1' ica.
Davis of Mississippi was elected p1'esident and Alexander l-I.

The
preanlble of the new Confederate constitution
each state was "ac ting in its sovereign and independent character."
This right had at earlier periods in AI11erican history.
had the issue been charged with the enlotional
factor of the a@ötitìon ofblack slavery.
Never before had the issue been charged with the en10tional factor
of the Confederate Statcs
of the abolition ofblack slavery: belief in the South was the
any
-

president was given the right to veto separate iten1s of

The of the constitution was largely based on that of the
appropriation bills. Union f1'o111 which the states of the lower South were withdra\ving.
i
Among the DJ.O.Clifî cations was a tenn for the president, \vho
could The president was , in addition , given the
right to of appropriation bills was
prohibited fronl adopting a protective tariff on Í111ports.

at the
Find out the word or phrase in paragraph 3 that
'

26
 - Confederate States of America

! their withdrawal (= secession)

[dr'klsr]
6 Secession

Confederate States of An1erica

preamble of the new Confederate

fpríæmb!] [)ütI1 St8 'tjUJ8n]

and independent character

o the abolition of black slavery

['slevn]
belief

only practicable status

fpræktlk8b l]
impairing the institution of slavery
LIscl3Is'leJ8I1] [lll1'pSl1IJ]
foreign slave trade
h)ro 'lubn]
right to veto separate iten1S

bills

tariff on in1ports

29
28
 Key Sentences

Southerners had been enlbittered by Northern defiance of
the 1850 Federal Fugitive Slave Ac t.
Southern states seceded fr0 l11 the Union and fornled the
Confederacy.
of the Union , not the abolition of slavery, was the
initial objective of President Li l1coln.
By the encl of the 1850s , the North feared c0 l11plete control of the
nation by slaveholcling interests and the white South believed that the
North was destroy its \.White Southerners
lmd the 1850
FtfgïtÏve"' 'S lave Act and had been alanl1ed in 1859 by the at
Harpers led by the white abolitionist .1 ohn Brown.
After Abraham Lincoln was electecl president in 1860 011 the
antislavery platfornl ofthe ne\v Republican Party, the Southern states
seceded frOlll the Union and f0 l111ed the Confederacy.
The Civil War, which liberated the nation's slaves , began in 1861.
But preservation of the Union , not the abolition of slavery , was the
iqj!i?l) objective of President Lincoln. Lincoln believed in gradual

slaveholders for the loss of But in Septel11ber 1862

believed in gradual el11ancipation. he iSSLIed the EmICipation declaring that a11 slaves
residing in states in rebellion against the United States as of Jan. 1,
1863 , were to be free. Thus the Civil War beCatlle , in a 'Nar to
leaders vigorously recruited blacks into the Union arnled end slavery.
forces. Black leaders such as the author Willial11 Wells Brow l1.
cian Martin R.
forces. Douglass declared in theNorlh
perforn1ed heroically despite discrinlination in pay, rations ,
equipnlent, and assignlllents and the unrelenting hostility of the Slal; "Who free thelllselves nlust.hri ke the blo:!y.(" B Y the
Confederate troops. end ofthe Civil War nlore tha l1 186 ,000 black 111en were in the Union
arl11y. They perfonned heroica l1y despite discr Í1nination in pay,
rations , equiplnent, and and the h,os t Ll ity of
,

the

30 31
 The Civil War Era

by Northern clefiance
[ ]

Fugitive Slave Act

fron1 the Union

[si'sid]

the Confederacy
[k811 'j-È: cl8 f8 S1]

of the Union

abolition of slavery

o the initial objective

en1ancipation

recruit
fVlg8 f8 sh] [n'knlt]

U nion arn1ed forces

o discrimination in equipment, and assignments

unrelenting
[has'tIl8tr]
Confederate troops
[trups]

32 33
 Key Sentences

All n10tion pictl1 res are based 011 alílt_ illJJ?ion of l11otion l11ade
possib1e by a characteristic of visual persistence of
n10tion pictures are basecl on an illusion of n10t10n 111ade
1 . The brain retains an in1pressio11 1/ 10 of a seconcl
possible by a characteristic ofvisual perception ca11ed persistence
after the cye has stopped looking at a11 a
ofvisioll.
series of pictl1 res of a11 object is presented in steady, rapid succession ,
with the of the object slightly altered in each
represent stages of n10ve111ent , the brain fVi"t D

brai l1 retaÎns an Îl11pression for 1/] 6 to 111 0 of a second different pictures into one another, creating the illusio11 of 1110ti011.
the eye has stopped looking at an ilhllninated Í111age. A simple
in of each page of a pad of
the slightly in a single directio l1. 1f the pages
are then IaEclast pace, timle eye wiii perceive the iihlSion
pagcs are riffled at a rather fast pace. of a n10ving 1ine.
111 Dictures. of vision is used to create the
on
motion pictures , persistence of vision is used to create the and c1 0ses at speed ,
i llus ion of 1110tion fro111 sti 11 photographs.
i111ages is 110r111ally 1124 of a second in calneras , the differences
between images are sn1a1 1. The illusioll of n10tion is provided by the
projector, in which the fihll is n10ved past a light source at the s aJne
ti111e lapse between Ï1nages is normally 1/24 of a second in
speed at \vhich the in1ages were photographed. Persistence of vision
1110st can1eras.
causes the separate Í1nages to be projected as a continuously 1110ving
scene. 1f there were no separations between inlages, the pictures
as a
ofvlsio l1 causes the separate in1ages to be projected as
a continuously n10ving scene. 3 is closest in lneanlng to
(A) faster silent 1110tion)ess. -j;( Q

34 35
 of

illusion of n1otion
[1 'IU38n]

isual perception
[p Ô'-
of vision
[p Ô'- 's1st8nS]
an in1pression

illun1inated in1age

the pages at a fast pace

['nll]
li--J-41QuunJ ...HK-ohw
••
fi-yi+i

... nu yd
n
szaAZZI
QUQU V
AV nobnDpuvcn ju ,qjy

36 37
 Po
8
Key Sentences

A n1ajor interest of critninologists is correction: what shou1d be

n1ajor interest of cr Ì111inologists 1S correction. done with the c rIl11 1na! once he has been caught, tried , and
Until we l1 into the 19th century, e S COln1 Si of

well 111tO the 19th century, penalties consisted prin1ari1y of or of propelty. Itnprisonn1ent as a penalty becan1e
pub 1i c h Ul11iliation, beatings or torture , banishn1ent or exile , death , C0111111011 after the 16th century but only fo 1' lesser offenses.
fines , or confiscation of property. Not until the late ] 9th century did imprisonment become themost
C0 I11111011 penalty for 1110St cri111es. This resu 1ted in g 1'eat pa1't froro the
work of crü11inologists who persuaded society against the uselessness
as a penalty becal11e C0111n1011 after the 16th century of other punishn1ents. Gradually the purpose of imprisonn1ent began
but only for lesser offenses. to confînen1ent to attempts to tu 1'n prisoners away frorn the
life of crin1e when they were 1'eleased. Prisons for young offenders ,
ofwhich was established at Eln1i 1'a , N. Y. in 1876 , we1'e called
gave greater e111phasis to for their
the 1110St signifîcantcotrectiona1 developn1ents ofthe late
19th ce11tury \vere probation and parole. 111111a
P 1'obably the 1110St developl11ents of the late
century we1'e lJnfLe 1' probation the sentence
of a selected convicted cr Ì1ninal crin1inal pron1ises
probation the sentence of a selected convicted crin1inal is to behave weU , accept S0111e supe1'vision of his life , and 111eet ce 1'tain
suspended. Pa1'ole involves conditional release fron1
after pa1't of a sentence has already been served. It is
granted only ifthe p 1'isoner seen1S to have changed i11tO a11 honest and
involves conditional release confînelnent after pa1't of
trustwo 1'thy perso l1.
a sentence has already been served.

word 1 is closest in
(B) offender (C) in111ate (D)

38 39
 - Correction

n1ajor interest of crüninologists

[1(8'mkJ811]
llluniliation

of pföp"edy V

as a penalty

offenses
]

for young offenders

fo 1' their inlnates

and parole
[p8'ro1]
sentence of a selected convicted

release fron1 confìnelnent

 Key Sentences
Animal Communication and Human Language
cannot Com111unicate about abstract concepts.
cannot "talk" about objects that are 110t in their inl1nediate
enVl l'On111ent.
C0111nlUnication apparatus is linlited to simple gestures.
Aninlal COll1111lmication systenlS are genetically inherited.
interaction is fundatnental to hUlnan language.
language is defined and controlled by the COnl1nUnÎty.
42
.Animal and Human Language
Apes , cllhií15ãnzees , and dolphins See l11 capable of COnl111Unicating
with one another; however, their COnlnlUnÌcation systenlS are very
simple. They cannot C0 l11nlUnÎCate about abstract C011cepts and ideas
or “ talk" about M<::(;Pl10t in their itnnlediate environnlen t.
Thei 1' cOlnnlunicatÎon litnited to sinlple gestures and a
very linlited range of vocal utterances that vary in pitch and
volunle. On the other hand , hunlan speech is yarie
ofunits which , loosely speaking , correspond to -vowel aõö coùi
sounds. While an Ì111al C0111nlunÎcation systen1s are genetically
110t true of hU111an language. At birth , hUlnans are
progratnmed to learn language: the ability to learn is genetically
inherited. However, language itself is learned fro111 interactionwith
individuals in society. If a child were raised in an environnlent wbere
language was never used , that child would never learn a language.
Fortunately children are brought up in a language-rich environnlent,
and they quickly acquire language skills.
Social interaction is fundanlental to hunlan language. 1\10re
precisely, our language is socially dependent and conventiona l. This
means that our language is defined and controlled by the conl1nunity
in which we live; speakers within our language C0111nlUl1 ity accept a
systenl of rules , ca l1 ed gran1111ar, which governs our language.
 -Animal Human Language
concepts
ræbstrækt]
enVir0111nent

apparatus
'ret8s]
very li111ited ral1 ge of vocal

utter
speaking

J.. loose
inherited

of hU111an language
= bring up
[rez]
language skills
[8'kwmr]
J.. .acquired
interaction
Lll1 tÔ'-'ækf8n]

A conventlon

[
J.. definition

45
44
 Acquisition by Children
Key Sentences

One of the topics lnost central to psycholinguistic research is the

psycbological tbeory of as currently fonnulated , is
capable of accounting for the process.
on language acquisition has been strongly in t1 uenced by
Chonlsky's theory of generative granl111a r.
is possible for young children to infer the gralnnlatical rules
underlying the speecb.
Tt is this Ìnnate knowledge that explains the success and speed of
language acqulsltlOn.
is 110t gra111111atical cOnlpetence as such that is innate but nl0re
general cognitive principles.
basic senlan t1 c categories and granl111atical functions can be
found in the earliest speech of children.
8
acquisition of language by chilclren. The tenll “ acquisition" is
preferred to “ learning," because 111any psycholinguists be .1 ieve that
no psychological theory oflearning, as currently fornlldated , is capable
of accounting for the process whereby in a relatively short
time , C0 l11e to achieve a t1 uent çontrol oftheir native Ianguage.
Since the beginning of the 1960s , research on language acquisition
has been strongly in t1 uenced by ChOlllSky's theory of generative
granlnlar, and the nlai l1 problenl to which it has addressed itself has
been how it is possible for young children to infer the granl111atical
rules unde rI ying the speech they hear and then to use these rules for
the construction of utterances that they have never heard before. It is
Chonlsky's conviction , shared by a nU111ber of psycholinguists , that
children are born with a knowledge of the fonnal principles that
cletenlline the gramnlatical structure of a Il languages , and that it is this
innate knowledge that explains the success and speed of Ianguage
acquisition. Others have argued that it is not granl111atical COnlpete11ce
as such that is innate but nl0re general cognitive principles and that
the application ofthese to language utterances in particular situa t: ions
ultinlately yields granlnlatical COnlpetenCe.
Many recent works have stressed that a Il children go through the
Sa1ne stages of language developlnent regardless of the language they
are acquiring. It has also been asserted that the Sa111e basic Selllantic
categories and gramtnatical functions can be found in the earliest
speech of children in a nU111ber of different languages operating in
quite different cultures in various parts of the world.

47
46
 - Language Acquisition Children

forn1ulated

6 fonnulate

ha
1c uL
-ir as
-
-aAl1
-girc-
i-dj-
-117L-
,rLEA-
i-

.i ...
A acquiremenL)

grmnlnar

the gran1n1atical rules

]

construction of utterances
[1(8 11'strJ\ kf811]
Jr.. utter

conviction

know ledge

principles e

categories
[S8'mænt1k]

49
48
 Key Sentences
R0111anticisD1 started as a reaction against the perceived strictures
of the prece c1 ing age.
this case , early r0111antic writers \vished to 1110Ve away frOn1 the
philosophical fOr l11alisnl of the neoclassical age.
reestablishe c1 the place of hU111anS within a cOl11pletely
untan1ed natural vvorld.
was taking .its place as a serious philosophical
stance.
basic prenlise resides in the realizatio11 that neither theisn1 110r
c1 cis111 can adequately answer the burning question of l11an'S
relationship with God.
chose a fon11 of pantheis111 to articulate their
view of the universe.
50
Like n1any literary and 1110Vel11ents , ROn1anticisn1 starte c1 as
a reaction against the perceived strictures ofthe preceding age. 1n this
case, early r0111antic writers wished to 1110Ve away frOt11 the
philosophical formalis l11 ofthe neo c1 assical age. Man's relation to the
natural world was reestablished whtle the basis of philosophy began
to shift toward what would later be cal1 e c1 Transcendentalisll1 , the
belief systen1 that places God back in
Landscape art , gardening , n1usic , even theology reestablished the
place of humans within a compieteip1111tamednaturai world-Tiale
enlphasis in a11 areas of creative endéávor was in the reliance upon
en10tions and the natural Se11SeS while placing 11l1111anS in a new Eden.
C1' itics an c1 now look back upon the years between 1850
and 1855 as the due to the fact that
\
80 111any writers of pivotaI Ït11pörfãilce'''Wère busily recording their
wo r1 d at the tinle: El11erson , Thoreau , and
othe 1's. Mo 1'eove1', Transcendentalisn1 was taking its place as a serious
philosophical stance. Beginning in the Far East and traveling through
Europe , Transcendentalisn1 finally found its way to An1erica through
the writings ofRalph Waldo El11erson and Henry David
basic resi c1 es in the realization that theisnl no1' c1 eisnl
can adëèfuatèly answer the burning question of l11an's relationship
with God. 1nstead, Transcendentalists chose a fOrtl1 of pantheisn1 to
articulate their vieWt:: of.... Jþe universe. The group of
,
Transcendentalists ýoung intellectuals i11 the Boston area
who were , for the 1110st part, concerned vvith the theology 0 f the
church.
51
 [ro (À ç ç-(7h

reaction against the percei ved strictures

[p Ô'-'si (1/1)

preceding age
\ "-- I

V .l.- /'-

philosophical foì'ii1áli s111 of the neoclassical age

[8i'aI8d3I]
cOlnpletely llntanled natllral world

o Transcendentalisln

serious philosophical stance

.
v:-
r

,(ø)kí

The basic
[ [n zm c\ z]
L:::; ,-hc'::L::

['8iIZ8111] ['dirz8m]

['pæn8i...lZ8m]

one's view of the universe

53
52
 Dickinson
C0111pression makes her work aphoristic like
a]so results in occasional obscurity.
The language of the pOen1S is precise , instantly expressive , and
richly connotatíve.
delighted in such indirections as incongnl1tI es ,
paradoxes , and puns.
prosody , sight, Seen1S the n10st derivative of her
techniques , for her 111eters are essentially those of English hynlnS.
frequently abandoned exact for approx Ïlnate rhyn1eS.
111 that totality we call style , En1ily
space. Her longest poen1 extends to only
fifty Iines. Such compression lnakes her work aphoristic like
Emerson's but also results in occasional obscurity. The language of
the poenls is precise , instantly expressive , and I
Like the Elizabethans , Dickinson not only exhibited a
kinds of words but a1so took noticeable liberties with gra111111ar. She
delighted in such indirections as a111biguities , incongruities ,
paradoxes , and well described in her poen1 "Tell
All the Truth but Tell It Slãí-it." Capitalization served of
underlining to en1phasize any word she wished. For r;f1ttðHlåiiõ'n she
used dashes with such abandon that her constantly
frustrated their editors. Tho111aS H. Johnso11 and others even attribute
a to these dashes.
Her prosody , at first sight, seen1S the lnost derivative of her
techniques , for her lneters are essentially those of English hynl l1 s. III
fact , n10st of her poen1S enlploy the
n1eters , the so-cal1 ed con1n10n nleter, used traditionally in 15äIIàds -a8....
we l1 as hynlns. Yet Dickinson never felt bound" to these forn1s but
experinlented with them , son1etÌInes n1ixing several111eters in a single
poenl. Rhyme in her hands proved equally flexible and functiona l.
She frequently abandoned exact for approx Í1nate rhylnes. Although
this freedon1 with rhylne invites con1parison with such poets as
Vaughan and E111erSOn , it is safe to say that

54 55
 1830-----1886) - Emily Dickinson

obscurity
]

tl]

"\ ÓY\ ç-ck

o with abandon

V
[d8 'nv8tl V]

hyn111S
rllJgh J] [111111Z]
approx Ìlnate rhylnes
t] [rallllZ]

56 57
 Key and Motivation

ability of the brain to 1'egiste 1' the notion of heat , 1'e111en1be 1' it ,
and later recall it n1eans that a speci :fi c piece of infolïnation has
been learned.
•---•------
I11Ìnd vvoulcl be a storehouse of unassortecl data.
nle1110ry lasts no lnore than a couple of seconcls , the
time it takes for a senso 1'y itnp1'essíoll to 1'eglster.
One learns that a bu1'ning candle is hot by feeling the heat. The
ability ofthe b 1'ain to register the notion ofheat, relnen1ber it, and 1ater
reca lI it 111eans that a specifïc piece of infornlation has been learned.
Menlory, therefore , is essential to learning.
Learning is a selective process. Far nlore is perceived tban
relnel11be 1'ecl; otherwise the ll1ind would be a sto 1'ehouse of
misce l1 aneous , unassortecl data.
There appear to be three levels oflne1110ry: inl l11ediate,
ancl long-tenl1. 1mnlediate l11el11ory lasts no 1110re than a couple of
secollds , the tinle it takes for a sensory Ìt11pression to register. Short-
a of seconds or l11inutes: One looks up a phone
nunlber in the and nlakes a call; by the t Ì1ne the call is
con1pleted , the number has normally been forgotten. Long-ter111
melllo 1'y can last a lifetüne , but s0111e experts be 1ieve that 1

ll1ay be lost th 1'ough clisuse 01' 111ay becon1e f1 awed
through reinterpretatio l1.
way this is done is by repetition and rehearsa l.
actor nlight 111e1110rize his or her lines fro111 a sc1' ip t.
-------_.
111ay be 10st tbrough disuse 01' 111ay through1
sho 1't-ternl to long-tenn
ll1en10ry. One way this is done is by 1'epetition and rehea1'sal , 111uch the
way an actor 111ight nlel110rize his or her lines f1'o111 a scrip t. Novel or
vivicl experiences See111 to be 1110re readily shifted to long-ternl
me1110 1'y. Other nleans of tra11sfe1' are by the associatio11 o :f an
nan1e or fact with sOl11ething that is already lalown , or
g1'ouping things together so that fewer facts at a ti111e need to be
absorbed. Many strategies are taught for i111proving 111e1110ry, and
1110St people develop their own devices.

58 59
 heck - Memory and Motivation

the notion of heat

specific piece of info 1'n1ation

storehouse of miscellaneous , unassorted ciata

a
['S8 I1 S8n]

lost th 1'ough disuse

[ciI s 'j Ll S]

flawed through
[tbd]
1'epetition and 1'ehearsal
[n'h3 s lJ L

his or her lines f1'on1 a script

[sknpt]

or vivid experiences

readily shifted to long-tern1memory

['JIHld]

strategles
rstn:et8d3IZ]

their own devices

[

61
60
 Key Sentences
the 1960s and the wonlen's nlovelnent lnade
considerable progress in elevating public awareness ofinequalities
be t\veen the sexes.
National Organization for W0 l11en (NOW) was fO r1 ned in 1966
by Betty Friedan and other like-lninded activists to prolnote
\VOl11en's rights through legislation.
lobbied for the end ofjob discrinlination.
The Equal Rights Anlendnlent was passed by Congress.
organization also sought the legalization of abortion.
wonlen's 1l1 0Venlent a1so helped to forge a new sense of
identity and shared experiences atllong \VOnlen.
62
During the 1960s and 1970s , the wonlen's nlovenlent lnade
considerable progress in elevating public awareness of inequalities
between the sexes. A central player in the nlovenlelü was the National
Organization for W01nen (N OW) , which was fornled in 1966 by Betty
Friedan and other like• ninded activists to PX9luote wOlnen's rights
through 1egis1ation. 1n the late.1960s NOW
discr Î111ination and for governnlent-supported services for
professionaI nlothers. 111
k
1X of the Education An1'Æfcl1hents Act , which reqllired colleges to
guarantee equal opportunities for women , and the Equal Rights
:Alnendlnent , which was passed by Congress bllt
in the ratification process. The organization also sought the
Iegalization of abortion , a goal achieved with the Suprenle Court' s
decision in the Roe vs. Wade case of 1973. 'P" Ìf1 J
-1
1n addition to its political achievelnents , the w0111en's nlovenlent
a1so helped to forge a new sense of identity and shared experiences
among wonlen. An il11portant part of this process was the creation of
publications specifically fo 1' wonlen , such as Ms. , a iell1.iJJig
magazine founded in 1970 that provided a foru111 for w0111en's issues.
Other publications , sllch as the influential book Gur
helped nlany women to feel nlore c0 l11fortable about their
bodies and encouraged them to discuss f01111erly taboo topics such as
birth control , Iesbianisnl , and rape. 111 addition , schools and
unÌversities began to offer courses in wOl11en's issues; by 1974 nearly
80 institutions offered w0111en's studies progranls.
63
 between the sexes
L1111'kwctl8UZ]

public awareness
['d8/vet]

activists

women's rights through legislation

f
for the end of job discrünination
['labl] [dl/sknm8 'nef8nJ

Equal Rights An1endn1ent

ratification process
é l.A ,

legalization of abortion

a new sense of identity

j[ford 3J
\}Ii forge

fOrU 1l1 for WOlnen'S issues

64 65
 Key Sentences
Railroad
Of a l1 the great the railroad 111ay well be the
public was seized by what was called "railroad n1ania." one to which historians have allowed the 1110St dratllatic and
reaching influence. No SOO l1 er had the first passenger railroads begun
operations in England and the United States, around 1830 , than the
new steanl machine was 111echanically and visually arresting.
The new ll1achine was as great a source of 1

as the COll1puter is today. It could pull 1110re weight faster than people
railroad evoked a widely shared sense that an aln10st 111agical had thought possible; it was ll1echallically and visua lI y '.!rresting; and
enhancel11ent of hU111an power was about to take place.
it aln10st i111n1ediately began to change COll1n1011 ideas ofti111e, space,
and history. The railroad widely shared sense that a11 ahnost
magical enhance111ent of hU111an power was about to take place.
The stean1-powered loco1110tive was the 1nnovat1 on
The 1110re historians have learned about the changes caused by the
in overI and transportation.
railroad. the less 111aniac. the 1110re reasollable or at 'ieast
that has conle to see111. They ren1ind us
the feasible goods e that the stean1-powered was the first in1portant innovatioll
over land. in overland transportation since before the tÏ111e of Julius Caesar, and1
manv have described the railroad as o11e of the

scale production cou ld be profitable , fanllers and ll1anufacturers had

access tQ larger ll1arkets. It was the railroad that 1nade it
tQ. ship goods long distance over land.

word “" inno\

new (C) :ß
:(D) COm111011 ideas

66 67
 heck - Railroad
publicwas seized by
[sizd]

arresting

a widely shared sense

[r'vok]

enhancen1ent of hUlllan power

locon10tive

in overland transportation
[)rænSpa'-'teI8n]
chief pivots
['pIV8tS]

access to larger n1arkets

/:::, access

it feasible to ship goods

['fiZ8b J]

68 69

larger ll1ay contain as n1any as a trillion stars.
laxies can be up to 100,000 light-years in dian1eter.
were long thought to be ll10re 01' less passive objects ,
containing stars and interstellar gas and dust and shining by the
racliation that their sta1's give off.
A nU111ber of galaxies en1it large atll0unts of energy in the radio
reglon.
had been given offby charged particles of extren1ely
high energy n10ving in 111agnetic fields.
70
Fe Galaxies
Stars are found in huge groups called galaxies. Scientists estimate
,
that the larger galaxies n1ay contain as n1any as a t1'il1 ion sta1's , vhile
the n1ay have fewer than a l11illion. Galaxies can be up to
100,000 in diatlleter.
Galaxies 111ay have any of four general shapes. E l1 iptical galaxies
show little 0 1' no st1'ucture an d. vary f1'o111 1110clerately flat to spherical
in generaI shape. Spiral galaxies have a bright central 1'egion ,
or and a1111S that con1e out of the nucleus and wind around ,
trailing off like a giant pinwhee l. ln barred spiral galaxies , the a1'111S
extend sideways in a short straight line before turning off into the
spiral shape. Both kinds of spiral syste111s are fla t. Irregular galaxies
are usually rather sn1a11 and have no particular shape 01' for111.
Galaxies were long thought to be n10re or less passive objects ,
containing stars and interste l1 ar gas and dust and shining by the
radiation that their stars give off. When astronon1ers beca111e able to
n1ake accurate observations of radio frequencies c0111ing fron1 space ,
they were surprisecl to find that a nU111ber of large
amounts of energy in the radio region. Ordinary stars are so hot that
n10st of their energy is en1itted in invisible light, with little energy
,
emitted at radio frequencies. Furthern10re , astron0111ers vere able to
deduce that this radiation had been given off by charged parti c1 es of
extremely high energy ll10ving in 111agnetic fields.
at the word ‘ 'enlit" in paragraph 3.
Find out the word 01' phrase in paragraph 3 that “ e111it" refers tO.
71
 larger galaxies

trillion stars

100,000 light-years in

galaxies

moderately f1 at to spherical in general

['n1C\Chmtll) ['sfsnk!]

galaxies

gas

radiation that their stars give off

large an10unts of energy

[

radio region
['rid38l1]

Ddeduce

particles
[tJ etrd3d]
fields
…---

72 73

Disease
respiratory infections are exceeclingly COmn10n.
is an invariably fatal viral disease.
ìs therefore aclvisable that all cats in such areas be given
preventive vaCcmatlonS.
may cause ulce 1's or con1pletely obstruct the cligestive t1'ac t.
vvounds ll1ay becol11e infected.
cat cannot heal the wound by licking it.
Many apparently non11al cats have tiny 111ineral crystals in their
unne.
is a grave en1ergency.
Disease
Upper respiratory infections are exceedingly cOlnlnon , ancl the
best-known are pneunlonitis and rhinotracheitis. Syl11ptoll1S reselnble
those ofthe COn11110n colcl in humans and clistell1pe 1' in dogs.. The cat's
“ colcls ," however, cannot be passed 011 to hun1ans or clogs although
they a1'e highly infectious fo 1' other cats.
Rabies is an invariably fatal viral clisease. It is trans111itted by the
bite of a rabid anin1al. Rabies has becol11e established anlong the wild
aninlals in nlany palis of the world. A cat that 1'oa111s outdoors in an
area whe 1'e 1'abies occurs 111ay be bitten by a rabicl an iInal. It is
therefo1'e aclvisable that a11 cats in such a 1'eas be given p 1'eventíve
vacclnatlons.
A cat that swallows large an10unts of fu 1' while grooll1ing n1ay
develop fu 1' balls 01' hair balls. Occasionally these ll1ay cause ulce 1's or
con1pletely obstruct the digestive trac t. Prevention , in the fonn of
Jrequent cOl11bing and brushing , is bes t. If fu 1' balls occur in spite of
g1'ooll1ing , the aninlal111ay be given a teaspoonful of nline 1'al oil in its
food or a clab of petroleun1 jelly on its paws twice a week.
Bite wounds lnay becon1e infected and cause serious problenls.
Contrary to popular belief, the cat cannot heal the wound by licking
it. It is better to seek veterina1'Y attention as soon as possible.
apparently non11al cats have tiny nline 1'al crystals in their
urine. For reasons 110t yet fu lI y understood , these crystals often c]un1p
together to forn1 sanklike particles or sl11a11 stones which ll1ay cause
irritation or obstruction ofthe urinary passages. A urinary obstruction
is a grave elnergellcy and l11Ust be treated ÌIl1l11ediately by a
veterinarían.

74
75
 o respiratory infectÌons
[111'fc; kf8 I1 Z]

invariably fatal viral disease

rabid anin1al

vacclnatlons
LVækSI) 'ef8 I1 z]
,

ulcers

the digestive tract

hb'strAkt] [d8
infected

o heal the wound by licking it

[wund] ['lI kllJ]
veterinary attention

o tiny n1ineral crystals in theÌr urÌne

ftm l1I] ['111 Il18r8 1] ['kns t! z] ['j unn]
urinary obstruction
['j

76 77
 Key Sentences Folution

New biological concepts and theories developed rapidly during the

18th and 19th centuries and old icleas. In 1859
Darwin published his theory of evolution in a book entitled
011 tlle Origi11 of Species by Means SeJectiOll. Charles publishecl his theory of evolution in a bool,( entitled
011 the 01igill by Mea l1 s ofNatIlJ ê:7l The concept
of natural selection ancl evolution revolutionized
thi11king about the relationships between groups of p]ants and
thoughtful presentation provided a sound biological a11i111a1s. His thoughtful presentation providecl a souncl biological
explanation for the existence ofn1111titudes of different organisn1S explanation for the existence of l11ultitucles of clifferent organisnls in
in the world. the wo r1 d and suggested that they ll1ight be relatecl to one another. To
support his ideas Darwin used exmnp]es fron1 geology, d0111estic
an Îlllals , cu 1tivated plants , al1 d fron1 his personal observations of the
wealth of biological variability and sinlilarity that can be founcl
and the l11echanisn1S of inheritance were unknown during
alllong living creatures. A 1though genetics and the l11echanis l1l s of
Darwin's tÌ n1e.
inheritance were unknown during Darwin's titl1e , he noted that certain
life forn1s are nlore likely to survive than others. This concept of
New species can be others beCOn1e extínc t. natural selection provided , for the first tinle , a universal explanatioll
for the variatiolls observed in nature. He made a powerful case that
l!ew species can be others becol11e
..

gradual process of change and adaptation l11ade possible by this

natural variability. Darwin's ideas in f1 uenced the fie1d of biology
more than any other concep t.

;
questioned (B) projected survived (D)

78 79
 of evolutlon
['Gi8n] 'luf8n]

of Species
['spi fI z]

selection

sound biological explanation

["Eksp18'nef8n]

of different organisn1s

and the 111echanis111S of inheritance

[d38

J.. gene
[d3 in ]

o beCOlne extinct

À eXÍl nctlon

80 81
 Key
@ The first elen1e l1 t which differentiates hUl11an frOn1 a l1 inlal
relative absencc in n1a l1 ofinsti l1 ctive regulation in the process
of adaptation to the surrou l1 ding world.
n10de of adaptation ofthe anin1al to its world remains the same
thro l1 gho l1t.
Ìts instinctive equiplllent ÍS no to cope successfully
\\rith a changing enVÍrOnn1ent , the species wi lI beCOlne extinc t.
The animal's inherited equiplllent n1akes it a fixed and unchanging
part of its world.
emergence of n1an can be defined as occurring at the point in
the process of evolution where instinctive adaptation has reached
awareness of hilnself as a separate
82
Human Qualities
existe l1 ce is a negative one: the relative absence in ll1an of instinctive
regulation in the process of adaptation to the surrounding worlcl. The
1110de of adaptation of the anin1al to its world relnains the Sal11e
th 1'oughou t. 1f its instinctive equipnlent is no longer fit to cope
successfully with a changing environn1ellt, the species will becon1e
exti l1 c t. The aninlal can adapt itself to changing conditions by
changing itself. 1n this fashion it lives harn10 l1 Íously, not in the sense
of absence of struggle but in the sense that its inherited equipnlent
lnakes it a fixed and unchanging part of its wo rI cl; it either fits in or
dies ou t.
The ]ess con1plete and fixed the instinctive equiplnent of an ÍlTtals ,
,the n10re developed Ís the brain ancl therefore the ability to learn. The
elnergence of n1a11 can be defined as occurring at the point in the
'process of evolution where instinctive adaptation has reached its
minin111111. But he enlerges with new qualities which differentiate hitn
f1'0 l11 the aninlal: his awareness of hinlself as a separate entity , his
ability to renlenlber the past, to visualize the future , and to denote
objects and acts by sYlnbols; and his reason to conceive and
understand the world. Man is the 1110St helpless of a11 anin1als , but this
very biological weakness 1S the basis for his strength , the prinle cause
for the developnlent of his specifically h11111an qualities.
word “ n10de" in
Jind out the word 0 1' phrase in paragraph 1 that “ l11ocle" refers tO.
83
 ....

- Specifically Qualities

o instinctive regulation
v]

to the surrounding world

Læd8p 'teI811 J [S8 'raUnclll]]

lnode of adaptation
[modJ

61110de way
method = manner = ülshion)

equlplnent
[1 'kWlpm811t]

equipnlent

elnergence of nlan

J.. enlerge
[l'm3,- d3]

o instinctive adaptation

a BH
dQ crLtQ
aiH1j vtu

84 85
 VJ- cu-nH-
ou- e- •••
tm
nH-e-
pu-

Aggression
To write about hUnlan aggression is a difficult tas k.
_. --------.-----.
When a child rebels against authority, it is being aggressive; but it
is also ll1anifesting a drive towards independence.
The desire for power has , in extrelne fO rI11 , disastrous aspects
we a11 acknowledge.
The drive to conquer difficulties underlies the greatest of hU111an
achieve111ents.
The aggressive part of hUnlan nature is not only a necessary
safeguard against savage attack.
I. Ie possessed a large anlount of inborn aggressiveness.
To write about human aggression is a dif:ficult task because the
terl11 is used in so n1any different senses. Aggression is one of those
words which everyonc knows , but which is harcl to
idefine. One d1fficulty is that there is no clear dividing line betv.r een
,
those fOrll1S of aggression which we a11 deplore and those vhich we
must not disown if we are to. survive. When a child rebels against
authority , it 1S being aggressive; but it is a]so lnanifesting a drive
towards independence which is a necessary and valuable part of
growing up. The desire for power has , in extren1e for111 , disastrous
aspects which we a11 acknowledge; but the drive to conquer
or to gain mastery over the external world , underlies the
greatest of hUl11an achievel11entS.
The aggressive part of h U111an nature is not only a necessary
safeguard against savage attack. lt is also the basis of intellectua1
achieven1ent , of the attainnlent of independence , and even of that
proper pride which enables a n1an to hold his head high an10ngst his
fellows. Without the aggressive , active side of his nature
be even less able than he is to direct the course of his life or to
influence the vvorld around hinl. In fact , it 1S obvious that 111all could
never have attained his present dOnlinance , 110r even have survived as
a specles , unless he possessed a large anlount of inborn
a ecu --E-Av e cnbnb
eEA

(A) disastrous (B) aggressive (C) savage (D) innate.

86 87
 aggression

o a diffïcult task
[

against authority

a drive towardsindependence
LJnclI

desi 1'e fo 1' power

aspects

d1'ive to conquer diffïculties

['km]ka'-]

necessary safeguard against savage

fse(gard]

as a species
[S 3'-'vaIV] ['Sp iJIZ]
-AI-- nn-nchub-
-EArEEL--ti
•• 5I- mw-
;I-PD Cd

natura1 = ìnnate = Ínherent

= native)

88 89
 @
Key Sentences

Raising aninlals and plants in the water is aquaculture.
aninlal aquaculture nluch effort has gone .1 11tO controlling the
breeding process.
fish , such as trout , are easily bred in captivity.
are squeezed fron1 the fenlale and fertilized.
The growing of plants and an Ílllals on land for food and other
products is agricu lture. Raising an Ílna]s and plants in the water 1S
aquacu]ture. 1n ani111al aquacu 1ture nluch effort has gone into
contro l1 ing the breeding process. SOlne fish , such as trout, are easily
bred in captivity. Eggs are squeezed frol11 the felllale and fertilized.
Once hatched , imnlature fish are raised in tanks or ponds. Carp and
catfish , which do 110t breed easily in captivity, are caught in the vv' j]d
while young and then raised to nlaturity by aquaculturists. 1n
lndonesia , for example , when the rice paddies are idle during the t Ì111e
between harvest and planting, farnlers nlay buy yotmg carp and fatten
thenl in the paddies. are raised in France by a process that
involves hanging ropes over natural nlusse] beds in the ocean.
The inl111ature nlussels , called spats , f1 0at after hatching and attach
<

themselves to the ropes. spatcovered ropes are next wound

the rice paddies are idlßduring the tinle between harvest and
pìanting , farnlers 111ay buy young carp and fatten thenl in the
paddies.
i111111ature nlussels f1 0at after hatching and attach thenlselves to
the ropes.
around large stakes in the sea. nlethods are used to raise
oysters in nlany parts of the
Aquaculturists keep their anilnals captive by such 111eanS as ponds ,
tanks , and underwater enclosures. 111 S0111e areas fish are artificia l1y
bred , released into the wild , and then recapture c1 as adults. This is
c\one in enclosed areas such as the Caspian Sea , where sturgeon are
raised for their flesh and their eggs.

There the mussels mature.

sonle areas Where would it best fit in the passage? Choose the one best
(A), (B), (C) 0 1' (D).

90 91
 ['ækw8"kAltJô\.]

j. cultllre

t-c
iu7D
c-c , g!"
cu-
G.G-
Mfi-BO DArAoC CQUQU
••
EA'

,
A-

DA
s.. vdN
aa rtcnu-v •••
vdu-
....

j. fertilizer

j. fertile

rice paddies are idle.

J ['md!]

6idle

after hatching
[flot]['hætfllJ]

bred

92 93
 Key Sentences
8irds
@ Certain birds \vhose ancient relatives once f1 ew have lost the power
Certaül birds whose ancient relatives Ol1 ce f1 ew have lost the power
of flight and have aclapted to other 1110des of living.
Two extinct ratites are thc elephant bird and the n10a.
Birds are descended fron1 reptiles that began to live in trees about
225 111i l1 ion years ago.
The scales 011 the bodies of reptiles are believecl to have
evolvecl into feathers.
Th is \vas acco l11 paniecl by the gradual n10dification of the
forel iJ ubs into 111e111branous wings.
The first line of descent attained f1 ight long ago.
The other line , flightless birds , is at an ea rI y stage of evolution.
94
of flight and have adapted to other n10des of living. The largest such
group of the ratites , includes the ostrich , r h,ea , enlu ,
cassowary, and kiwi. Two extinct ratites are the elephant bird and the
1110a. Unrelated to the ratites are the penguÍn , whose f1 ipperlike \ìvings
help it to SWi111 , and the extinct dodo.
According to theory, birds are descended frolU pseudosuchians ,
reptiles that began to live in trees about 225 luillion years
the passage of time , the scales 011 the bodies of these rept i1 es are
believed to have evolved i11tO feathers . This was acconlpanied by the
gradual 1110dification of the forelitubs into 111en1branous wings ,
making it possible for these anin1als to leap fr01u trees and glide to the
ground. Fronl these reptiles , Archaeopteryx (“ ancient wing" )
evolved. According to theory, this wanl1 -blooded anin1al could use its
wings to rise up and 1110ve through the air. the first
true bird , probably appeared S0111e 136 million years ago.
If a l1 birds are descended fron1 Archaeopteryx , where the11 do
f1 ightless birds con1e fro111? This questio11 has scientists for a
long tin1e. S0111e suggest that 1110dern birds have two COln1110n
ancestors instcad of one. Thc first line of descent, representing the
majority, attained f1 ight long ago.
The other flightless birds , is at an early stage of evolution.
Most experts reject this view today. They say that tlightless birds had
f1 ying ancestors but lost the use of their wings because they did 110t
need thenl to survive.
95
 - Fligtless

the power of flight

(luz]

o adapt to other 1110cles of living

h' c\ æpt] [modz]

ext1l1ct ratltes
[Ik'stllJkt]

fÌ' on1 reptiles

[c\ l c\]

scales
[ske1zJ

into feathers
[1 'y ctl y] ['fsða\.z]

graclual 1110clificatiol1

Å n10dify

f01‘ elünbs into lnelnbranous wings

first line of descent

o attain flight
[8'ten] [l1 mtJ

birds
rt1arths]
an early stage of evolution

96 97
 @
Key Sentences

Close living arrangen1ents between two different species is callecl

Symbiosis is classified into: ll1utualis l11, COll1111ensalisll1S , and syn1biosis. The word the Greek word n1eaning “ state of
parasl t1 sn1. living together." Usually the two organisnlS are in close , physical
contact , with one living on or in the other. 1n SOlne cases , however, the
relationship is Iess intin1ate. Synlbiosis is classified into :
beings , anill1als , and 1110St plants need nitrogen to survive (once ca Iled syn1biosis) , C0111111ensalism , and parasitisnl. These
bllt Can l1 0t l11etabolize ìt fr0111 the ai r. relationships range fr0111 nlutually beneficial to hall11ful , or even fatal ,
for one of the species.
1n 111utualisnl both partners benefit frOn1 the relationship. One of
the 111utual relationships is the one between
C0 l11pound ìs then converted into SOl11e organic fOn11 , such as
fixing Rhizobi Ulll bacteria and several legUlllinous plants such as
an1Ìno acids.
;, beans , peas , peanuts , and alfalfa.
beings , anin1als , and n10st plants need nitrogen to survive
consist of fungi and algae. but cannot ll1etabolize it fr0111 the air. Rhizobiu l11 bacteria , which live
, in the soil , enter the roots of legun1es and produce I1 odules , or
in which they absorb nitrogen fr0111 the air and COflvert
it into anl1110nia. This C0111pound is then converted into S0111e organic
fo 1'n1, such as an1ino acids , which is shared by the bacteria ancl the
host plan t. By eating such leguminous plants , other organiS I11S obtain
a rich source of nitrogen-bearing con1pounds. The bacteria, in turn ,
benefit fron1 the relationship by absorbing fro111 the host plant
nutrients that they cannot n1anufacture themselves.
Lichens , which consÍst offungi and another well-known
example of 111utualis111. Algae receive shelter and a nloist enviro l11 nent
by dwelling within the fungi. 1n turn , the algae provide tbe fungi with
food through photosynthesis.

98 99
 - Symbiosis

is classified into
['klæs8 fmd]
,.

o parasi tisn1
Z111]

nitrogen to survive
t r8 d38n]

it Üon1 the air

6111etabolize

into SOlne organic fonn

acids

of fungi and algae

100 101
 Key Sentences
Computer
(@:
digital COn1puter typically consists of a control unit , an
arithll1etic-logic unit , a n1el11ory unit , and input/output units.
nlaÎn COnlputer nlemory, usually high-speed rand Oll1 -aCCeSs
menlory (RA lVf) , stores instructions and data.
basic operation of the CPU is analogous to a COnlputation
out by a pcrson using an arithnletic ca1cuIator.
fast 111en10ries are rea lized with transistor circuits.
units are com ll1 only as COlnputer peripherals.
all computers contain a nlagnetic storage device kno\vn as
a hard disk.
102
A digital COnlputer typically consists of a control unit , an
arithnletic-Iogic a and input/output units. The ,
arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs Sinlple addition , subtraction ,
l11 u 1tiplication ,
division , and logic operations , such as OR and A ND. ,
The nlain COnlputer nlenlory, usually random-access
111e1110ry (RAM) , stores instruc.tions and data. The control unit fe 1:ches
c1 ata and instructions f 1'on1 111enlory and affects the operations of the
ALU. The control unit and ALU usua11y are referred to as a processor,
01' processing unit (CPU). The operational speed of the CPU
prill1 arily detenllines the speed of the computer as a whole. The basic
operation of the CPU is analogous to a conlputatÎon carried out by a
person using an arithnletic ca1cu1ator. The control unit corresponds to
the hUlnan brain and the n1elllory to a notebook that stores the
progranl , initial data , and internlediate and final c0 l11putational
resu 1ts. 1n the case of an electronic computer, the CPU and fast
nlenlories are realized with transistor circuits.
I1 0 units , or devices , are C0 l11111only referred to as C0111puter
peripherals and consist of input units (such as keyboards and optical
feeding instructions and data into the conlputer and
output units (such as printers and l11onitors) for displaying resu 1ts. 1n
additÎon to RAM , a computer usually contains s0111e slower, but 1arger
and permanent, secondary nlenlory storage. Alt110St a11 conlputers
contain a l11agnetic storage device known as a hard disk , as well as a
c1 isk c1 rive to read fron1 or write to renlovable nlagnetic l11edia known
as Hoppy disks.
103
 - Digital Computer

digital C0111puter

/::; digital

arith111etic-logic unit
(CPU)
randOn1-aCCeSs 111e1110ry
['rænd8111]

to a C0111putati0 l1
[)m l11pj8'teI8n]

/::;analogous

clrcult

to as COn1puter peripherals

6refer to … as -----

111agnetic storage device

.105
104
 Key Sentences
Seasons
variations in the input of solar energy are due to two
factors.
polar axis ofthe earth is tilted at an angle of23.5 0 with respect
to the ecliptic.
the Northern Hen1isphere winter , no sunlight strikes the area
around the North Pole during a fu11 day's rotation of the earth.
seasons shift , the South Polar region eventually becon1es
e
plunged into darkness.
regions near the equator undergo little seasonal
change in the duration of dayligh t.
of n10re annual radiation is received per unit
area at lovver as compared to higher latitudes.
Latitudinal variations in the input of solar energy are due to two
factors. First, the earth is a sphere , and the angle at which the sun's
i rays hit its surface varies f 1'On1 90 (or vertical) near the equator to 0 0
0
(0 1' ho 1'izo11tal) near the poles. Less energy is received at the poles
because the S aIne amount ofradiation is spread out ove1' a n1uch larger
.'area at high Iatitudes and because at high latitudes the sun's rays 1'llust
travel through a 111uch greater thickness of atmosphere , where 1110re
absorption and reflection occur.
The second factor affecting latitudinal variations in heating is the
duration of dayligh t. Because the polar axis ofthe earth is ti 1ted at an
angle of 23.5 0 with respect to the ecliptic, we have a progression of
where the angle of the sun's rays striking any given point
varies over the year. ln the Northern Hel11isphere winter , no sunlight
strikes the area around the North Pole during a full day's rotation of
the earth because it is in the earth's shadow. Thus , little or no solar
heating occurs in this area at this t Ïlne. Conversely, at the South Pole
there is continual daylight , but at a very low sun angle , du 1'ing the
Northern Hen1isphere winter. As the seasons shift, the South Polar
region eventually becon1es plunged into 24-hour darkness , just as the
North Pole had been earlier. Low-latitude regions near the
cont1'ast , undergo little seasonal change in the duration of dayl ight ,
whereas intennediate latitudes are subjected to changes intenllediate
between those of the poles and the equator. Thus , because of
seasonality, n10re annual radiation is received per unit area at lower
as con1pared to higher latitudes.

106 107
 variations
,
'tj ud m!]

duration of daylight
[djll'reJ811]

polar axis ofthe earth

at an anglc of23 .5 0 to thc

['td tJcI]

Northern J-I enlisphere winter

a full day's rotation of the earth

the seasons shift

.azi
+Eiv c o gz'
EL 4SL
,a
DiO',
ZA a
VBA op
ob-K
yirlL -n
-2izva

regions near the equator

o undergo little seasonal change

['SÍZl).81]

radiation
fænju81J ["redl'eJ811]

unit area

108 109

Rain is Formed?
sun's heat evaporates the wate r.
ren1ains in the atn10sphere as an invisible vapor until it
into c1 0uds and then into 1'aindrops.
occurs in
whirling toward the center of a cy c1 0ne collides with itself and
is forced upwa1'd.
raindrops to for111 , there must be particulate l11atter in the air.
ow Rain is Formed?
The oceans are the chief source of rain , but lakes and rivers also
"contribute to it. The sun's heat evaporates the water. It renlains in the
at l11 0sphere as an invisible vapor until it into c1 0uds
and then into raindrops. Condensation happens when the air is coolecl.
Air cools either through expansion or by c Ol11ing into contact with
a cool object such as a cold Janclnlass or an Ìce-covered expanse.
When air passes over a cold object, it loses heat ancl its n10Ìsture
conclenses as fog , clew, or fros t. Air also cools as it rises ancl expancls.
The water vapor in the cooling air conclenses to forn1 c1 0uds and ,
son1etln1es , ra 1l1.
Air rises for several reasons. Convergent lift occurs in cyclonic
storn1s such as tornadoes. Air whirling toward the center of a cy cI one
: colicles with itself ancl is forced upwarcl. ln convective lift , air cOlnÎng
into contact with a wann surface , such as a desert , is heatecl and
becon1es more buoyant than the surrounding air. In orographic li the
air is forced upward as it encounters a clenser body of air or
, when it 111eets raised lanclfornls such as n10untains.

For raindrops to forn1 there ll1uSt be particulate n1atter in the air ,

particles are called condensation nu c1 ei. such as dust or at temperatures above freezing. These particles
are called condensation nuclei. When the nuclei are cooled to
tenlperatures below the freezing point, water condenses around then1
precipitation falls as snow.
in layers. The parti c1 es beconle so heavy they resist upd 1'afts and fall
through the clouds. When the air tenlperature is at 01' below freezing
al1 the way to the ground , the precipitation fa l1 s as snow.

A-z Aqa--

110
 the water

invisible vapor
['vep Ô'-]

condense into clouds

lift

convergent

stonl1 S such as tornadoes

[tor'nedoz]

with-------

111atter
[par'ükj8"let]

nuclei
The Waler Cycle
['njukl1):lI]

[pn"s1p8'tef8n]

112 113

Consequence
have discovered a disturbing unintended consequence
genetlc englneenng.
onarchs are 110t an endangered species.
genetically engineered corn n1ight be ki l1 ing other insects and
doing other unseen clatllage to the foocl chain.
The corn is genetica l1y engineerecl to procluce a natural pesticicle
tÌ1 at kills the corn borer.
corn has been toutecl by the inclustry as a way to fight a l11ajor
pest \vithout using chen1icals.
n Unintended Consequence
Scientists have cliscoverecl a clisturbing unintencle c1 consequence of
. genetic engineering: pollen frOn1 a wiclely plante c1,
strain of corn can ki l1 n10narch butterf1 ies.
Monarch caterpi l1 ars eating 111ilkweecl leaves dusted \vith pollen
the a 1tered corn plants ate less , grew more sJowly and died lnOre
quickly. After four c1ays , 44 percent of then1 verSllS none of
; the caterpillars that did not feed on the po l1 en.
Monarchs are not an enclangered species , but environn1entalists
that if the genetica lI y engineered corn is ki l1 ing the
butter f1 ies , it n1ight be ki l1 ing other insects and cloing other
unseen dan1age to the food chain.
: The strain is called Bt corn and is lnanufactured by lTlajor
agricultural conlpanies. The corn is genetically engineered to produce
a natural pesticide that kills the corn-clestroying European corn bore r.
It was app 1'oved in the U.S. by the Food ancl Drug Acl111inistration
and hit the l11arket in 1996. It accountecl foI 11101'e than 25 of
the 40 l11illion hecta 1'es of corn planted in the U.S. in 1998.
Bt corn has been toutecl by the industry as a \vay to fight a lnajor
pest without using chelllicals.

ph1'ase “ accounted fo 1''' 5 is closest in lneaning I

to
; (A) occupied (8) explainecl (D)

114 115
 sequence

unintendecl consequence

englneenng
'l1l 111J]

endangered species

unseen dalnage

corn* chain
[tJen]
engineered

6. englneer

QU -zA qu42.uzLzzari nu cOp

}
A

6. pesticide (= insecticide)

+BLrttL
OVL
-- CUkuvd+siv
HU gag-
C -IArEEL •• ydd
rAIA
••

*1

116 117

n the 1980s a nlunber of wildlife biologists and conservatíon
groups fostere c1 a 1110venlel1t to restore the gray wolf to
Yellowstone National Park.
woul c1 often poison the carcass of a c1 0wned elk in an
attenlpt to decrease the wild canine population.
bounty was place c1 on wolves by the governnlent.
ani111als would decimatè a-rea livestock.
wolves lnade a dramatic and beneficial in1pact on wil c1 1ife
bio c1 iversity in Yellowstone.
--
ha c1 been the top predators in the ecosystenl.
- --- ---- -------
c1 ecrease c1 coyote populatio l1 was a boon for rodent species.
--- --
118
ln the 1980s a nmnber of wil c1 life biologists al1 d cOl1 servation
groups fostered a nl0velnent to restore the gray wolf to Yellowstone
Park. ln the late 19th century, wolves were consi c1 ered a
,
by park visitors; hunters would often poison the carcass of a
elk in a11 attempt to decrease the wil c1 canine population. A
bounty was placed 011 wolves by the and by the 1920s
the populatio11 was elinlinate c1. The reintrocluction progran1 was
strongly protested by local ranchers , who c1 ain1ed that the animals
"itwould clecinlate area livestock. Despite the protests , the wolf
; restoration program began in 1995 with the release of 33 Canadian
wolves into the park.
The wolfpopulation thrive c1 in their new honle , v/ith the population
at the en c1 of 1997 nU111bering approximately 97 and continuing to
grow. 111 only two years after the wolves were transportcd fr0 l11
'Canada to the Wyoming park, they re c1 uced the Ye Ilowstone coyote
popula t:i on by almost 50 percen t. In doing so , the wolves macle a
dramatic and beneficiaI ÏInpact 011 wildlife biodiversity in
Ye l1 owsto l1 e. Tn the absence of the wolves , coyotes hacl been the top
predators in the ecosysten1 , at the top of the local food chain , along
with grizzly bears. Their population had grown large but relnaine c1
stable. Part of the reason for the coyotes decline after the
wolves were reintroduced nlay be territorial of the
coyotes n1ay have SÌ111ply lnoved out of Yellowstone. But the l11ain
reason for the c1 0wnsized coyote popuJation was probably death at the
jaws of the wolves. The decreased coyote population was a boon for
ro c1 ent species , such as ground squirrels , voles , and pocket gophers ,
------ which constituted 1110St of the coyote die t.
119
 wildlife biologists

groups

a n10velnent

the gray wolf

[n'stor]

carcass of a downed elk

o wild canine populatio11

bounty is placed 011

populatio11 was el Î1ninated.

[1 'hm8"netld]
reintroduction progr aIn

area livestock

a beneficial Ílnpact on

biodi versity

o the top predators in the ecosysten1

o a boon for rodent species

[bun] ['1‘ Ocll)t]

120 121

electroll 111icroscope is so na111ed because it directs a bealll of
electrons rather than l1 ght through a specitnen.
be aIll then travels through the length of the 111icroscope
cylinder, vvhich houses the lenses , the SpeCi111en chatnber, and the
inlage-recording systenl.
COlU I1111 and SpeCinlell Chanlber of the electron microscope are
evacuated by p UlnpS.
SpeCinlenS cannot be exa l11ined with an electron
microscope , since they will not survive in a VaCUUn1.
the optical ll1icroscope the inlage is determined by absorption of
I ight by the SpeCin1en.
electron nlicroscope , with its trelnendous resolving power, can
n1agnify SpeCinlenS over 50 ,000 tinles.
122
The electron microscope is so nanled because it directs a bearll of
electrons rather than light through a spec Ì111en. The bean1 of electrons
created in a hot tungsten filan1ent in an electron gun. rhis bean1
travels through the length of the Inicroscope cylinder , which
houses the le l1 ses , the specÎn1en chatnber, and the
Two types of electron lenses are used , electrostatic and
. electron1agnetic. They create electric and electronlagnetic fields to
both concentrate and 1110ve the beam.
The electron nlicroscope requires that the electron beanl be in a
because electrons cannot trave] far in air at atnlospheric
The colullln and specin1en chalnber of the electron
are evacuated by pll1nps. Living spec Î111ens cannot be
exanlined with an electron 111icroscope , since they wi l1 not survive il1
a VaCUU111. The nlagnification in 111agnetic electron t11icroscopes is
determined by the strength of the current passing through the electric
and electronlagnetic lens coils. The in1age is focused by changing the
current through the objective lens coi l. 1n the optical 111icroscope the
Îlnage is deter l11ined by absorption of light by the specin1en; 1n the
electron nlicroscope the image resu]ts fro111 a scattering of electrons
by ato111S of the specin1en. Since an atoll1 witb a high ato l11ic nltmber
scatters electrons 1110re than does a light at0111 , it appears darker. As
the bean1 passes through a specinlen , each tiny variation in the
structure of the specinlen causes a variation in the electron streanl.
The image producecl Îs then projected on 1:o a f1 uorescent screen or
recorded on fi 1111. The electron l11icroscope , with its tre111endous
resolving power, can ll1agnify specin1ens over 50 ,000 ti111es.
123
 n11CrOSCOpe
['ll1 mkr8,. skop]

a bean1 of electron

a spec Ílnen

n1icroscope cylinder

the lenses
[hausJ

pressure

by pllll1pS
[

ln a VaCUUn1

opticallnicroscope

of light by the specin1en

resolving power

spec Îlnens

124 '125
 Key Sentences set Printing
Printing
@ 1n the past few decades , o ffs et printing (also called offset
Printing (also called offset lithography) has replaced lithography) has replaced letterpress and illtaglio luethods al l11 0st
letterpress and intaglio lnethods altnost entirely for conl111erclaI entÎrely for conl111ercÎal work. The na111C offset rcfers to thç fac 1: that
work. the prÎnting plates do not conle il1 to direct contact with the paper.
the inked printing plates (which are attached to a cylinder)
transfer, or offset, the in1age .to a rubber blanket covering another
cylinder. As the inked blanket cylinder rotates , it deposits the irnage
the inked rotates , it deposits the inlage onto the
onto the paper, which is fed f 1'o111 another set of rollers.
paper.
The offset technique was nlade possible at the beginning of the
20th century afte1' the developn1ent of certain photographic processes
does not depend on raised or etched surfaces to transfer and the rotary webfed press. Offset printing plates are usually ll1ade
1111ages. of steel , alunlinuln , 01' a chronle-copper a l1 oy.
Unlike letterpress or intaglio printing , offset does 110t depend on
raised 01' etched surfaces to transfer Í111ages. Instead it relies 011 the
The offset plate is chenlically treated so that the area to which the fact that grease and water do not nlix. As the plate cylinder rotates ,
ink is transferred retains the greasy ink and repels water. the plate passes first under watersoaked danlping rollers and then
under inking rollers that carry a grease-based ink. The offset plate is
chelnically treated so that the area to which the ink is transferred
retains the greasy ink and repels water. The rest of the plate retains
there is 110 type to wear an otTset plate can make a large
water and repels ink. As the cylinder continues to rotate ,
number of inlpressions.
presses against the rubber blanket, which accepts ink froll1 the plate
and transfers it to the paper. Since there is no type to wear an
offset plate can make a large I1ll111ber of Ì1 npressions. Offset presses
can be designed to print both 0-[ the paper at once and to
reproduce images \;vith one or nlore colors.

126 127
 intaglio 111ethods
hn'tæljo]
rotates

the i111age
[dr'pazlt]

6, deposit

s urfaces

i111ages

treated
rk81111k811]
water

a large l1 u111ber of Íl11pressions

128 129
 are Oil and Gas?
and gas are prin1arily lnÌxtures of C0111pouncls of carbon and
hydrogen , known as hyclrocarbons.
natural cycle begins with deposits of plant and anin1al re111ains
and fine Se c\ in1en t.
hyclrocarbons ren1aining on the surface a 1'e soon oxidizecl by
bacteria.
and gas n1ay be trapped underneath curved layers ofrock called
anticlines , 0 1' by faults il1 the rock.
tern1 reservoir can be n1isleacling , giving people the in1pression
of large subterranean lakes full of oi l.
1and gas are t1'apped within porous sedin1entary rocks.
130
Oil ancl gas are prilnarily n1Îxtures of con1pouncls of carbon ancl
known as hydrocarbons. They are forn1ed as part of a
cyc]e which begins with deposits of plant and anin1aJ ren1ains
and fine seclin1en t. Trapped over nli l1 io l1 s ofyears , often cleep beneath
organic n1atter is transformed by the cOlnbined effect
te l11perature and pressure into oil and natural gas.
The forn1ation of oil and gas cleposits, or reservoirs, occurs when
these hydrocarbo l1 s 111igrate upwarcl through the 1'ock layers to\vards
surface. These hydrocarbons often escape to the surface \vhere
n1ay fo 1'n1 natural oil seeps or, in the case of gas , s Îl nply dissipate.
hyclrocarbons ren1aining 011 the surface are S0011 oxidized by
Son1etin1es oil and gas are trappecl in deep unclerground
which prevent then1 reaching the surface. They n1ay be
:trapped unclerneath curvecl layers of 1'ock called anticlines , or by
;Jaults in the roc k. Faults occur when layers of rock split and n10ve ,
such as in an earthquake or cluri11g no1'111al SeiS111ic events. The tenn
reservoir ca11 be lnisleacling, giving people the itnp1'ession of large
full of oiL 1n fact , oil and gas are trapped within
porous sedin1entary such as sandstone 0 1' shale and n1ay occupy
as Iittle as five percent of the rock volun1e.
131
 - What are Oil and Gas?

of carbon and hydrogen

['hmdr8d38n]

of plant and anin1al ren1ains

by bacteria
, ['akS8"dmzd] [bæk'tu18]
layers of rock

o faults in the rock

[iòlts]
events

lakes
["sAbt8 'ren18n]
sedünentary rocks
rpOf8S]
6. porous

132 133
 Boundaries
@J
collide head-on along their convergent boundaries.
profusion of geologic activities is associatecl with a plate
co l1 ision.
edge of the overriding plate is crun1pled and up 1ifted to for111 a
l11 0untain chai11 roughly parallel to the trench.
Materials n1ay be scraped off the descending slab and incorporated
into the n10untains. -
fOrn1ed where plates sink into the mantle floats upward ,
and can reach the surface and erupt fr0111 volcanoes.
zones are sources of new lithosphere.
134
Because the plates cover the globe, if they separate in one place,
111uSt converge else; and they do. Plates collide heacl-
on along their convergent boundaries.
A profusion of geologic activities is associated \vith a plate
One plate sinks beneath the other, a process called
lithosphere thus descends into the
asthenosphere. This downbuckling procluces a long , narrow cleep-
(about 100 k111 \vide) , where the ocean floor reaches its
greatest (about 10 k111 below sea level). The edge 01' the
parallel to the trench. The enor1110US forces of co l1 isio11 and
produce great earthquakes. Materials n1ay be scraped off
the descending slab and incorporated into the adjacent n10ul1Ìains.
Imagine yourself as a geologist attenlpting to figure out the 111eaning
of such tangled eviclence. Furthernlore , during subcluction , parls of
the descencling plate 111ay begin to n1el t. Magnla fortned where plates
sink into the mant]e f1 0ats upward , and can reach the surface and
erupt fron1 vo lcanoes.
Recall that clivergent zones are sources of new lithosphere.
Subduction zones at bounclaries Qf convergence are sinks in w'hich
,
lithosphere is consumecl by being returnecl to the nlantle.
135
 collide head-on.

boundaries

profusion of geologic activities

overriding plate
LOV Ô'-....rmdllJ]

PA ei QU cIE-
HAU
ga-zA
+'LAU +t
SZEEA
oiv -n 1i1iJ

into the adjacent n10untains

6. incorporate

sink into the n1antle.

['mæntlJ
i--Ejw-B
...• on
vo
c 30 Ii
nAU

•• )

136 137

and Resources
The earth's crust consists of a relatively thin layer of rock lying
above the 111antle , a region of high tenlperatures and pressures.
logists call the rate of increase the "geothel1nal gradient ," and
111eaSUre it in degrees per unit of depth.
energy SChelneS go back thousands of years.
Such reservoirs occur in penneable rocks , 1110St COnlnlonly in
seislnical1 y active regions.
first generator driven by geothennal steanl began
Italy in 1904.
elel11ents give the rocks extra hea t.
138
and Resources
The earth's crust consists of a relatively thin layer of rock lying
tabove the l11ant1 e, a region of high tenlperatures al1 d pressures.
logists call the rate of increase the “ geothernlal gradient," and
easure it in degrees per unit of depth.
The geothernlal gradient varies fr0111 place to place , but it is usually
igher in crust beneath the sea than in thicker continental Crl1 s t.
gineers can exploit the heat wherever they can reach it.
Geothermal energy SChel11eS go back thousands of years.
of hot water can lie close to the surface where local
conditions allow. Such reservoirs occur in pernleable
n10st COnln10nly in SeiSlnically active regions. These are often
to the boundaries of crustal plates , for exanlple in Iceland , l \f ew
and Italy. Converting the energy to electricity is also 110t a
new idea. The first generator driven by geothennal stean1 began
in Italy in 1904. Today, geothernlal power plants around the
,world have a capacity of nlore than two thousand 111egavvatts.
with geothe l1nal projects that supply only wanllth for space
heating rather than electricity generation , this adds up to at least
10 ,000 of geothennal energy already in use. Engineers could
extract 1110re ofthis heat ifthey could find ways to drill econonlically
thro l1 gh inlpertlleable rock to depths at which telnperatures are high
enough. 1n a developnlent project rl1l1 by Britain's Central Electricity
Generating Board in Cornwall in South-West England , the
geothernlal gradient is norn1al , but decaying radioactive elem.ents
give the rocks extra hea t.
139
 Resources

the earth's crust

[krAstJ

rock lying above the n1antle

gradient

per unit of depth

energy schen1es
[skimzJ

rocks
fp3'-m18b!J

active regions
['ric\ 38nz J

geothennal stealn

radioactive elelnents

heat

140 -141

assage is a proven cure to stress.
n1assaging of flesh quiets the stress response.
M assage can and increase hee
Ínl l11Une function in n1en with HIV.
There are nlany other options , fron1 yoga to biofeedback to 1nusic
therapy.
with asth111a or rheunlatoid arthritis could ease their
sickness by writing about tbe n10st stressful events in their lives.
. -lets you stop feeling like a vict Ì1n.
Massage is a proven cure to stress. No Ol1 e knows p1'ecisely hO' \7 the
tnassaging of flesh quiets the stress 1'esponse , but the effects can be
Over the past 23 years psychoJogist Tiffany of the
University ofMianli's Touch Research Institute has published studies
Suggesting it can hasten weight in early birth babies , inlprove
fl.l11 ction in asthnlatics and increase the Ïtlll1111ne fU l1 ction in 111en
with HIV. Healthy people l11ay benefit too. In a 1996 study, n1edical
workers who got 10 biweekly massages olltscored their co l1 eagues
:.'who didn't receive massages 011 tin1ed 111ath tests.
There are n1any other options , f1'o111 yoga to biofeedback to 111usic
therapy , and none of the111 excludes the others. So do \\7 hat works fo 1'
you. And whether you go to church , join a support group or s 1:art a
find a way to talk about your feelings. Studies suggest that
support cal1 extend the lives of people with skin 01' breast
:.cance1'. And researchers showed rece l1 tly that people with asthrI1 a 0 1'
rheunlatoid arthritis could ease thei 1' sickness by w 1'iting about the
1110st stressful events in their lives. I-Iow can such diffe1'ent exercises
have such sinlilar benefits? The key, experts agree , is that they fight
feelings of helplessness. Anything that encourages a sense of
a terrible nlen10ry into words , calnling a racing
heart through breathing exe1'cises , even planning your own

142 143
 stress response
[n'spa l1 s]

asthn1a or rhell1natoid arthritis

['rU1118..-told] [ar'8rmtIS]

lnost stressful events

144 145
rn Obesity
1n a society in which obesity is the principal nutritional disease , one
Obesity is the principal nutritional disease. forgets the horrible things that lack of food and drink can clo to
hun1an body. Yet obesity itself is merely a fonn of hunger in
The specter of overweight stalks S01ne of us the way
itself is 111erely a fOlì11 of hunger i11 disguise. stalks others. That is because we hU111ans have long
the ability both to eat and to overeat. The sto111ach bears

specter of overweight son1e of us the way starvation

stalks othe1's.

Healthy people who have endured considerable weight loss over a

nUl11ber of 1110111hs as a result of food deprivation can eat in great
The ston1ach bea1's witness.
'volun1e. After volunteers il1 a fan10us laboratory hunger study
returned to eating freely, their daily C0 l1sU111ption rose to 10 ,000
lneals of 10 ,000 01' l110re calo1'ies pose no t11echanical or
physiological problet11s. Yet , no l11atter how the outset, hUll1an beings do not
ordinarily continue to stuffthel11selves so resolutely that they swell to
gigantic proportions. We have an ah110st irresistible urge to eat, but
have an al1110st irresistible u 1'ge to ea t. we also have at least S0111e built-in controls that recluce our appetite
for food ancl that li111it the acc U111ulation of excess fa t.

also have at least S0111e built-in cont1'oIs that our appetite

for food and that lin1it the accu111ulation of excess fa t.

feed (B) block

3
(D) starve. ]
146 147
 the specter of overweight

bear witness
[bsr] [\v ltl1l S ]
n1eals
['bAllCI]
pose no mechanical 0 1' physiological problems

irresistible urge
LHI'ZISt8bl]
in controls

o reduce one's appetite

[n'djus]
accll111ulation of excess fat

148 149
 Medicine
Sports nledicine enC OlllpaSSeS four areas: preparation ofthe athlete ,
nledicine enconlpasses fou 1' a1'eas. ention of injury or illness , diagnosis and treatnlent of injury, and
l'ehabilitation. Physical prepa1'atio11 involves a progranl of
exe1'cises designed to develop ce 1'tain 111uscle g1'oups and
preparation involves a p1'ogram of conditioning exercises increase cardiac output and oxygenintake. Mental preparation
designed to develop celiain l11uscle groups and to increase cardiac cuses on building self- Ïlllage , 111aintaini11g 1110tivation and
OlltpUt and oxygen intake. iscipline to train regula1'ly, avoiding undue risks , and lea1'ning to
,'.'accept whatever changes in life-style 1l1ay be

paration also helps athletes to handle the psychological stress

llassociated with the risk of injury 01' il1 ness. Practitione1's of sports
shoes are continually Ïlllproved to boost athletes' speed advise manufacturers 011 the
and endurance. s perfoll11ance and pronlotes the health and safety of athletes.
shoes , for instance , are
1
New ll1aterials can increase pe 1'foll11ance by decreasing friction ancl
New nlaterials nlake spo 1'tswear 11101'e c0111fortable and
reslstance.
t;jprotective and can inc1'ease pe1'fo 1'nlance by decreasing f1'iction and
reslstance.
is a critical aspect of sports 111edicine. The wrong diet can
is a aspect of sports l11edicine.
seriously in1pair an athlete's perfOrtllance and health. Nutritional
counseling by trained professionals cal1 ensure that athletes have what
The \vrong diet can seriously Ìlllpair a11 athlete's perf01111anCe and they need in ternls of nutrient energy 1'equi 1'en1ents , protein
health. and carbohydrate distribution , tinling of 111eals , and fluid intake. 1n
the late 20th centu 1'Y, increasing attention was given to athletes' use of
so-called perforn1ance-enhancing drugs such as an1phetanlines and
anabolic steroids. Today, practitioners of sports n1edicine n1ust be
prepa 1'ed to advise athletes about the se1'ious health 1'isks associated
with such drug use.

150 151
 perforn1ance

;, :\0 pron1ote the health

[pm'1110t]

boost athletes' speed and endurance

[bust] [ll1 'djur;,:ms]

decrease and resistance

ffnkI811] [rr'zlst811S]

Nutrition is a critical aspec t.

o seriously Îlnpair an athlete's perfOlìnanCe

6 in1pair

of Energy
@J
Joule performed a long series of eXperin1ents to st l1 dy the
conve1'sion of lnechanical ene 1'gy to heat.
n one experin1ent he l1 se c\ a ba1' rel to heat water by rotating a
padclle wheel insicle the barre l.
as the law of conse 1'vation of energy-
one of the fundanlental laws of classical physics.
all our autos ran on electricity,- that energy cou] c\ be supplie c\ only
by burning a c\c\ itional fossil or nuclear fuel at our elect1'icity
generating plants.
a c\ vantage n1ight we l1 be offset by the weight ofthe batteries
to be carried abou t.
154
onversion
Beginning in the year 1840 , JallleS Joule perforll1ed a long se1"Ï es of
expe1'itnents to study the conversion of lnechanical energy to hea t. 1n
experÏlnent he used a barrel to heat water by rotating a padc\ le
,
inside the barre l. He 111easured the work done in turning the
and the heat produced in the water, and found that a given
of work always p1'o c\ uced the san1e anlount of heat. Later
showe c\ that heat and lnechanical energy are ahvays
back and forth in precisely the SaJ lle ratio. We now know
that the s aJne rule is tr l1 e for all fonns of energy. 1n everyday tern1s ,
is never los t: When it disappears 1n one fo 1'111 , it always shows
in an equal anl011l1 t in another forn1. This as
law of conservation of is one ofthe fundalnentallaws
classical physics and is a very cornerstone of n10dern science and
it con1es to the subject of energy, we should understand v/hy
;an nation like the United States cannot solve its energy problen;ls by
operating auton10biles on electricty instead of gasoline. It should be
clear by now that electrical energy is no easier to C0111e by than the
chen1ical energy in gasoline. Neglecting engine efficiency fo 1' the
l11 0n1ent , it takes the s aJne anlount of energy to n10ve an auto1110bile a
given distance regardless of the initial source of that energy. If all our
autos ran on electricity, that energy could be supplied only by burning
ad c\ itional fossil or nl1 cJear fuel at our electricity generating plants. 1t
is true , of course , that electric 1110tors are lnore efficient than gaso Ji ne
engines. But this advantage nlight we l1 be offset by the weight of the
batteries to be carried abou t.
155
 the conversion of n1echanical energy to

rotate a paddle wheel inside the barrel

frotet]

back and forth

o the san1e ratio

the law of conservation of energy

[,.. kans Ô'-'veJ::m]
or nuclear fuel
rfas l] ['fju81]

generating plants

6. generate

by the weight of the batteries

[wet]

156 157

The a progran1 of research 1n analysis and mechanics. The period fr0111 1700
progranl of research in analysis and 111echanics.
analysis" witnessed the consolidation of the
calculus and its extensive application to nlechanics.
applications of analysis were also varied , including the the01y
of the vibrating string, particle dynatnics , the theory of rigid
bodies , the l11echanics of f1 exible and elastic the theOlY
of conlpressible ancl inc Ol11pressible f1 uicls.
modern discip1inary division between physics and
mathel11atics and the association ofthe latter with logic had not yet
developed.
158
nalysis and Mechanics
The scientific revolution had bequeathed to n1athel11atics a lnajor
to 1800, “ the cenhlly of analysis ," witnessed the consolidation of
the ca 1culus and its extensive application to 111echanics. 'With
expansion came specialization , as different parts of the subject
acquired their own identity: ordinary and partial
equations , calculus of variations , infinite series , and difIerential
geolnetry. The app1ications of analysis were a1so varied , including the
the vibrating string , particle dynan1Ïcs , the theory of rigid
bodies , the ll1echanics of f1 exible and elastic l11edia , and the
COl11pressible and inc Ol11pressible f1 uids. Analysis and 111echanics
deve10ped in close association , with problen1s in one giving rise to
concepts and techniques in the other, and a11 the leading
I11atl1en1aticians of the period nlade iJ nportant contributions to
mechanics.
The close relationship between n1athel11atics and ll1echanics i n the
18th century had roots extending deep into Enlightenll1ent though t. In
the organizational chart of knowledge at the beginning of the
prelinlinary discourse to the d'Alen1bert distinguished
between “ pure" nlathell1atics (geol11etry, arithl11etic ,
calculus) and “ ll1ixed" ll1athenlatics (111echanics , geolnetric
astrononly, optics , art of conjecturing). Mathe l11atics generally was
classified as a “ science of nature" and separated fron1 logic , a
“ science of 111an." The l110clern clisciplinary division between
physics and n1athematics and the association of the latter with logic
had not yet developed.
159
 and Mechanics

beqlleath to 111athe111atics
[br'kwið]
cO l1 solidation of the calculus

application to 111echanics
[
equatio l1 s
[r'kwe38 I1 z]
of variations

geol11etry

dY l1aI11ics

111edia

fluids

111oderl1 disciplinary division

['dIs8p 1r...m:n]

160 161
5.

7. The constit l1 tion (ofthe Confederate States)

9. (A) (B) faster (C) silent (D) 111otionless
10. (A) reformatory (B) offender (C) inmate (D) probation
11. communication systems are genetically inherited
17. (A)

(C)
operations (B)

magical enchantment
new inventions
(D) cO l11 mon ideas
Classified Word List
18. give off
questioned (B) projected (C) survived (D) revolutionÍzed
21. fashion
22. CA) disastrous (B) aggressive (C) savage (D) innate
23.

29. (A) occupied (B) endangered (C) explained (D) altered

37. (A) feed (B) block (C) starve

162
 conservation
[so Il , kans Ô'-'vef.:m]
o vegetation
an agrarian tropical

['barll] [wid] weed a

[barn] . xer]

iay 1anci

[krap] crop
rnethod
the main crops of a
)e
o]
kp
pfi
)w cultivate = furrow)
[gren] a grain 1u]

"ade
['m Il lt]

lon
[so] ['rid tropical
=
[hwitJ [", ægm '1< ]

fw Il1 d, nlI l] Izer

laIZô'-]

out 0f cultivation icide

['h3\.b.:
[sod] poor = fertile = rich) ient
['njutmn

fertility stock = a dO l11 estic ani l11 al)

[s;:nl t3\. 'trl8 tl]

164 165
 @
[J dairy Anlerican Studies
dairy
..
',
aaga-e;

intensive ('pjur8tl)]
••••
cooperation B4.'
cooperative)
[prun] 'reJ811] ,ef'

••

the cliversity policy of American

Our supplies offoocl are

[dI'pliJ8n]
combine)

bison
..
['barSlJ] e
••
e:'
,'
.. 0\01. (f\\

on the verge of

bA
UJet aHevH
rzQ
CurlL awH nu--J
•••
aTa--B
subterranean
••••

[8'dobI]
Dimmigrant

o plantation

o declare ••
[ ',',
declare war 011
e

166 167
 depression ‘:
Lddd8'ref8n] the Declaration of Independence the Depression Great Depressio l1

[holt] The economic depression 01' 1930's brought the

population expansion to a
.
•

the Act 01' New Deal

(policy)
L

pot s

.'
pat]
the U.S. delegates to the e
?
,

'
1n 1941 the US entered WW 11 and began tü rnübi-
•••l
1iJ

t
,
>

‘
do away
6

..,
a

.,
s

ish the death

['l1 AI8...fm]
,

Rights Movement
[n 'pil] ['slvl uv l11811t]

[fort] '

1'acial prej
[red] make a raid on a l1 enemy's
-sid-42
sfi emb
nm e-h
aGLK

•••

surrender the 1'o rt to the PEEaELF--

,a.r-ZEgL
bku
..•

168 169
 .
Anthropology and Archaeology
a deep-rooted barrier betweell
,'
÷
e

[clI . disparity in
e '

, '1

a hotbed of
line $

lam J
['kæI18b8, hzrp]
['n::m8dI] a remedy for air
A

alienate liberals fro l11

e
]
v
'
)
[korps]

.
,
B

'mæmt!] extramarital
e .,
House of Representatives
.
v
['fæbnk]
§
<=> A

, [hil]
.
,'
,
y.J .e Cl ve-
T

>

‘ .•
,
$
[wiv]
.'
e

ceremony = rite)
' rntJu81]
-
.,
.'
,' ?
,'
',
address ['h l1IÔ'-] P

[111

170 171
 o provenlence provenance)
ethnic [pro ....v in18 l1 s ]

[....pnm8tlv] rkwortsmt]
:
The archaeologist excavated a Stone-Age [detJ
We date the c Ll stom ü'om the colonial

the ruins of dating :

o sedentary
[...kans \3'-....Yef8n] conservation area

conserve

[d1.... l11 agm Jì ]

transition

træn....zIJ8n]

4é.;J Hí!: Ut /

172 173
 Architecíure

\/
1:he

D clerestory
['rcI IlJJ fkhr"ston]

['kkHstÔ'-]
bB eq
VJ /
hu-hu
apt
\/
••.
W
coffer)7'
••

••
1:8'krap8hs] ["kaI8'ned] ,••
,4.'
h
‘?
,'
•••

[ad] ••
gi

r['lmrb l]
v
fspeJ8s]

V
uh
'tik] ..
the dome ofthe Capitol

(= dormer window)
\/

['bæp tJ stn] \J

['fmwl]

174 175
 +tebun-
nnz-
FCQM- amu-

['spændr81]
,,/
gable
i

V!
[grom] !

rlrnt l]
V
01kJ
:o.vault
[volt]
opagoda
u['3'-b8n] / urban
<:.JJ urban congestion V
'0i8n] ['3'- b811 é' c ( uU
fringe v
fnnd3]
apartment house)
ro00

fpU81111dJ
'Dtenant
[kW01n]

[nbJ

furnished

176 177
 nh

Beacls were probably the first durable ornaments

humans

'
e

fprap d'-tJ] ,
,
2

5 a literary
,
':
>

['ga8Ik]
P

heritage)
L.r01118
WHa
.,'
'
1iJ ,
&

{'!:' -

-:
T

[artf]
: restoration) 1:he festive

genuine = real)

His work cut a conspicuous :fi gure in artistic cir-

The "Picasso" turned out to be a

delusions of

178 179
 [ '1'e]
,
aesthe
['djup18ket]
y
-
['f1 itllJ] i:01' a lleeting

['l1 olI s] l1 awless the hues of a

ineffable r1nt1'8kI th]

,

{I11 ['smz8b l]
mould) balance = proportíon = equìlibrìum)
[l11 01d] l11 01d the into a

iI-is-ty-ny-C0
,
['1'8118, zans]

si-u-P Y

MLM

8111Z111]
decorate)
,
rportret]
'

The queen bestowed knighthood on the

r 1'i8)IZ111]

['kj Ub1Z111]

LOlì18 [skul] i)ainters 0 1' the 1l11 pressionist

Y

campaign)
a crown embedded wÎth ['mUV l118nt]
T

Dabstract
['glnôL]

180 181
 Astronolny

[m'hæns] The soft evening light enhanced her

,

manne c\
rsk.i\ lptS Ô'-]
R... ;

/';,.
iaunch a spaceship into
..
gpt-HUUHL

['tJlzl] -eund
-CUMN

rplæstÔ'-]

cast bronze into a

rG
crL
ak mw
uvI gd tif'l sculpture)

T
['vings]
Earth
[kæst] cast a torso in
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Saturn
]
YA

Uranus

CPek
OG •
C'k
LFJ
i

Pluto
T
['pluto]

['stmlalz]

182 183
 big bang theory :
[ð8 blg

celestial
['spam::l l] a spiral
spaceship)
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The spaceship has been pllt in orbit rOllnd the earth.

a solar eclipse lunar
module 0 quarters of the Moon :
rkwortô\.z 8f ð8 111Un]
month
]
mAn0J

The sate11ite was repaired in orbit by astronallts hole

Jl'om the Space Shuttle in u[blæk

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[ These satellite's instruments have detected fre-
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rIajriL rho
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star
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184 185
 nz
art HB
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186 187
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188 189
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[tsk'ta l1l k] [dISk]

190 191
 halo

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192 193
 Biology
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[tJ3\vJ

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194 195
 alo--ass-abaya--

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196 197
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mu
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198 199
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]
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b
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,

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selection
se
dioxide ;

dm'aksmd] Absorption of carbon dioxíde occurs mainly in

areas of thick
,

natllral ferment (=fermentation) of

pollen
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200 201
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202 203
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204 205
 an
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206 207
 .

Hummingbirds neecl six weeks to builcl a nest, ['a l11 n8vor]

cubate their eggs , ancl raise the
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208 209
 'e.e.-

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210 211
 Chenlistry

['prapa\.tl] the chemical properties of alcohol

[j ist] reaction
,

fkarban]
He filled his car battery with dilute
Water can be analyzed into oxygcn and hyclrogcn.
mm
eri ej
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212 213
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214 215
 Computer and lnformation Technology

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220 221
 Earth Science

intelligence fi'l i
The waves c1 ashe c1 against the
science

The earth revolves 011 its

[..sarb Ô'-
logic
ia c1 3Ik] ['mægna)jud] the magnitude of a
:
[hju'l Is tJ k] fmi tI a..raü]

[..rnül' treJ an]

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rays rf.{.') :

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f
solstice

solstice
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[ab'Z3'-Va)On]
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222 223
 estuary
the Hlldson

tìn , fur, and

['üf8n]
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[bng]

[bOl] ['naund Ô'-]

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[kræft] a pleasure

['kre, ü f]

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o intertidal @)
[, mtÔ'-'tmd l]

endangcred [kil]

224 225
 [læ'tinJ

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,

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226 227
 xebec

['z08Jmt]
o zooplankton

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[spnlJ tmcl] 7

tide
[110 talcl]
tide tidc
[tm cI]
taICI] The tide is now at the lowest
rip
[tald np] 7

= 2 yard = 1.8 111 = 6

['fæð8m]

condensation

evaporation I precipitation I - -)
fromprecipitation 1 on land
v

!i-1
i

[...AP\V ll1 d] I precipitation

a11 observation
evaporation
knot knot
[wcl not]
water table /
f
|
grave percolation
[\vot8n grev] (deep)

228 229
 E'
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['"f3'-tl] land fertile in frllit and
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230 231
 radiation Dsmog = smoke + fog)
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232 233
 umd--
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.
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condense steal11 into harness solar

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i

layer

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1.RJ

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[ 'reJ811]
;

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]

eg
GXI lt0

water ‘

water
['hardnrs] ]
i

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234 235
 EconOlnics and
÷

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soart +tau
i
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r bælJkrApt] :J go go broke)
A

['sAbsld8ns]
T
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tension [k3'-'tel1118nt]

t
pollution 1I]
fEb'-111t p8 'lllf8n] V
A

L 'ref811J eri
xd MUO V
-
Many children were exploitecl as cheap labor in
tributary
y

[t3'-'bl c1 8tl]
mM uz erZK eMA
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,
V
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high costs and low

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236 237
 Cl retail
['ritel] These socks retail at (for) $ 5 a ['claun rart]
,.

joint owners of a

.• -nm
-17JV
a l11 anifolcl
J,
have business transactions with a
r l11ard3rn] inargin

a multilateral

d
environmental

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u rtarclrnrs]
exchange
a sluggish
market
\J
[bustJ boost
sOlidate V
consolidate one's [le We were laid fo 1' three

remit rf
[n'mltJ remit the balance to him by l11 0ney e,':\:

He is an executive in the
J
[sp 3'-]
[stak]
price index
income tax
[stak

238 239
 ohi
SLUck
bA aGeu
4EL--J
riri
consume
T11Îs machine consumes 10 percent 0 1:' all lhe
e
power we
['stak,. holda\.]
goods
•
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rate
[ 1ks'tfend3 ret]

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cfL ac
nu
cu--J gSEE-azL
industry
[S1
,

1['aut,- put]
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Supply and demand are in
[8 ,.fI hospitals in affiliation with University of

: aggregate
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place a mortgage on one's

[tAnd] a reserve
•

LQUC mM
hu-A
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o commlsslon
x•. ‘

240 241
 unemployment
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WHTrQ-IJ3
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logical analyses ofhu l11 an
['cli 1r l]]

rbJznrs l

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bargain with a person over the [k8'lTIad8tr] staple

chip allocate $300 ,000 for the facilities of a

{blu tJ lp]
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office cuniL

Z1IJ
The project is heavily subsidized by the govern-
of directors
a board of spihuA
lucu da
shVJ$H
a board of 1lJ

hike
[ret haI k]
union rodrtÔ'-]
rleb Ô'- 'j unj8n] system

LJ<:orp8 the corporation pro :fi t

internal
erp
mmobmmnHJ
enu
'?'
.•
yn
['fI skJ] a :fi scal

242 243
 stagnant : developing counìries emerging natíons)

capita ]

human rights
discharge = fire) r31tS]
[<.I ls'mJs] dis l11 iss half the peoples .
e
•

:
distribution curves countries !

lI t] distribllte to each e l11 ployee the benefits clue to him ['bgIlJ] a logging
:
l,. mz] materialize onels
collect an old age

[...ant 1'8pr8 'n3"]

tax
[wlð'holchIJ tæks] 8ank 4'
,aa--ai--e-SSL'
[w3"ld bælJk]
,jW custom = duty)
,',',
[f3"m] a law
sby2.

NW
FCS
SPiL VEST-AQM ca
ckoun]
‘
•.
?2. ‘vi--gBipa--

••
He is a great asset to our
cri cknGU aQc-d
CEou ndA
Un iTE--

dvJJvd

be liable to
••
pae--'

[dl ,. priJI 'eJ8n] depreciation ••

•••••

[8,. prifI the appreciation of the NT

asaa---2

the Central Intelligence

awH ••••

assa--saae

vicious raise (= issue) a

244 245
 anti-trust law
['rn ,. kAm] gross (net) 1û]
balance
['bælgns] a favorable balance
foreign
em >
mA a?EL&EL

l -sJ
Cd

Dcreditor
] Creditors have better memories than debtors.
The price of gold is

,
?lr xs
esd
cy
IJVIM nx
-nrje
quhb

.rL14

['kampgtm1t] The new section chief is a man competent for the

[k3'-b] Curb one's

[n 'talrmgnt] [dar'V3'-Sg,. far]

take early

benefits ; [stek]

Bonds were issued in deno l11 ination of

supply and demand

deficit ['flal d'-]

firm is in the
a triple

rate [buk]
ret] return

technological
['ûrdmgns] a cabinet (a govern l11 ent)
multinational mmmm
nnp
il
poration)

246 247
 .
$

[It st] a
E
[band] corporate (govern l11 ent)
:
b
'

imnual
.
•
['kæp8q] financial

[lk'sparr]
..‘
$
,
:

,
'a
a My license expires on the iìrst day 0 1'
&

.
e

'
abHL n-j
Gu
ATLZL

['1 iSllJ]
ev ofJ
vn rlo MV'EA
y

: ',A

a finance
market
'l11 ar kI t]

mA huu
t--rIL QV9

Z-ZEEJ

equity
z--rigL cz--a
nn eJHb
vili

n -si
-
flow
[kæf t1 0J have cash flow

[1I 'kW H.18tI]

the shipbuilding

248
249
 ,
Education
[l'væ Ij l1,e t] lt is cliffic l1 lt to eval l1 ate him as a

g4-ed-
e--ed
',',oul-nn
rb-df
[brauz] rzIL---E'rzazL
forebcar one's
console a person for [011] his ,
,
..-
s
g

,
1 am indebted to him for his help with úy research.
embodied )
His opinions are embodied in this
persevere in one's
Enlightenment of
[111 'Jar t1 )1118nt] purpose

a philosophy book entails a great deal of

an a l11 bivalent feeling toward

She 11111ed her baby to (i nto)

a remarkable aptitllcle for ed-gu

pna--ba
:;!"
be adept
--?2 -o
-r?t
FES
••

a teacher's (a teaching)
certify
ceremony i
It has been certified that the doc l1l11 ents are correct.
i
entrance i
examination
[k8111'p^ lJ8n] feel a complllsio l1 to
procedure i
i l11 partiality)
]
[CI
i
[8d'nu.f811 n'kvVmrm811t]

[I'IJ I11 8,.. net] eliminate slang words from one's Women's enro Il ment in engineering schooIs has
risen
nna-
ow S'i
SSI

engross
['fûs t:Ô'-] fostermany social
250 251
 s

[lI1 'fOrI11 8tIV] ':, i)aper

a

.
;

'
‘e
"Prerequisite - see University Catalogue" be qualifie c! for teaching (= to teacb) l11Ll SÍC
qualitïed as a teacher of
'

t] 'a He lacks the requisite credentials [or e.n nMH

uvjO-Md
FEarESE-

, ,..
1

a class aJu l11 ni association)

&
J

: mock) bulJy)
.
a the intennediate [tiz]
''
,a-

a
school
'
-
$ [vo 'kef8n! skul]
' o vocational education
s
'a
a commuter
&

t
require c\ subject)
[n 'kWmnl18ntS]
-e When you enter as first year students, the unÎver-
‘
sity will assign you to a dorm and a
$

[kWIZ] She gave us two pop quizzes in spelling lasL week.

AULUou hh
r- uue fLnd
‘
dn-evk
hplLPC
ah-ap
Room and
ehupi
HUU
Ub VJBM
..
zhp

s
play the 1 submitte c\ the term paper to Professor S l11 Îrb
?

,‘
a
e
B

'
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. $

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,
cheat in (on) the
[ll1 'kWIZ8tô\.] creclìt)
&
['j

252 253
 oalumni "

the Faculty ofComparative 6

,

meeting .society
it11J] fed31 1J ]

[grecl] [1m'hgr8 fI]

have (gain) outstanding in

Grade Point Average)

of
Ifyour grade point average is 3.0 or above , you are Li beral Arts
exelllpt frolll submitting test

tJ0JS]
graduation ceremony = CO l11-

corresponclence
thesis
'8isIS] (= cramming)
pass the exam by cram
[dr'pl01118] a high school
eh, e
drKL
I unit)
He got (took) his master's degree in Comparative Comm l1 nity college creclit is allowecl up to a maxi-
l11 um of70 semester

curricul l1 lll vitae)

school Degree" [kG 'rrkjGI Glll]

['græcl3uIt Degree" )
of the faculty i
( department)

[, dIS Ô'- 'teJ8n] write a dissertation for a

fclrap , aut]
student oral defense

254 255
 D. (= Ph.D.) checkups me c\ ical examination)
['claktÔ'-Z take one's doctor's
test test)
d1'gri]

conscious society handicapped

children education
administration o physically and
rnentally
'strcfen]

grade school) a mentally retar c\ ed

skul] disorder

unetl]

rvI3uel
]

arts
arts] disorder i
drill [ke,l11june'kefen
[ülI r dnl]
education

college group
[PH grllp]

fprisklll

test
school day care center) ( nursery
skul]

256 257
 Engineerillg
••
school
["pAbhk ]

excursion Tile roofing was specified.

[skul

for deaf and ! ear

dumb

evaluation
[sdf

[bh-] Static television

"chs8phn]

Drtð'-] the breakdown of

••

••

] synthetic -7-

[kag]

spontaneous
['srl8b8S]
•••
,24
have a telephone
••

['trænsI3'-]

fees)
[tju\f8n] Legal residents of California are not charged

mode
mod]
rl11ad38)et] ••

]
[Jæft]

258 259
 vri
ov ah
HMO ehb
Guk
-a'
,
J

[ wat] rboran]

rkæd l1118l11 J

absorber) band
bænd]
coefficient :
a conversion
mass

[d r' fj U3811]
current

[d1S 'tfard3]
[Jfuel cell
['tju81 sEl] ['clon Ô'-]
cell
['dop8nt]

['tfard311J] fdop I1J]

it
charge
R

‘ZA
a dry (a storage) tfard3]
dk
circuit

260 261
 current ,
'
ojunction
' ['d3 A1JkJ8nJ
÷
‘
ax

[1
T
.
''

]
& ,
,
. energy ..
a

''' ,'
semíconductor ,'
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connection
$

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waste ,'
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west]
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[glez] J
,
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constant
J
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cell
['sol 3'-
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.' a

,
energy
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lines
[trænS' I11 IJ8n 1amz]
ray nfrared
-
[m'v3'-tôt.] re]
e

radiation !
file a patent for

262 263
 Essays and Ternl l :Þ apers
the 1110St relevant references to lhe
ots
ehL
x'k ET--
‘
QMzi
explicit reasoning
•• FTsga
EarlL u-Qcm
e1j

inductive (deductìve)
on the assu111ptìon
ehdx
sGrHL
UA ph-zBA nid
]

reasoning
{dr\iAknv 'riZl) Il)]
[ expository

reasoning
[ln'dAktlV 'riZl)Il)]

[stml] write in the style of

fallacies
approach i
,,,,, !
[dr'sknptlv 8 'protJ]
approach hold stereotypes about
8'protfJ
argument

Too 111any digressions disjoint his

L ariQMKU
LUS
fifLLA
s
.
42.b

card make an abstract

['Il1 d c.: ks kard]
T

, :
['p 1ed38"nZ8111] a

..,
e of contents contents)
>
e
a
a
@

264 265
 Geography
[,l11t: d8t8're11J 8n]

['bil(8 n]
?

] an ocean (a lake)
the Mississippi
ftAnd r8]
.
[kevJ r

D cavern
r ,
cap
kæp]
[kldl '
.'
'
‘‘

&

frnl8nd] L
?

'
an Antarctic
b

'e
[1118'ndI8n] the celestial 7
t

t
as-ep-ob-h3 . :
soak)
sporadic A

sruvil
ao
-e
,'a
The city sprawled (out) in all
swamp = 11100r = 111arsh = bog)
v
s

'
,,
..
T

a contour ]
A the a trans-Atlantic

r aI s8 , 83'-m]
A

:
o strait
[stret]
the
bbowucd
SLU .,
A
wind :
.a

[tred wmd]
.

266 267
 :
t1 cold (warl11)
T

Spot
[h Cl t SP Cl tJ
: ,

[mau8]
ife expectancy
]
7

[,. mælnju'tnf8n]
:
w ‘

Y
{ '- ]

deposition of topsoil fro l11 a river in

A
erosion
points [sorl
pD Il1 tS]
A

aGfLV
edMMb-aiQak
A---4
QMT-d oh
nn A

•••

'ni8tlJ

f
stratification
'kef8nJ ['kauntIJ
y

[draut]

['trmbþ z l11 J

268 269
 Geology gutter
['gAt Ô'-]
•
h
pebble
Plates sometimes colliclecl

[prr 'SIpgtgS]
[krA J] crush stone into Dterrain
e
r

'

at an elevation of 3 ,000 !
[trel]
v

[1'1113'-S] a cleer
i
''

[d3 01t] ['glûSI]

'
o shatter ..
['Jæt Ô'-] .
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L [glo]

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,
,
o granite
.', rgrænlt] e.e.&Az--s'
:

@
slant)
[tllt] .'
a
,••••
'
.,'' ••••
tsunami unleashed by the

'
gorge)
T

[kle] clay a fragiJe

,

[kræk] o crust
. [krAst]
t

The weight of the huge mass of ice depressed the

crust ofthe
[dltJ] '
&
?

; saturate = soak) o mantle

e
get
AUF-
PAU e'u .
a
••

.
REeza

[kûr]
-aaJ

.,
b

270 271
 ['sU10r] ['S aI Z8m] sea
h

ì •
‘

['h E:1l18s" tÌr]

[pol] the North South) Pole

,
s
sedimentary
.'
$
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r

['læt8"tjud] '
'
south latitude 35 degrees (= latitude 35 degrees $

,‘

.
:
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We are cruising at an altitude of 10 ,000 $
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h

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b

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the English h

[tblt]
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a
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[plet]
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range . the undulating

fmauntl) rend3]
s
e

...,': edge)
['mard3In] the margin of a
\:..'...' Ddebris
eruptions of ashes and a lot of debris after the
i .Y •

AUruv
e'UOGSZ
a crater
a coal
,'
.
[va l'keno] an active (a dormant , an extinct, a submarine) vol-
a stone

272 273
 History
[dr'prEJen]
2
,

[b1'kwið] Numerous discoveries were bequeathed to

:

:
sU l11l11 it) a centennial
[pikJ

be entrenched in one's
[delJ go oVer hills a l1 d i

, 1110isture) ['lJ ud3e tI v] f'u gitives fro l11

damp weather V

[murJ

[l1l arJ] marsh

y

[8r;)1J]
i

'
The suspect absconded Jro l11 the
[drenJ drain water from a ct I\
--vi WYt IIl..
ek
BEEZ&BL
:
[' dremd 3] -IJ

sn
sunu T

:f)

] make a violent assault 011 a

emm-um
ab-ob

a bounty

274 275
 a fi. re faII ,. garlu]

prisoner)
fkæptlV]

['kam8n,. wd8] i:he Commonwealth of

[n'pAls] 1'epulse the

the

rise in

['skæí81d] die on the

['c1 a Il18stl] i:he T' ang wreck)
Suffer
FJVL
Emancipation Dsubdue
mm
mmeh
eri [s8b 'dju]

The eagle is the emblem ofthe United

['sAm8n] be sU l11l11 0ned into the President's

The police are empowered by the law to search pri-
vate
[8rol]
YtY) e
enshrine the nation's The economic expansion prompted by the Second
World War triggered a spectacular popuJation
boo l11 in the

mn-y
['trr8l1I] be oppressed by

276 277
 edn
nA
urL dd
co
rthr ,'X<‘ '
< •

side with the

..,
Cjun8,Jm] ;
e-u-sz
-MMnv
av--WM .
UUL-UPL
L
?

'' state a with

'
'
,'
'
-std .'
,'
'
a student
..
7

rwon Ô'-] ..''

,
L
e
e
e
.
,'
[ ['kov Ô'- t] .,'''
..'
v

decisive)
honorific
..
‘. (= important)

a crucial
[In'SknpJ8n] er:iap
nn
-S.J
-TEL42.u
&

the outlook for a negotiated-settlement of the war

mm
ehLby nH1j
i

Her smile emboldened him to speak to

['peg8n]
?

Denrage
&

['pastJ8,J et] The economist postulates that full employment is

[for'si] We cannot foresee what will happen in the next
an impossible

f (K\í'TI7<v;j
[n'vu]

['skrlp t.fÔ'-] iJ tbe [hju'nuIJ,.e t]

278 279
 \;"d '1-

the lnvincible Armada a COnCllrrent resolution

-(- wT-f; k

[1l1' Ve 3.::m] the Soviet invasion

Y

['pramenent] The case received prominent coverage in

.
a

‘
‘
a maide11
[tret] American uu9
eyi nu L

A 5

e
$

[d I' b debase the

pioneer)
T

.
[mjll'tefen] the 111utations of
A
a preva1ent
&

the outbreák
en
vagpea'L cu
renollnce one's claim to the The decade after the First World War witnessecl an-
mm nHH
nu other major surge 0 1' peop1e pOllring ínto the Wes t.
be in

D retribution
The new project was unveiled at the $

e
e terrible
a
z
P

['trstferes ] a treacherolls
a
;
Dally
the Allies
o heritage
[,J(OIn'sald] cllltllral

280 281
 ',
, a-L
TIrlL-gslrllL
'LMZEJ-v14H
Industrial .E
••

.- Revolution
fre

the lorcl of the [ren] Queen Victoria's

....
a-z'
an unprececlentecl
,',
zss'

[n'naun] ,e-t win renown

['JIv!n]

[nmt]

Middle Ages

ruaQ
:!
uuCil
uk VJ ,

[J bureau
['bjuroJ FBI (Federal Bureau
the Bureau of the Mint
Crowd Li stening to Li ncoln at Gettysburg November 19 , ] 863 Gettysb t1 rg ,
manufacture)
Pennsylvania , USA

[tredJ foreign (free/protected)

barrier

friction ;

{tred
deficit
[trecl

282 283
 International Relations ., 0 national interest

'mQlllk] sl'kjU 1"8 tl]

exact a ransom of 100 million dollars for the n l1 clear c\ eterrent

hostage
'blld,.Ap]
sanction
Lik8
[\vor,. ü::r]
superpower
Like
an ambassador
standard
avert a tragic end by prompt
nation

Both countries are trying to gain compatible ends.

LmAltl'kAltf8 1"8 1Izm]

ltI 81"81 ]
comply with the
bias)
58drs] racial

lum
L18m] political

a bilateral
::al and
weapons
['kU rIÔ'-J >cide
9 ,. sard]

LIntÔ'- 'v8nf8n]
t

11 t] He was persecuted for his

284 285
 :
JournalisJn
t.i1h
cruaBsu
hubuh r--ri
.',cd
E&EL

a refllgee
aTELF--IL-rzLrBaasM
: T
•
1iJ-11
territorial
; This book contains a digest of several, articles on
,
J
a conflict between two
a conflict of --', ro
PHAi-edd
nuok VEEJ
:

o hostage
?

riL
The book incorporates his ea r1 ier
['hOStld3] The guerrillas took the ambassador
strategy)
esM
nvrHU as
ce r--L y
au
eeH
strong-arm

place the capital under martial

fhænd , raI ÌI1]]
=terminology)
'

[trlls] ca 11 a ['d3argen]
ab-eH ?

perplex)
[p3 cl3]
L

pllrge the of radicals (= purge the radicalsS

the The extinction ofthe a Il igators was deemecl almost

a Navy
7

a broadcasting
[siz] seize a 7

the Japanese E

f
['kAvend3]
[ecl] a presidential (White House) This press gave her adequate

286 287
 •

] a c1 eaclline [or sub l11 itting a By 1915 comic strips hacl become a staple 01 ‘ daíly

QupiL en g

a newspaper
>

['1I t8 J'8 S1] penny press

t11e literacy rate
-mE-wz
cfzv-arL42
.
••
1iJ-

genero l1 s) ,

Americans are avid reaclers of

:
‘
] a conservative attitude towarcl ehh FMW

The true fact began to

conference press '
,

['ed38nt] The agent 0 1' tro l1 ble was his

a special
balloon E

[spitJ
A

I -l is aclvertising alreacly foreshaclowecl that of the

strip
['ka l1l1 k stn p] 20th
The modern comic strip started out as ammunition t

in a newspaper
nn4tlj
S$mm e
.'
s

&
, disse l11 inate infor l11 ation
:

That comic strip is synclicated in over 30 papers.

restrict of

['prot8)élI p]
288 289
 :
Lavv
fVEr8...far]
z'

Djuvenile ,zoa-aez'
upon
['c\ 311ven !] juvenile
,••••
juvenile
sr-efu--wfv-shL

a delinquent

Elbide by the ..
rp-ok-ok-xk . suspend a
'
,
-

LprasT'kjufen]
court
k;)I" t]
penalty capitaI punishment)
the death
extort a confession fr0111 a
n3-oeim
-Tt
l;
••

SVEL

••

•••

]
•• J
He was under Iife

conviction
••
['priv Je s
The body has been identified at
warrant

(= suit)

The Iaw child ]

endure = bear = stand = swa lI ow

['tale...ret] = put Up with) the press

290 291
 lawsuit On

'
& J'JbJUeJuyb

e
convict the accused
'

t1 1'o r en1'o rce the

Ei-em
OG--HU '

..'
the civil cril11 inal
F

,s
. crime , sanction
'
>
sin ,
c0l11mit a
F

[dl a private
[kort] go to
.
case = jllstice)
['1113'-d Ô'-]
5

[' c1 3un ] ,

['rab8n]
,
••

['plentIi] '
$
[arl11d]
attorney)
[rep] statutory
o l'
.‘ L

,
''
6

The sentence was a fine 01'

kidnap)
>

][;0
. e

Darson
b
h

[\Vlt l1l s] I-Ie was witncss for ['arS1)J

.

[1'a m] fine a person 30 dollars 1'o r

292 293
 :

[frocl] The policeman arrestecl the man for drunken

rbrmb8n] s

.
warrant
[8
[nar'katlk] '

mm
,L- e
?

'

Fecleral Bureau of ,

I nvestigation)
A
[111 'J umns ] insurance
:,,1,
prisoner = convict)
o reformatory
v
a

['T11l11 et]
s
'

e
'r
,,

[belJ I:-Ie was out on

claims .
e
'

klemz] ,'
..
7 §

(=
7
e

defamation) '
''
'
,'e
a

.'' settle the claim with illsurance

2
.
8

''
1

'-,\ I
['apt8 l11 8m] z
?

A
r-fe1J
03
.yt4i VJ nu ',
lawyer)
.•

mp
en F

mghA
.. oo-fd
',, ,

plracy
rvaa--

..
e

refer a wage dispute to manclatory

['péumsl] .''
,
1lJ
••

property right ,
,BIrlL OC .'
7

''
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rmtJ ''
‘
.
e

'
a

294 295
 $

[tfarcl3J He was chargecl with assault ancl

i

of :
‘
['tEste,.fm]
document
[pre'clAkfen ev [00J
'clakje l11 ent]
'
oplead
witness [plid] plead not
s
r o confess break = own
‘
verdict ,
'
'
eh rGhc
xgnnu
3dn 3JTL
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.'
&

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witness)
w1tms] He was exonerated Jì'om responsibility for the ac-

' [kms ]
ahM
crLmm cs
]
WIlb

‘za
defendant =
['kAlpnt] (= criminal)- = requita l)
,'
-e
-
[clI 'ten] Three suspects were cletained at the police station.
8

J
6

[ SIt] elicit a confession ÍÌ'om the

spl
SA ck
nymA
jLHQd

.'
The suspect is still at
s

.,
$

[e
s

a suit '
,
[fad 4
,
$ fi1e a suit for divorce against a

296 297
 <

[1 Ianguage
speech
[kjud spitJ] sign Ianguage)

['chktet] The teacher dictated a short paragraph to [".mtÔ'-

['s I1 8b!]
s]
girl killed
the oId man with a
;l
t=I
[sAb'hm8nl
0

[pltJ]
["mtð\.'l<A ltI 8r81]

[bm 'hl]gw81] She is bilingual in English and

['vau81]

['da I8 J t: kt] They were speaking in Southern

ics
[..so IIO lrl] 'gWIStlks]

P Jd 38n ]

['kriol]
] transformational

298 299
 [

:
['hDnu c\]
His poem can be construed as a
['homh]
,

inborn = natllral =
[ ülÏ ry tales depicted in

[b1 'hol c\]

v
-glj

imitate = copy) …

, = childlike)

They are 0 1' the same llesh as you and

V
[111 'træpm811t]
wretch = roglle)
['vI1811] [111m]

Y Oll must ensure that children will wash their hands.

V [mI'0aI8d3I]
xk
erhv auav
riPD GMQ
t...Î::.'
,
luxllrious)
a historical

i J :
[0ro11] mount the "j[pDr'tre J
‘
M

,;;

v
He alluded to the possibility 0 1' cooperation with [n'kaunt]
the rllling improve)
'(
[ri'væmp]

300 301
 revlslon v

[r.... l1l gme]

tI
oexquisite
1/ brie f) precise) exquisite
[sek....s I1]kt]

The writer has great verbal [gro

rw3 dIl]]
L
[g rAd 3]
4

J
l-lis readers adored Lmtju....rJen] by
t! T

an authoritative book 011

[111e....l1atlJes] i11 a monotonous

J inauspicious)
be beguiled (= cheated) of one's ramenes]
V
e

sweetheart) ['SIllIstÔ'-]
T

Many young people are disillusioned with his new ['pbzeb 1J

There are many drawbacks to his method of de- ss eBHUQM

OG
J
aTEg-LHu

absurd)
scribing the
.
a

302 303
 eJ
FIFLmm CS Ce
en-
Ig-zi
ricd
retrospect = recollec.ti on = 111emory) ;
a 111iscellaneous

J revenge oneself on one's

d \/
in V
Sb k

(Urnq [0) r JZ 5en-t tl'

U
V
[klaunJ J

['djUGl] nght a c\ uel with a

[s lU r] t>"-\í s: 1.. I ç,-e t... [ c\ warf]

o

"^v i
He l11 ingway surpasses Faulkner in a short story.
()tbe endowed wÍth talent

V e

erase = blot out)

['adGSI] [raIll1] J

This tìl111 is an a c\ aptation of a

)
[bist] i11an and
F1 U3.:m] t\

Slavery is a sheer anachronis111 1n the mo c\ ern age

0

Won )
(l U \I
304 305
 similar) ;

The poems of Frost and Robinson are

somewhat analogous in •

['clm8Jag]
;1
uuOA a short dialogue took place between them.
ec e a e a

enemy)

... RtJ
••
-.r
Existentialis l11 had a great influence on
.. prototype)
. -; -{ IJ rI ó f
ffeb!] Aesop's

...
;
..
Chmku]
AJbI seize the. Oícon
day) ['mkan]
J

[kl i'Je] An epigram will become a cliche mwu

[n110] ancient Greek

anFIFE
nHPIL
['kn t8SJZ8111 ] be above (beyond) Q .. -EJ
,

306 307
 TI--i
Dode 0 theater of the •.

[od]
•••

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['pe80s]
['p 0l 1n]

[p3\.'S0118]
character) J

[prozJ

[V3'-SJ
J d
7

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d
A

2 \/
. V
a11 epic

a drama1ic
lyric
\/
J [bar 'agmtì J
7

con1radictio11 = discrepancy)
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CS-es--Hi

'ka l118dl]
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se l11 iotics)
vi
dramatist)
…
drama) 4

[p Ô'-'spEktIV J

308 309
 @
em-unH
ua-r
t-nm
J Mathematics

.
[1(8

[8 'priJr,.e t] ['æb81(8 s]
.'
Dprod J a binomial
[praci] ; l>yoJ cx{:;- çb flfiL
OVI u-MJ mJHAh-

['ædV8krt]
J 11J

advocate free formulate a

nfL HU1J'
•
ajvnHd dHen
.-a A plain has two

rkwacI rup !J

[n'mencIÔ'-]
triangle
i

[kjub]

['srh ll cIÔ'-]

[kon]

rpnZ8m]

o circle
['s 3'-k!]
draw a circle with

310 311
 ,

common
divisor

common
multiple
A

[rllt] l ,";

3is the sq llare root 0 1' f-ïve l11 illion , 1'Ollr hllnclrecl ancl two
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4

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down
equation : [rauncl c1aun]
l'kwe38n] i
equation
Ckjub1k 1'kwe38n] ['8 i8r8 l11] the Pythagorean
v

a trigon0 l11 etrical [wrcl8] a ro0 l11 10 feet wicle by 20 feet

ra-eii

[ha1t]

312 313
 proportion)
[cl8 pm 'porJ811] rreJIO]

rpah"gan]
o circumscribe
[wetJ
area

of a sphere i
fvaJj8111 8V 8 sfrr]

[besJ
D mi mM c-s-
rlella
a plane
••

The circumference of the pond is almost 3 miles.

[s8b 'trækJ8n]

[...I11 Alt8p l11 u1tip1ication

] That circle is 10 inches in diameter. = That circle
has a diameter of 10 D "“
un
mhL VJ
A m, YI-EJ
l11 ultiply 5 by -:f-

divide 9
line
Lp3"p811 'dlkj81 3'-
[d3i'a I11 8tn] solid
diagonal

fpær8)EJ Jam] number

Odiagram ]

This book has diagrams showing the a car number

["dI[g

314 315
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fraction a

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8

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number brigd ru
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cf
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malignant)
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318 319
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['j L1f8 n!]

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i)ollen hay fever) therapy

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examination

the traftíc paralyzed by the plllse)

e t
s heart trouble)

a bad sanitary
dermatitis
[8 'tap Ilc
medical
epinephrine)
azug
--iAU

1ij
make a diagnosis on the case of .
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implant a piece of

320 321
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322 323
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ynJ
b

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a burn on the
&

system ,
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ov
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ck
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b ['daw,. üæm]
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column
= spinal column &

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digestive system
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324 325
 'a brow)
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.
["dju8' c1 in8111] a duodena1 rt t: 111p J] a
L

suuao mmy s3nn

mm e?t+te1j
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[ni] draw up one's
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fn:kt8111]
sprain one's
?

['pæl)kn8S]
[to]
appendix s

['Y3'- l1l gJDI111 g

[trAl)k]
nyyknuAU
nyH-en ••
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e

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[ west]
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,
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7
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[SkAI] ['ûd8)ûn] auditory

326 327
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fple t,. ht] terminal cancer

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blood cell
[hwalt bl J\ d &

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[
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r

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a
a
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e

Tourists Üom foreign cOllntries mllst be vaccinated a

,
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against yellow
&
&

dhu
mm
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K QM
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328 329
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belly)
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lethargy)
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go into a
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rfræktJ ôt-] suffer a ['enes]

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put a bandage on a [d3û ]

&

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e
a

rub ointment into one's [gAm]

.'
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fl
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Subarachnoid

ôt-] [spam]
A

[0rot] I have a sore spinal

330 331
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rllpture)
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ad l11 inister antibiotics to the

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sllppress a
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332 333
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vessel
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birth
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d

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['swad l]

= conception)

" nvpl9qaQ
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the contraction of a
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cough suppressant Suffer from
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eH -anfj .. .
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oa nb :l e
ne A
B
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L. H.
hepatitis B
ertZZK1..
B vaccine 1

[J18pa'taItIs bI

334 335
 @
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['ov8n]
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i:he pelvis major

.
hpiamta '
[hj u'mlcl8,Jàl Ô'-]
B

]
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[sI'krit]

['spæZ8m]
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336 337
 skin test !
sk ll1 (= tuberculin reaction) fp:::n Z811IlJ] iead
oaddiction
cord
kDrd]
womb)
Rapid ascent in water distends a
infection
1'8 1
['rAptfÔ'-]
fhwiz IlJ]

a nervous
level

disease) ;

,
Pharynx
[IG3" 'tel] curtailmedical Epiglottis

Esophagus
[pAls]
The doctor felt (took) her Right lung

ok
CPL on rtvl
ro VJ-HJ Bronchiole

a coronary
Left bronchus

incubation period)
]
rl
a m
nUM

[pleg]

338 339
 mpmp
jlii

myriads of
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minute
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o weather map weather chart)
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t

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r

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30 0 C (thirty degrees

[skwol] 9OOF (ninety degrees

composition
['h3'-I...ken] [gæs

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340 341
 (1'.';
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342 343
 Music and Theater
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tu
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i GUQ
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nf
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344 345
 .. OemplrlClsm

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Philosophy t=I -:5-

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o introspection
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expound a hypothesis to a
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346 347
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348 349
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the federal government of the U
'
government
-
,
••
['1Drtìt]
e lI phold a district cOllr t' s
t
B

A
b
the forfeit 0 1' one's civi1
':

The cOllntry has been allied with the US for l11 0re

&
1han halfa :

\t.:, :

[(h L
the nllclear .. 9-

'." ,
A
.
4

.
e
8

T
The Ministry has
e

fnam9 11I t] .
autocracy =
‘
b

B tyranny) Lov Ô'-'si] L

r
&

1n the early days of the United States , postal

>

e
&
['postl]
charges were paid by
>

,
s
$
dispatch the Foreign Minister to the U.N. General
'+ s

.
L
,
,
: $

['daktrm] the Monroe b

[n'3 im] a socialist

dfu-ehLeh
ek-nml
od-nn-nn ,

.
tratTic
,
auc--j
eJ-eH
FEErEEL-First
reS lO re)
(.....,:.'
r

The bill is expected to be enacted during the down)

a
,
present resign one's position as the Secretary of
a
a
a

[
$
e
+
He enthusias tÎ cally espoused the fvlonroe eJgH
ncpoh
FErasL nn
E
+

>

352 353
 restitution
pro cI aim the country a

rskep"got]

••
,24 o stricture
‘
1
,PEg' fstrrktJ éÞ-] A

••

o alternative
[SGb'V3\fGn] [ûl't3'-nGtrv]
The only alternative to surrender is

tl dmr
••.. miuJ
A

['triZl)] high treason

-ztJ

••
appraise a house for
A

[dl'nauns] He was denounced by the press as a

,

,
['for :m1] fblAnd éÞ-] .

["ardr'aIGd31] ['bûI"kat]
. boycott foreign

[lik] [ko'hJmns]

rnotG,-far] l-I e was constrained to

o

crass

354 355
 T

[d n

['üetJU8S] 4
]

f fræ l1tI k]
vehement
•

['hols8111]
wholeso111e
Oallotment
fair =
[1 >
equitable = even)
,
'reI811]

alternation of
B

L
$

.
b
>

>

(= legitimize = legitimatize) fklæm ,..fm]

>

[klæIJ
a clash of

utml]
fdlskard]
ileutral
T

[dlS 'kwa18,..fm] He was disqllalifïed by his

['pik811t]
,

give priority
mm nu4
GYH
••• distort the
‘

a promisi11g young
[111'téUtl] He is 110t e11titled to choose his own s lI ccesso r.

356 357
 A

.,,), •

adjacent)
f l1 eb8rItJ]
fau t" b3'-st]
{p Ô'-'P8tJU.,et]
fpæs8...fm]
~
T

[plmt]
[par'tek]
v

Dsubmerge : ]

;
["prim8'tjur]
premature

['t3'-1118)let] terminate the meeting by

x-kop
erhv no "ê
[n 'sIpmkl]
1iJ

He was one of the early exponents of free trade. v. S.

4

[dI'zalv] dissolve
,
delay = postpone = put off) nn
abMA VJ F2.YA

[dI'f3'-]
Ak-U--
pu-

distract)
dKL
va--rt ni-
O-n-

divert the course of a reform ;

[8d'm Il1 8"stre tJ v]
T

"', ,

drastic
[muv]
tìling period I move that we should

358 359
 a motion of
8 'mOf8n] political ethics corrup tÎ on
[k8'rApJ8n 81'

motion
Congress approved the
revenue

[k8n reach a consensus on the fvot Ô'-]

[l' lE kf8n
interests assembly

poll
['kan gms l11 8n] pol]
authority
['parl81118nt] (= parliamentary flokl

a political
mdent
Diet
on party
fk0! C8 S]

[k8 '1111 tI ] He is on the fjnance a coalition

aLHL evk
nn
aG
,
G
a formal pledge to support the coalition cabinet
amend the Constitution
pru cu-
ak- mm-
om- war
['sIvl W0r] the Civil War

360 361
 rlabnst]
,
f l11an Ô'- k] v-eaye'

,,
'' EeEZEA--'

[rAn] ,
'
'
P
r l1 n for
,EEE-etea--aBeBY'

a presidential
,
L'
,
an eE

•. [g'nstg.Jcræt] ••
,agwo'

,
[bll]
eep'

' ,ee--'
.
?
, [tJdc]
[...kanstg'tjufgn]
s

the Constit l1 tion

••
', check
-sp.-aa---aeaabeam-A.B.

,
,'
[g...propn'efgn] the Senate Appropriations
''
[d3U'dIJg1] ‘-
4
,••

[baus] ' ••

the HO l1 se of
••
',
••
' a-1J~,
'zEntgtIV] ..• •••

I ',
AE--

•••

,&pea-AEaexercise the veto over the

executive ‘'
..

'
a p l1 blic hearing)
'
['lunlJ] '
A

.
@

'
's

the Secretary of S tate

Md-mh
tH-sd
ak-dk '

,'

ttenm
cabinet a census
ak
-zJ
' the new administration starting next UgnSI]
.
meeting
••,

362 363
 -J
rztL hUHF-L
raHUaadu
fif,
i ,
1
Psychology
.• ij

[mj 1I'l1l S9p!] municipal

sign a
dm
pzrHU

1iJ

association
a telephone There is an associa tÌ on between Li ncoln and antÎ-

['ræ lI ] r-
-tv1
S.S
VJU
•.
EEA

a political

Læük'teJ9n]
development !
['kagn9tlv

perception)

u--n-A nwHhm
ttbh ah-
cnJ

cell
['gælJgh9n
o hypnosis
under

364 365
 anxiety = fear =
',

,
;

disdain a man for his

envisage)
[T' lU 3Gn]
'

T examination i 1l1 ental exa 1l1 ination)

remarkable = striking ==
[marktJ noticeable = outstanding)
.

.
A
LsarkoG'nælGSIS]
,'
Jch
'

JtJ]
,
'
.
'a a couch psychiatrist)

.
‘ speech
[S Ill Ag]
py
ism
‘
response conditioned reflex)
A

His sermon evoked the 1"I'Spans]

[ln 'djus] ,,
[....rirn'fors 1l1Gnt]
vonHH
eu mvw
nJ
'
,s
[pG'nfGrGI]
!fl o[
nh1 mnve A
FTlnurk
eB1G VA
peripheral
'
..
. $

'

366 367
 @
:I am
ak
puriL
RUQ

&

['cligtl ] the deities of ancíent

['foble] ['dimen]
mpnnA ake1J
AUUM ,

['pærenDld]

antisocial

(the ‘
.'
B
a

[dl'sofl ,.etI V] [pop] ,‘

'

[dl 'SOII ,.e t] a dissociated

[sal'kauk]
sacred

bias errors
‘
‘
]
‘

.
•

'

368 369
 pure) ,

[tfest] [S Il1 ] e

'
--z'UUG
,
cs
ehu
d

the seven deadly sins

Jr'

,ZEL nb

mpsm
VJn FFI
A

a -EEJ
YE

T
.
:
&

e
,
'
[II1 'flrkt]
esPOa--
nbriL eQ
nw
-t1.j '

(= snake);

A
nm mw
eHH en4t
nH111
,

the Revelation ( '

['S 3'-VIS] The church holds 2 servÎces on

[n'valv] a

'r
,
mp
suomam
srj VJ
F1j
A '
8

um-ea
UI--u-u
cu
.nu, .•
a'
r2.y1
huyi
tpgg'
7

'
1lJ
AU4
.
,
..M

Fundamentalism
['kns tJ 8n
e
,

rpratIst8ntJZ8m]

‘
J

'
['d3UdI....IZ8m]
re8I . .JZ8m]
...- dHA
F ,
GK vs1lJ
,

CdiJZ8m]
,

370 371
 ' ,
'
b e

[sEkt] $
Movement
P
,
&

[kAlt] &

'

He belonged to a st1'a11ge religiolls

+

o Gospel
r

'
h >
@

.
aLF-hrlnu-n
Y
@

‘ ,e
pagan)

. They christened him

Hewas converted to ,
=
b
T

[feO] ['paI8 s]
‘
a

L 6
,
h
a devollt
Church 5
, con-
tJ3'-t J] ['W3\.Jlp]
&

‘
, .
•

>

e
b
Pilgri111 Fathers separated Ü'0111 Anglican Chll l'ch.
L
,
= = =
h

['k13'-d311118n]
a
'
a s

[pritJ]
e
B

,
t

[ &
Protestant &

RHMC
sz-hAM
• nn- rEz--4aLEi-A
&
7

[lum]
QMZ-

.
&
'
r
b

[,. pjU f8
b
$

>

&

[,. nank8n 'f01'1111st]

372 373
 EM
'
g

.
h

Sociology
a

fstEp ,. mAð Ô'-]

.
an anonymous A

'
5

fbule ,. vard]
['ketÔ'-] (= supply)
b

We cater to the needs of the [bur'3wa]

.
t
'

‘
-‘

rfæpe,. ron] .
innate =
inborn = natural) ['SIVlk] a civic
inherent
r

‘
'
,'
[ke'mjunl] ''
r

fan ,.l ukÔ'-]

A

Right of Way for , ,

‘
fpapjeJet] a densely populated
[kar] e
'z
,
,-
a
the press the Marine corps
'

,
have an effect 011) ;

a wedding
. The expansion of industries affected interior cities
., like Denver, Phoenix , and Salt Lake
1'acial -'e
,'
against >

[dr'sknmenet discriminate against a minority

sex [di'papjeJet]
discrimination)
'
ed-ed uIJrlj
EE-4L-HU '

.
fsoJebl] .'
''
,
a
.,'
[, soJeJarz] .. make a
e

374 375
 a
disturbance = lI prìsing)
['clonel] donate $10,000 to a ['ra18t]
.
-‘
Riots broke out ín Los
fgæl]..-we] ‘‘
4

' ['flpm8nt]
[lm'pav8n J]
‘ be stranded at the
$
$ industrialized
' ]

instigate the stlldents to resort to

]
aTtEA--31iJ (= White Anglo-Saxon
,, [wasp]
$

••• ,
azrzzszL beacon)
>

(= spoken)
OJ0.UA on
CO vu ,

praise = tribute)
.
fkampl8m8nt]

[m8'tlfl8 I,. Iz8m]

B

&

7 '
e

adverse
(= factory =
'

a beallty
@

be appalied

patriarchy
[8'piz] Management tried to appease labor by olTerlng
. them a
] a pallcity of

] a bland

376 377
 @
nm
OG mm
rEWA
OPVH
@
's
h
e

Students were supposed to conform to the school

'
g
dress s
e

‘
CPnr uw
OG “
L

l 1 '
,
J H is strange behavior confounded
. [111 'vælj8b !J
ad-
em-ndJ ,' injurious)
e

$
r
, ‘
‘ d

' We could discern from his appearance that he was

WQ-en
nnu-
Grj-
rLlvh-rt'uh

n3-on
.
'
k-h.9
-

I.. .
9 chagrin
riaYE1
J,

.
cast discredit on a
S

dH
snhau .
E

'

.. We were dismayed at the news of his death. a public

'
,
.,'
T

be exasperated at (by) a person's S

e

[8b'nakf8s]
a
e
e '
?
8

6 ‘
.
-

counterfeit = imitation) ;
[fekJ -

'

] , 1'e1 igious
,'
E

-e
['frE l1 ZI]
,'
- '

['fa lI] ' the folly of speaking without [p Ô'-'tuf8S] ,

g
p an ideology pernicious to
,
8
$
unstable = unsteady = unsettled) ;
,

,
e .
7

'

[hid]
a
[pn'klud] ,

378 379
 Li able) = clull
[prO I1] ['ticlI8S] = weary)
sharp = strong) tOllgh)
fpAnd38nt] [n'nef8s]
a pungent sme l1 of riot
lstrate protest) ~
[Iï '111a n stret] Many consumer grollps remonstratecl with the (= watch = calltion
government against high :precalltion)

)el abate a person's

'ess

usness
GS l1l s] Two cars crashed (= co l1 iclecl) heacl
cruel = me 1'ciless)

prominent)
The linotype dispensed \vith hancl-selling of type.
['selI8nt]

examine) go , get , and bring something)

['skru tJ),. mz]

[JrlldJ I le is shrewcl in
avoicl)
[f AI1 J The incident intensified his feeling of ìnferiorily.

sri md [m'trud]
••

nJJ 11
,
a stining
jostle a person

380 381
 [bip]

=hindrance = bar = block = barrier)

urban
AutHLhHPiLhHHHL
[prar]

[pAb'lrs8tr] gain

hinges on what we do
[n' 1J1]kwIJ]

[strmd] [hup]
stride Oimpetus
The flow of people into these areas provide c\ an
p Ò'-] enormous il11 petus to the expansion of the service
The document has been tampered

[8rAst]
The basic thrüst ofWestern civilization is the
pursuit of individual fdivIßt]

[dI
pass on)
pains = trouble = hardship) ['drslo ,. ket] dislocate the operations of a

(= substitute = replace)
Oil has displaced (replaced)

have access to + a for l11 idable barrier between

['hev8n]
382 383
 [m\.k pO] an in-depth analysis of an Amel
The immigr‘ ants were assimilated wÌth the natives.
err;-
scorn = ridicule = taunt = je

He has been an exile tì"om his natÍve land 1'o r many

a deportation
= total)
break social
[/ov a-.....01] an overall
[....kAst8m]

[kjuJ Bathing in River Ganges is a religious c Ll stom

among
[r81 111] the realm of socially acceptable

[kO Il1]
00 you know who coined the New
a heart transptant
remainder);
1I]

isolation)
[spauz] apply for a spouse
[Sl
family
[stcl]
stale o generation gap
national pension .. 8n g ]
system
The couple asked to be
age
lnnation has eroded an old age

nhMrsLV , ae:1
.ung
n1j [norm]
i
‘
[....su8/smd]
384 385
 @
prejudice)
['bm8s] [8J<AltJ8
density
'
[ an expulsion order
i

T
] the feminine

socialist
population
,
explosion ,'
population boom)
Lpapj8'Ie.f,:m rk'splo38n] .
'
potential)
[bum]
a baby iatent
DZAmw
UF- dd
rlLT mm -H9
VJU ••

1IJ

[lk'spænJ8n] ' a rapid expansion of

,
family
[s3'-d3] a

.
a
household
[spars] '
a sparse
A

burgeon e

['b3'-d38n]
>

the bllrgeoning OQ mm
gQVJ1j

fzn
X1
nkIuff
;irizL i

A,K F3 ,
$
yu agmm
nvbu Gupc VJ1j
the influx of
nrL-sri-cri--THLnrHU Y

'

‘'' P

e
6

'e
yj-mm-
ek-ehLEMV
.‘
e
s

$
g
mm.- equalitarianism)
,

= death rate)

386 387
 Come into

a crusade against
CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban labor force)

[\Vldo]
( ,/j \T
control
[b3 8 k811 'trol]
c

;
[111 'korp8ret]
the
disabled incorporate changes into the

live 011 nMah-AULUna

ater--L ftn

=
dkccnn
ahu aT

social ••

-tzd
The hotel is adjacent to the
[skim]
provision = food)
a day-care

[Iiv] fsAst8n8ns]

[00]
tha w frozen
harass

a kidney
sexual
Li b Women's Liberation) The hotel has accommodations for 500 guests.
[\VI I1lIl1 Z hb]

388 389
 Ame l'Ì can Stlldies...167 antÎ-trllsl laws.. .247 arislocral'" 363
AU
11 1 O
anus.. .331 arilhmelíc".105 , 16'
amino acìd...204 anxiety'''367 armed.. .293
al11 ncsÌa...332 aorta . ..325 arollsc...38l
A active...141 aidc...286 amnÌoccntesÌs" .333 apartmcnt...177 arrny" .181
abacus...311 activist...65 AIDS...329 a l11 niolíc flllid. ..333 apathy"'377 arrest...295
nbandon...57 activity . ..137 aír l11 ass'" 260 amocba...204 arresl warrant... 295
adapt...97 , 209 airbornc írritants"'333 amoun[...73 ..191 arreslíng" .69
nbbcy . ..174 aclaptalion..' 85 , 305 aislc.. .174 amperc".260 57 arson...293
ahbrcvlntion. aclclictioll".339 albeclo...342 amphibían... 203 apogee"'191 art.. .17
abdo l11 cn'..331 aclclition. ..315 anachronis l11' ..305 appall"'377 art hislory'" 179
adcpt.. .251 algac'''1 0 1, 200 anagra l11' ..305 apparatus.. .45 arlery . ..332
abdllct.. ‘ 293 adhcrcnt. ..372 algebra...161 analogolls" .105 , 306 appcase' . .377 wcI1... 233
abcluction... 293 algoríth l11 "'222 analogy . ..306 arthrilìs" .145 , 329
ahidc . .290 acljacent. "137 , 389 alienate" . 170 analysis.. ‘ 161 , 243 appcndix"'304 arthropod. ..205
aholish'''168 acl l11 inistratìo l1'" 362 alkaline...233 analyst".237
abolition"'29 , 168 ad l11 inÌstrativc reform... 359 allege . ..296 analytic... 243 applet...219 articu 1atc" . 53
abolitionis ll1' ..[69 admission proceclure. ..251 analyze"'213 appl ication. . . 161 arlic t1 lation. ..301
nborigine. 171
“
aclmíssion rcquire l11 cnt...251 320 anato l11 y...200 appraise . ..355 artìfacl" .172
65 , 389 adobe"'167 allcrgy . ..320 anecdotc...305 appreciate.. .31 0 artìtìcial intelligcnce' , .222
abscon cJ...7.7 5 aclolesccnt... 252 alliance"'247 ancm Íc. ..333 apprcciatíon' . .244 artificially . ..93
absorbcr. . .260 aclorc. ..302 all iteration' . .305 anesthesia...329 apprehend. . .295 artillery . ..275
absorptíon" .125 adorn. .‘ 180 allocate...243 anesthetíze...329 apprehensíon"'366 ^Sp...219
absorplíon coc lTiclent. ..260 adrcnaline. ..320 allolmcnt...357 aneurys ll1 ...331 aspect.. .89 , 153
abslain"'3 i 7 advanced nallo l1'" 285 allowallcc ,,, 388 angle"'109 assassin' ..275
abslract.. .45 , 181 , 265 aclvcrsc...377 alloy . ..214 Anglican Church...372 approxi l11 ate...57 assalllt...275
abllsc" .317 advocate . ..310 angstrom. . . 186 approximation' ..314 assay...) 7
abyss.. .223 aeríal'''9 , 208 allllsion . ..305 ani l11 al.. .45 , 77 , 133 aptitude'" 250 assemblage.. .21 0
access.. '69 , 105 , 218 , aesthctíc . ..182 alluvillm"'233 ankle . ..327 aquaculture.. '93 , 223 assembly linc...219
acccssiblc...382 aITcct.. .375 ally"'281 , 352 annotatìon' ..306 aquanaut...223 asscrt.. .27
.21 0 a f'l cctalio l1' • .365 alongshore".226 annual...l09 aquaríu l11'" 224 assessment...238
acco ll1l11 oclalion. .‘ 389 a fTïliate" .240 aloofness"'377 annllal ring. ..202 aquatíc... 223 assct...245
a l1ì liatíon . ..240 Alpha Ccntaurs" .185 anonymolls...374 aqueduct... 233 assi l11 ilate... 385
accolln ling. ..249 altcration . ..357 antagonist... 306 aquífcr'''233 associalion... 365
accrction...185 aITront.. ‘ 305 alternating cllrrent... 260 Antarct Íc ...267 arachnoids . ..331 assll l1l ption. . .265
against"'53 , 89 altcrnatìon".357 antenna.. .203 arbitrage'" 240 asteroid.. .186
agc"'53 allcrnativc...355 anthology." 306 arbitrary".299 aslh l11 a.. .145 , 322
/\chillcs Icndon...333 agcncy"'245 altitudc . ..272 anthropology...5 , 171 arcade... i 74 asthmatícs.. . 145
acid...101 , 233 agcnt...289 aI 1lIl1 ní...255 antibìotícs...333 arch...! 78 astro" .191
acollst ic d istllrbancc" . 25 7 aggrcgate... 241 alllbcr...200 anlibody...333 archaeological.. .9 aslrology . ..279
acollslics.. .349 aggrcssion . ..89 alllbìguily... 57 anti-coagulants . ..333 archacology . ..17i astronaut. . . ) 84
acqllirc ..-4 5 aggressiveness" .89 ambigllous<..298 antì-hcro...306 archetype...306 astronomy . ..183
aging society"'255 Hlllbivaient'..250 a11timony . ..215 archì pelago. . .272 astrophysics... 191
299 agony" .365 alllblllatory.. .174 architecture.. .174 asylu ll1,, '285
acqlllt. .294
‘
agrarian. .. 164 amcnd . ..360 antiquc . ..lï4 Arctìc. ..267 atheism...371
acrophobia" .321 agríchc l11 icals.. .165 <lI nendlllcllt.. .65 antirellcction. ..261 area...\09 , 121 , 153 , 314 athlete.' .153
acropolis.. .174 agricultllre.. .164 antisocial...368 aríd...340 Atlantic.. .267
acl...25 , 33 , 168 agronomist... 164 alllentía...257 antithesis" . 306 aristocracy' ..363 atmosphere.. .186

390 391
 brain clealh... 322 cal...77
baplizc . ..372 biogeography' ..210 C
al l11 0sphC rI C POlllllioll" .231 bargain"'242 17 brain tll I11 0r" .332 cabíncl' ‘ .362 calalysl...213
alo l11 ...212 bark . ..205 biography" . 309 brass...214 , 345 cabinet I11 ccting" .362 catalyze'..213
alo l1l ic I1l U.:kllS...212 barley . ..164 78 , 285 breakclown'''259 , 338 cacophony... 306 cataslrophe" .231
atonemenl...371 ba l1l ...164 break-even point...241 cadmillm. ..261 category . 49
.320 baromelrk press lI re'" bìology...78 , 195 breaklhrollgh. . .317 Caesarean birlh...334 cater" .374
alrÌ lI m' ..174 baroqlle . ..174 biosphere . ..232 breccìa. . . 186 calcill l11 ".186 caterpillar. . .206
allllck. ..89 barrt:l.. .157 biolechnology . ..204 bred.. .93 calclllus"'1 6 1 calharsis...306
allain.. .97 barri breed...93 , 199 caldera.. . 186 calhcural...371
altC l1 lÌon . ..77 breeuing"'93 , 199 calibralion... J 9 J Catholìcism... 3 71
allcsl . ..34ú birt l1 c0 I1 (rol...389 breeze" .344 calligraphy . ..255
allO l1l cy...295 bison' ..167 brew...214 ca ll1 ou f1 age. . .208 cause . .77
allribulio l1" .17 basic...53 bit...221 bribery.. .294 camp...363 cave'''266
alldaciolls...279 basil . ..164 bite"'195 bríg"'224 cancer...329 cavern.. .266
basilica.. .174 brígade.. .276 candidate... 362 celeb rI lY . ..374
lllldilor...243 basÌn" .266 black...29 bring up"'45 candm . ..279 celcstial"'184
llllditory" .327 balho l11 etcr' ..224 black hole... 185 broadcasling' ..287 canìne"'121 cell . 5 , 200 , 260
aurora...186 ballery...157 , 260 biaddcr...326 broadleaf lree" .202 cannibalism. . . 171 celllllar...211
allspÌciollS" .3 (j 9 ballxìle . ..215 bland...377 broker.. .237 canopy...174 CelsJUs' . 342
1I 11Ihemic" .179 bcacon...266 blank versc...306 bronzc' ..182 capelin".224 ccnsor.. .352
lllllhcnlicatc . .17 bleed . ..330 brood...207 , 346 capillary . .200 . .360
alllhenticalion. . .21.9 beak...207 blood clolling...333 browse" .250 capillary action. ..234 census...363
llulhorilalÌvc . ..302 beam...125 blood pressure. . .334 browser' . .217 capillary vessel. ..200 centenniai . ..275
HlI lhorÌly . ..89 bear.. .149 blood vessels...334 brllise...318 capital . ..249 centigrade.. .341
HUlhorize . ..302 beast...304 bloom...195 brlltal. ..279 capital gains.. .240 centipedc...206
alltistie . ..257 become...61 , 77 , 78 bllle chip...242 B lI ddhism...370 capital pllnishmenl"'291 centralizc...357
<l1l IOnomy...352 bcdrock'''233 blllnder. . .355 blldget...361 cap Ìl alis l11 ...387 cerebellllm...324
<l lllll l1l nal eqllinox... 185 blur...259 bllffer zonc'" 211 cap Ìl lllation...276 cerebrll l11 ...324
avert. ..284 bcgllile... 302 board of direclors . .242 caprice... 279 cerliiìcale...250
avìalion.' beha viorism. ..365 boarding hOllse.. .252 blllky . ..149 captivity" .93
avi <l ...289 behold. . .300 boggy land...267 blllly . ..252 carapace...203
belief. ..29 bolide . ..186 blloy...224 carbohydrale...212 C G1 ...219
bcloved . ..302 bllreall" .282 carbon.. .133 , 213 chain.. .117
bcneficial...121 book.. .247 bllreallcracy' ..282 carbon dioxíde... 201 chameleon. ..195
bcqllealh.. .161 , 275 bllrgeon' . .386 carbonale.. .186 chancel. . . 175
B besIOW" .180 boon...121 burial . ..171 carcass' . . 121 change"'109
back"'157 bias.. .368 boost... 153 , 238 burn...324 channel. . .272
cardiac"'153
baClcria'" 133 , 201 bibliography.. .264 bool" .219 bllrnt...13 chaperon. . .375
cardinal. . .369
bllrtle . ..287 boron...261 burrow. ..195 character.. .29
big bang theory...185 cardinal number. . .315
bolanÌst.. .199 bury.. .13 carnivore.. .195 charcoal.. .215
bala l1 ce ,, '25 , 247 bilingllal. . .298 bolany...199 bushel. ..316 carnivorolls" .195
ballasl' . .224 bOlllevard . ..375 bllsiness. . .242 charging. . .260
carpe diem. ..306
bandagc. .‘ 13 , 330 bOllnclary . ..137 blltlock...327 charisma lÍ c...287
billion...313 carving.. .182
bandwìdlh...220 bllttress" .175 charíty" .388
binary . ..221 bOllllty...121 , 275 cash tlow. ..248
ba l1 krllpt...237 bourgeois . 375 byte.. .221 chas l11 ...270
binary slar..' 184 cash memory' . .218
bankruplcy' ..237 bow shock. .. 18G
biochemical . ..197 cast. ..182
J3 aplisl'" 3 72 bowdlerize . ..306 chealing.. .253
biochcmístry . ..197 caste...375
.174 bOy l:O lt...355 check.. .363
bìodiversity.. .121 , 210

392 393
 51

chcckíng account... 244 civility...374 collcction.. .182 conccpt.. .45 conspicuous.. .179 corona...191
chc ll1 ical... 13 , 285 c1 am...205 Collcgc of Li bcral Arts"'255 conccrn...17 conspìracy... 25 coronary...338
chc ll1 ícal rcaction...213 c1 arify . ..357 colliclc".113 , 137 , 270 conccrto' .‘ 345 constipalíon . ..334 corporation' ..242
chc ll1 ically"'129 Clark. ..25 colloquiaj"'377 concurrcnt.. .281 constilucncy... 363 corps" .375
chc l1l ístry" .212 clash...357 colonial . ..167 condcnsa lÍ on'" 113 , 234 cons lÌ tucnt. ..363 corpsc" .13 , 171
chcmothcrapy . ..334 c1 assify...lOI colonialis l1l, "268 condcnsc.. .113 , 234 constilulion...29 , 362 corrcct.. .17
chcst. ‘ .331 c1 aw. ..208 colollnadc.. . 175 conditiona 1. . .41 constitutiollal. ..25 corrcction".41
chick.. .207 c1 ay...270 coloslrums...334 conditioncd rcsponsc'" 367 conslrain...355 corrclation . ..329
chíckcn clcmcncy. ..297 colullln...175 condo l1l ínium.. .178 constrict...348 corrcspondcncc".255
chin...331 clcmcnt.. .279 coma...186 , 330 conduct...350 construction . ..49 corrcspondcllt. ..288
chirp" .195 clcrcstory . ..175 cO l1l bination. . .316 conduction.. .348 construc'" 301 corrosion...233
chiscl...182 clergyman. . .373 combuslion. ..259 condllction band... 261 consllmc...241 corruption . ..361
chivalry..' 282 ciich...306 comcdy . ..309 cone...311 COnSll l11 Cr goods... 241 cosmic ray'" 187
ch Ioro fl uorocarbon. . .26 i cliff\..266 cO ll1 ic stríp' ..288 Con fèdcracy'" 33 consumer price índex"'241 cosmology . ..191
chloroplast"'203 c1 imax community'" 211 cO l11l11 and. ..221 Confèdcrale' ..29 , 33 consu ll1 ption . ..241 cos ll1 opolitan" .211
choir...175 clinical tcst... 323 commcllsuratc.' .311 confedcration. ..276 cOlltagious... 318 cosmos.. .187
chokc...318 c1 ippcr , '.224 c0 l11 lllissíO Il ...241 confcss . ..297 contaminant. ..231 cotcric.. .179
cholcra...321 cloístcr.. .175 commiltee...360 configllration." 185 , 217 contaminalion" .231 cOllch. ..367
cholcstcrol Icvcl... 338 c1 on.. .198 commodity'" 243 contincmcllt.. .41 contìnuously . ..37 cOllgar...208
Chomsky ,, '49 clonc...198 commonwcalth...276 con l-i sca tc. . .290 contollr...266 cough sllpprcssant... 334
chorcography . ..345 c1 oníng.. .198 confisca lÍ on . ..41 contraccplion. . .389 council...352
christcn. .‘ 373 c1 ot. ..328 communicatíon" -4 5 conflict...286 conlractìon...334 cOllntcrcllllurc...386
Chrìstian FlI ndamcntalism. ..370 c1 oud.. .113 commllnication disordcr... 257 con [orm. . .378 contradiction... 301 cOllnterfcit.. .179
Christìanity . ..370 clown...305 com l11 unity...211 confound.. .378 conlrol...149 COllnty...269
chromatín. . . 199 clllstct . ..341 com t11l1 tc' ..252 Confllcianislll'" 346 convcclìon...351 COllp d'ctal' ..269
chro ll1 ítc...215 coal.. .23 1 cOlllpact. ..260 Confllcius... 3 70 convene.. .357 cou rÌ er...284
chromosomc.. .199 coalition...361 compartmenl" .375 congeal"'348 convcntion.. .45 , 385 court...292
chromosphcrcs" .186 coat...13 compaliblc . ..284 congest...383 conventional.. .45 courtcsy . ..252
chronic illness...334 cobalt . ..215 compensatíon'" 3 75 congrcgalc . ..344 convcrgcncc...21 courtshìp." 304
chronically. ..317 cobweb.. .195 competenl' ..246 congregalion... 3 72 convergent. ..113 , 137 coveragc... 287
chronìclc . .309 cocoon...195 compctition..' 246 congrcss" .170 convcrscly . ..264 covcrl...279
cícacla...206 cocl...224 competitivcncss...246 Congrcssman' ..360 convcrsion.. .157, 261 coxswain...224
cìndcr conc. ..186 co c\ e...292 completcly . ..53 conifero l1 s trcc" .202 convcrt...1 01 , ! 57 , 372 coyotc.. .208
cínclct coclify.. .290 complicatìon' ..321 conjllgation.. .97 , 299 convcrtcd.. .157 CPU...217
círclc. ‘ .311 cocclucatìon... 255 compliment"'377 connoísscur. .. 171 convex lens" .350 crabwisc... 224
cìrcuit...105 cocrcion...355 comply . ..284 connotativc...57 convict.. -4 1, 292 crack . ..270
cìrcular argumcn 1.' ..265 cocxist...195 componcnt... 212 conqucr.. .89 conviclion'..49 , 292 craft. ..224
clrcuIÐtion...289 coffering . .175 compose"'345 conscnsus...360 convoy...286 cram...255
cìrcumcisíon... 334 coffin...171 composite volcano.. .187 conscnt.. .168 cookte...219 cramp"'318
circu l11 fcrcncc . ..314 cog"'259 compound. ..133 , 212 conseqllence" .117 cooperation.' .167 crane...206
circulllpoIÐr... 267 cognìtive ..-4 9 comprchensivc . ..388 conscrvalion...121 , 157 , 172 cooperativc.. .178 crash.. .381
círcumscribc...3 I 5 cognìtive dcvelopmcnt... 365 comprcsses'" 334 conscrvaltvc . ..288 coordinate... 35! crass...355
cirrus clouds.. .342 cognitìvc scìcnce.. .222 comprcssíon... 57 , 214 conscrvc" .172 coordinatíon...358 crater. ..272
citation. ..264 cohcrcncc...355 complllsion...250 consist...! {} 1 copper"'214 cralon'" ! 87
civíc...375 coil...348 compulsory . ..255 consolc...250 coral...205 crawl...195
civillawsuít...292 coin...385 computation" . 105 consolidatc...238 corbcl.. .175 crayfish"'224
Civil Rights Movcmcnt.. .169 coincidc . ..280 computer'" 105 , 217 consolidalion"'161 corc...271 crcdit...25 , 255
civil war"'33 , 361 cold front. ..343 concavc lens" .350 consonant...298 corníce.. .175 crcditablv . ..356

394 395
cn.:ditor. ..247 cybernctics . ..222 detìciency...329 approach... 264 dietary therapy. ..321 dispersion... 3)) 1
cyclones . ..343 delicit.. .246 desegrcgation. .. 169 dilTerent. ..n c\ isplace"'383
.187 cyclonic-. .113 c\ eline" .45 deserl' ..232 di l1l: rcnlial . ..161 display...217
ddinitìon.. -4 5 269 dill:i'ential calcllllls -. .315 disposal.. .232
cricket.. .206 cystitis"'322 de l1 ect...358 designate'" 284 di l1i clllt.. .89 dispose. ..13
cytology...200 defoliatioll...202 desire.. .89 dilliclllty.. .89 disqllali t'y ...357
criminal...q! deforestation'" 230 despotism"'352 dilTllsion" -261 disseminate . ..289
criminologist.. .41 deft. ..207 dest Íl lltion...375 digest"'325 , 287 dissertation' -.255
criminology . ..41
D degrade"'165 detain...2 9G digestìve... 77 dissociate...36))
daily . ..21 detect...184 .36))
cripple...318 degree...254
dairy . ..166 c\ etective...293 clilllte . ..212
crilical...i7 , 153 , 307 dehydratíon... 334
dale.. .274 detergent.. .383 dimension...311 distend . 339
crilicis J11 ...306 cleism...53 , 371
damage".117 c\ eity...369 c\ etermine' ..5 dinosaur.. .203 dislill...215
crop...164
damp" .274 delegate...168 c\ eterminÌsm" . 346 diode'''261
cropland. . . 164
darìng . ..25 c\ eterrent...285 , 352 diphtheria...329 distribllte' . .244
cross-cllltllral.. -285 c\ elegation. . .168
dash . ..223 delcte...221 detour...375 diploma . ..254
dashboard. ..259 detract.. .358 direel...125 disllse...61
crllcial. delinqllent... 290
dala...17 , 61 detrimental. ..378 direcl ellrrent... 261 ditch...270
crude oil...223 delta"'268
dale. ..173 clitche . .9
delusion. ..179 c\ evallle . ..237 direct proportìon... 314
day-care . ..388 directory . ..217
c\ emise...203 c\ evastating'" 340
dayiighl' ..109 Democrat.. .170 develop...61 divergenl" .137
crush...270
dazzle . ..280 developer. disasler' ..230 diverse...21
crllsl...141 , 271 demographìc transition" .172
deadline...2))8 demography . ..172 c\ evelopìng cOllntries" .245 disastrolls" .89 diversì l'y . 247
crllslacean' ..224
deaf and dll J11 b... 258 demolish. ..348 development... 311 discard...5 , 357 diversity" .167
cryoge l1l cs . ..211
deuiing".242 clemon...369 deviate . ..383 discern'" 3 78 diverl . ..358
crypt.. .175
Deun of lhe faculty... 255 devialion value... 316 discharge... 261 dividend...242
crystal...77 , 341 c\ endrìte . ..261
death penalty"'291 device. ..61 , 105 disciplinary . ..161 div ll1 e...301
crystallinc...319
debase...280 c\ evoid...383 disconcerting' . .378
denomination...247 , 372
denounce...354 devolll...373 discredit...378 divorce. ..385
decay.. .141 dew...340 discrepancy.. .356
clI bic eqllalio l1'" 312 density...215
decidllolls trec" .202 diabeles...329 discriminate against. . .374
cllbic per seconcl. . .234 depict...301
deci l11 al...316 diabetìc. ..329
C lI bism...181 deplete . ..166 discrimination"'33 , 65 , 374 doctor's dcgree.. .256
decimale" .121 diagnosis" . 321 disdain.. .366 doctrine. ..352
cllcd speech..' 299 depletion'''166
declaration... 168 diagonal . ..314
clllpril...2% dcploy"'363 disease'" 77 , 149 c! ocllmenlalion" -264
dcclare. c\ iagra l11' • .314 disligure.. .180 doldrllms-..343
cllllivalìon'''21 , 164 depoplllate'''375
declination.. .191 domain
clllt...372 deportatíon...385 c\ ialect.. .298 disguise' ..149
decomposilion'''211 deposit...129 , 133 , 273 dialogue." 307 disillllsíO I1' • .302
c lI lture...21 , 93
decongestant...334 disinleresledness...250
cllmulonimbllS" -343 deposilion' . .268 , 296 diameter'" 73 , 314
decrease . ..153 disjoint... 265
curb.. .247 depositor. . .242 diamond' . .312 donate".376
deduce".73 deprecíation.. .244 diaphragm. ..325 clisk...191
curc... donor-" 261 ,
dedllction"'238 , 265 depression. diarrhea. . .321 dislocate.. -383 dopant...261
currency" .246 dedllctive reasoníng... 265
currcnlly ..-4 9 cìepth.. .141 , 313 Dickinson Emily"'57 disloeale c\ tinger ,. - dop ll1 g...261
cllrriclllll l11 ...255 deputy . ..363 dictale . ..298 dislocatìon... 330 Dopp Ie r el 1'e cl'. .1))7
defeelio Il ...363 dictalor...276 clormer.. .175
cllrsor...218 deregulation...359 dismay"'378
defendanl' ..292 didacLÌc...307 clismiss -. .244 dormilory . ..252
cllrtail. ..33)) derivative...57 , 299
del l: nse altorney" . 2 91 c\ esalinization...234 dielectric constant.. .187 disparily . ..170 dose...318
cllrtailment. .‘ 237
defl: 1 . ..358 dispaleh...352
curve ..‘ 133 clescend. ..97 diet...21 down...121
detìnace...33 Diet...360 dispense. . .381
c\ escent.. .97 downirghl' . 239

396 397
Down's synclromc.. .334
c1 raggìng.. , 218
c1 raìn...274
cirainngc" .274
clrastic . ..358
clrawclown"'234
clrcnch. ..270
clrill...195
clrip"'323
drívc.. .89 , 217
clrizzlc...340
clroplct"'270
clropout.. .254
drought...268
cl lI alislll...346
cluc!...305
ciulllp...232
cl lI Oclcnu l11'" 326
cl lI plicatc" .181
cl lI ratìon...1 09 , 358
cl lI rìng...109
clwarf. . , 305
clyn aIllI cs" .161
clynalllo...350
clynasty' .‘ 276
E clemcnlary schoo1... 256
carly. ..5 , 97
carly stagc . ..211
earlh...109 , 141 , 183
Earth Scíencc'''223
cnrthworlll'..207
cascl.. .179
cbb lìcle.. .229
ecccnlricìly.. .187
cclipsc..' 185
ccliplic" 109 , 187
,
ccoiogy . ..230
cconolllìc sanctìon.. .285
cconomic
cconomics"'237
ccOSySlC111' . . 121 , 199
ccolypc" .211
EClllllcnicnl Movemcnt"'373
cczcllla' ..334
cducation. ..41 , 250
398
ccl l1 cational . 256 c l1l bracc...305 entanglc...359 ethnoccntrism. ..268 cxquisitc.. .303
cdllcntion conscio l1 s socicty. ..256
“ c l1l bryo.. .335 cntity" .85 cthnography . ..173 cxtant...197
ccl...206 cmbryo's"'2i 1 cntrancc ccrcmony' ..251 cvacuatc...125 cxtcndcd falllily...387
eelgrass" .224 c l11 crgc" .85 , 289 cntrancc cxa l1l ìnation... 251 evacuation... 23 2 extensive" .161
efllllenl...234 c l11 crgence" .85 cnlrap111cnt...300 evadc . ..358 extinct...8I , 97 , 231
cfTort"'25 c l11 igration . ..284 cnlrcnch. ..275 cvaluatc.. .251 extinction...81 , 230
cgalitarianism... 387 c l11 ission . ..230 cntreprencur' . .244 evangc1ist... 3 73 cxtort . ..290
cgg...5 cmission cnu l1l erate...239 evaporate.. .113 , 234 extra...141
cgoisl"'365 e l11 it...73 enu l11 cration" .17 cvaporatìon. . .234 exlract...215
cgolistical... 365 cmotional clisorclcr... 257 cnviron ll1 cnt.. .45 , 230 cvcn numbcr. ..313 extracurricular activity . ..256
EI Ni...343 cmpathy.. .179 environ ll1 cntal disruption'" 230 cvent...133 , 145 cxtragalactic" .192
elaborate. ..13 e l11 physemH...335 environ l11 entalist contingent... 230 evergrccn tree... 202 extramarita1...171
elastic.. , 161 , 348 c l1l piricis l11" • 347 envisìon . ..366 evoke.. .69 , 366 exlravaganl' ..300
clbo \V ...327 c l1l ploY l11 cnt . ..242 enzy ll1 e...204 evolutìon ‘ ..81 , 97 , 200 extrovcrt...366
elcicrly.. .388 cmpowcr...276 epic...309 evolve...97 eyepiccc." 350
clcclion ca ll1 paign'''361 cmuiatc . ..179 epiclemìc... 338 exa ll1 ìnc...9 eyewitncss'" 296
elective... 253 enact...352 epigra ll1' ..308 exaspcratc"'378
e 1cctora1 . ..362 enactmcnt...352 epigraph' ..307 excavatc" .172
electric chargc... 261 enccphalitis... 332 cpi1cpsy"'318 excess...149
F
fab1c . ..307
clectric cìrcuit... 261 cncephalomyclitis' ..331 cpilogue"'307 cxchangc rate...240
fabric.. .171
elcctrìc current... 262 enchant. .. 180 cpithet... 307 cxecutíon . ..182
facade.. .175
c 1cctricìty...157 cncoclc".221 cqual"'65 executivc.. .239, 362
facilitatc...358
clcctroclcposilìon. . .262 encompass" .153 , 230 equa1opportunity"'256 excmp1ar... 347
factìon . ..361
electrolytc . ..262 encroach. ..230 equation...161 , 312 exhalc. ..325
factor. ..312
clcctron... 125 , 213 cndangcred...117 , 224 cquator...109 , 267 cxhaustion . ..165
faculty... 254
eicgant. .. 279 endcmic"'21! cqui1atcra1 triangle... 311 cxhortation. . .237
clcgy . ..307 faculty Ill ccting" .254
cndogamy... 387 cquilibriu ll1' ..241 cxilc . ..385
clcmcnt"'14! , 212 cnclow. ..305 fad"'387
equìpmcnt. "33 , 85 cxístentialism...307
endurance.. .153 cquitable . ..243 cxit poll'" 361
Fahrenhcil" .341
faíth'..372
clevate...65 energy".73 , i 41 , 157 cquìty . ..248 exogamy . ..387
fakc".378
e1evation . ..270 cnergy conservalìon'" 232 cra...33 exoncratc...297
fa lIacy . ..301
clicil"'296 enForce . ..293 eraclicatc" .169 exotic...378
fa l1 ibility . ..346
c1igibility for cnlrance...251 cngíneer. ..117 croclc.. .233 expansion'" 169 , 386
tàllout...340
cligible . ..250 crosion...233 expel"'353
fallow...165
eliminate.. .121 , 250 cngineering.. .117 , 259 crupt...137 expenditurc... 248
clk...121
ellipse. ..187
English".57
engravíng.. , 175
. .272
escalate . ..358
expcrícncc . ..61
expert witness.. .296 “
làlsify . ..381
mine...269
fang...196
elliptical...73 engross...250 esophagus." 325 expertisc... 291
c1usivc...303
cnhancc.. '153 , ! 82 ESp.. .365 expirc"'248
fascinate...180
cmanate...212 enhancement.. .69 espouse.. .352 cxplanation' ..81
fast...3?
c l11 ancipation"'33 , 276 enigma".303 ..264 cxplanatoryapproach"'264
làt...149
enlightcn ll1 ent.. , 250 estate...382 explicit.. .264
tàtal . ..77
c l11 bassy...286 enorll1ous , • .383 esthctic" .180 eXD10it . ..237
fathom" .356
c l11 bcddccl' ..180 cnrage".279 csti111atc . ..21 explosive . ..215
fatuolls . ..252
c l11 bitler.. .33 cnroll ll1 ent...251 estuary...225 cxponenl...358
fault...133 , 273
emble l1l ...276 enshrine . ..276 ctch...129 expository'" 264
fauna...211
e l11 bocly...250 cnsure...300 cthìcs'''346 , 361 cxpound' . .346
cmbolclcn.. .279 cntail"'251 ethnìc"'I72 expulsìon"'387
399
f'e asible"'(í9 , 2ì5 l1 ash.. .183 for111ula" . 311 ga l11 ul...197 glacier.. .273 gulf. ..272
feal l1 el . ..97 l1 al...73 , 177 !ormulale...5 , 49 , 311 ganglion cells.. .365 gland...318 gullct'..331
federal...33 , 353 l1 aw...61 fort...168 gangway' ..376 glaucoma . ..335 gU Il1 ...331
feed.. '196 , 221 l1 awless.. .180 torlh.. .157 garbage...232 glaze"'262
le I11 1111s1...388 l1 ecting"'181 fO rL1 m' ..65 , 354 gargoyle.. .176 gleam"'348
1erl11 c I1 1" 11es l1 "'13 , 301 10ssil...157 , 200 gas"'73 , 133 glitter. ..180
lermenlalion...200 J1i er" .247 10ssil fuel.. .200 gas composition'" 341 global . ..231 H
habitat.. .205
J'e rn...202 l1 ighl"'97 fosler' "121 , 251 gaslrìtis. . .323 global slandard.. .285
11ighllcss.. .97 íOllndation. . .5 hacker.. .221
gathcr"'17 globular.c1l1 stcr" .192
l1 oat...93 tì'action. . .316 , 342 haddock.. .225
l'erlility <.I rug" .322 gazette'..287 glossy"'271
l1 ock...196 haiku ‘ 307
fenilily rate...386 gear...348 glow...271
terti lizalion. .. 1100 <.1.. .232 1ì"agile . ..271 gen <.l er.. .387 glucose...335
t1 0ppy disk. ..217 frantic . ..356 hallucination. ..367
lerlilizc . ..93 gene.. .81 , 199 goat...209
l1 ora...211 tì'alld...294 halt"'169
1ertilizcr"'93 , 165 gene bank.. .199 goiler.. .333
frenzy . ..378 ha l1<.1 oul" .253
fervor" .3n l1 ounder. ..225 general. ..73 gonorrhea. . .335
Il ow lide.. .229 1ì'equency . ..350 .287
festive.. .179 generale . ..157 goods.. .69
tl l1 id...161 fì'esco.. .176 haphazard . ..3n
felal . ..335 genera tÌ ng" .157 gospel.. .373
I'r iction.. .153 , 348 harass' ..388
lelch...381 lluting'''176 generation gap"'385 Gothic'..178
felus...335 focal points...268 frigalc . ..225 generalive.. -4 9 gourd"'l96
lÌ'ont.. .268 hard disk.. .217
fcudalism...282 10g"'340 genes' ..5 gove l11 ess . ..252
loil...212 tì'oslbite...335 hardness' . .234
genesis... 210 government...25
ÍÌ' own...291
hardware. .
1ï cld...73 10Idcr"'218 genclic.. .117 GPA...254
lolding.. .268 fllel...157 harcly.. .197
lïesta.. .179 genelic code... 321
Jï gure . ..315 loliage...205 fllel cell...260 harness' ..235
genetic gradient'''141
tilament . ..187 folk medicinc.. .322 f'lI gitìve...25 , 275
halch...93 , 206
genetic manip lI lation" .199 gradual... 33 , 97
fólklore... 30 1 fllll . ..109 haunle <.l ...300
íïlc...218 genelical" . 81 graduate school... 254
lolly" .378 ü lI1 ction...145 , 312 havcn...383
lïlc a sllit.. .296 genetically.. .5 , 45 , 117 gradualÌ on' . .254
funcLÌon key.. .218 hay 1ever...323
lile cO l11 pression... 218 tood"'117 genetics"'5 , 81 , t99 graduation thesìs... 254
loo c\ chain... 231 îunctionalism." 365 hca <.l
1í lm l11 aking.. .37 genìtal"'335 grain. ..164
íïn...225 loolnole . ..264 fun c\ ...240 .285 grammnr.. -4 9, 298
torage...204 F lI ndamentalis111...373 headwaler. . .234
lìnal oral genolype . ..210 grammnlical.. -4 9
lïnance' .. 24 t) lorceps"'330 fungi." iOl heal. .. 77 , 17 I
genre...307 granite...271
fungus"'196 heallh. , .153
íinancialmarket.. .248 genus"'196 granulation. .. 187
forcbear...251 flllile . ..279 hearing...362
geography...266 gravitalion'''188
lïnd ollt...9 torecastle" .225 fuzzy logic... 222 hcart allack . 321
geologic . ..137 gravitational collapse . .188
forehea c\ "'327 hearl disease . .321
lïnc"'133 , 292 geology...270 gravily.. .187
hearlbeal...321
lïne arts. ..256 roreign"'29 geometry"'161 , 315 gray"'121
lïnial...175 toreign exchange market.. .239
G geolhcrmal.. . 141
hearlbllrn...335
gable"'176 graze"'196
lïrc drill.. .256 10reign exchange rcserves. ..247 141 , 157
gain...69 genn...320 grealest common divisor... 313
forelimb.. .97 heath.. .196
galactic halo.. .192 germinale.. .201 greenhollse ellècl'" 231
lorcsee' ..279 hcathen. ..372
lïrm...245 gestation...335 grid...260
galaxy"'73 , 183 hced...378
lïscai...243 toreshadow...289 geyser.. .234 grizzly bear.. .208
gale".344 he cJ ...327
lishery. ..225 forewurn...276 ghaslly . ..303 groin"'176
gall bladder... 326
Ii shmonger...225 !orfèit...353 Gl F...220 grolesqlle...303
gallery . ..291 heighl' ..313
lìssion...350 forge.. .65 giga...262 grollnd.. .9, 25
gallillm"'262 hcliocentnc . \:)8
lïssurc" .187 tor l11 "'33 , 101 , 113 gill...203 ground waler'" 234
gallon"'316 hemisphcre... í
l1 ap...208 tonnalism...53 give ot1'-.. 73 grollp...21 , 121
gamma"'192 hemophilia ß...2! 1
l1 are...187 fOllnidable . ..383 glacialion. ..268 grllJge . ..303

400 401
hC l11 orrhagc...332
hClllorrhoids . ..324
hcpalìlis"'335
hcpatitis 8...335
hcrbiciclc... 165
hcrbivorc... 210
hcrcl.. .196
hcrcciitary"'5
hcrcdity.. .5
heritagc" .9 , 281
hcrnia...332
hcr J1 cs' .‘ 336
hclcro" .262
hctcrogcncity . ..268
hcurìstic. . .222
hcxagon.. .3 ! 2
hibcrnation . ..203
hide...21
hìcrarchy . ..3M
hìgh bloocl prcssure" .336
high yìclcl... 240
hìghbrow".383
h ìghcr cd l1 cation.. .256
hìgh-ìntcrcst ratc'" 240
hìngc . ..383
hìntcrlnncl".266
hip.. .327
hlppopota l11l1 s...209
hìsta l1l inc".336
hístorìcn 1...17
hìslory . ..275
hives...324
hoc...165
holocallst".276
h0 l11 cly"'300
homìcìdc. . .293
h0 I11 0...262
hO l11 osex lI ality . ..385
honor stlldcnt . ..254
honoríric . ..278
hoof...209
hook...225
hoop"'383
hor l11 onc . ..328
hornct...l96
horrìfy . ..303
402
horsc. ..21 icebcrg . ..273
horticlllture.. .172 ìcicle...340
hospitablc . ..356 icon...307
hospitality . ..356 identification...290
host...204 identify.. .65 , 290
hoslagc...286 ideoiogy . ..354
hostility . ..33 idiolect...299
Hot Spot...268 idle...93
hotbccl"'170 idyll...304
hO l1 se.' '125 , 362 igneolls" .188
hO l1 scboat.. .225 illitcrate'..288
HOllse of Rcpresentativcs.. .170 illll l11 inate . ..37
HTML...220 illllsion...37 , 367
HlI bblc's law.. .192 il11 agc"'37 , 129
hllddlc. ..381 il1l aginary nll l11 ber... 316
hllC...181 il11 balance... 23 7
hll l11 an...45 , 69 , 85 , 89 Îl11l11 cdiatc" -4 5
hll l1l an rìghts"'245 il11l11 crse...270
hll l11 iclifìer...336 il11l11 igrant.. .167
hll l11 ìdity' ..343 i111 111 orta1 . ..308
hll l11 iliatc . ..279 il11l11 une.. .145 , 322
hll l11 iliatìon" -4 1 il11l11 11ne systc l11 ...322
hll l11l11 ock.. .188 illllllllnization'" 322
hllnger...149 ìlllpact...121
hllnt...21 ìl11 paír"'153 , 347
hllnter' ..21 illlpaìring . ..29
hllrricane...340 ìlllpalpable . ..347
hybrid ization' . illlpartial... 356
hyclrocarbon.. .133 il11 peach...362
hydrocephaillS'" 332 il11 perative.' .171
hydroclcctric powcr'" 235 ìlllpcrialislll'" 276
hydrofoil...225 illlperlllcable layer... 23 5
hydrogen.. .133 , 192 il11 petus...383
hyclrostntíc pressurc'" 351 il1l plant... 320
hyena...208 illlplosion'''192
hygicnic... 320 illlport.. .29
hY l11 n"'57 , 301 , 373 illlpotent . ..356
hypcrscnsitivity . ..336 illlpovcrish"'376
hypcrtcnsion"'336 imprcssion'''37 , 61 , 129
hypnosìs"'365 impressionis l11" .181
hypocrìsy... 365 illlpríson... 353
hystcrecto l1l y...336 illlprison l11 ent.. .41 , 293
hystcrics' . .365 il11 provc.. .145
improvisatíon." 345
ílllpulsc... 328
E .170
IC...350
inallguratc...353
ICC cap' ..267
inauguration. ..170
inboard...225
inborn'''89
inbrccding... 210
ínccntivc...246
ínccssant...281
incisc'''I72
inclinatìon . ..188
incollle...246
inco l1l c tax'" 246
inco l1l patible . ..219
inco l1l prcssiblc . ..161
incongruìty ,, '57
ìncongruous... 310
inconscqucntìal... 3 79
incorporate"'137 , 287 , 389
ìncrcasc" .153
incllbate...208
incubalion...338
ìndebted...251
independcnce. . .89
Îndcpendcnt... 29 , 361
in-dcpth"'384
index card.. .264
lndian.. .21
Indian Occan.. .225
ìndigcnous peoplcs." 245
indignation . ..304
inclill l1l. ..262
indllcc...366
indllction...265
indllctive rcasoning.. .265
indlllgent...366
ìndustrial countrÌ es" .245
Indllstrìal Rcvolution"'283
Îndllstrialized...376
ìnclllstry.. .117
ineffable.. .180
incqllality . ..65
incrtìa...351
incxorable. ..346
infatllate...180
infcct...77
infcction...77 , 328
infer' . .49
infercncc . ..264
infcrior plancts.. .188
ìnfèrìorìty cO l1l plcx... 366
inlinite . ..161 insurancc ciaims...295
in f1 cclion' . .299 insurgcnt"'376
in f1 ict...370 intact"'13
in f1l1 cncc . ..17 intaglio" .129
in f1l1 cnza . ..321 intakc.. .153
in f1 ux...386 intcgcr' . .3 ! 2
information" '61 , 217 intcgral ca \c ulus..' 316
infonnation intcgratc" .167
inl 'o rmative.. .252 intcgration. . . 169 ,
in frarccl. ..223 intcllcctual propcrty right... 294
inrrarccl rays".223 íntclligcncc tcst...257
ìn frastrllcture' ..269 inlclligible . ..250
in fì'ingcmcnt. ..294 intcnsify . ..381
infllsion...300 inlcnsivc . ..166
ìngcnllous" .379 intcract...209
ìnhabitant.. .389 interaction.' .45 , 299
intcractive...220
inhcrcnt.. .89 , 324 intcrchangcablc... 260
inhcrít"'45 , 85 , 210 intcrcultural . ..298
inheritance"'81 , 210 intcrcst...25 , 41 , 248
intcrcst ratc'" 246
injcct"'211 intcrmcdiary...291
ínjunction." 356 intenncdiatc...252
inland...266 intcrnal...13
in l1l ate" -4 1, 294 international
innate" .49, 89 , 300 Intcrnct...218
innocllous...318 intcrprctativc . ..264
innovatíon...69 , 246 intcrrogatory... 296
inquisilor.. .252 interstcllar...73 , 192
inscription... 278 interticlal . ..225
inscct...203 intcrvcntíon...284
insecticide... i 17 , 231 intcrwovcn . ..366
insectivorc"'231 inti l1l idate...290
inscrt . ..221 intoxication...338
ìnshorc...225 intravenous...336
ínsiclc.. .157 intricatcly . ..181
insolatíon...262 intrigue...354
inso l1l niac" .318 intrinsic semiconductor... 262
inspcct.. .9 introducc a 1110iion...
inspiration.. .182 introspcclion. . .347
inslall...259 inlrude.. .381
intuition. ..303
instinct.. .85 intuilivc... 17
instinctive.. .85 invaluablc . ..379
instìtution...29 invariably...77
insuialion . ..262 invasion...281
ìnsulin...336 invcctivc...307
insurancc' . .295 invcntory...249
403
 phJ

i-t2i36 l11 aller ,

..113 , 133
inverse proporlion... 316 L
lit li
itI07hHH1du
i
lJbtJIJegJ-1J
lay".5 liqllidity . ..248
inversion.. .349 lay 0[f. ..239 lisl...248 magical . ..69 malure ..‘. 206
inverlebrate . ..196 iayer'''133 , 141 lite1'acy...288 magma"'188 .24 1\
lllvener...262 leaching.. .235 literature...300 meal. ..149
magnetic"'73 , 105
lead...214 lithography . ..129 l11 agnetic tìelcl...188
means...25
1l1 veslment.. .242 leak...354 litigation.. .295 magnelic pole" .192
investllle 1l1 trllst.. .242 leasing. ..249 magnelospherc...188
invídíollS" .379 leave...388 lilloral . ..226 mechanical.. 157
magnif‘y...125 , 348
il1 vì l1 cible . ..2lW K ledger"'237 liver. . .326 magnitude.. .188 , 223 mecha l1l cs. , .161
ked...225 l11 echanísm...81
invisíble...113 lee...188 livestock. "121 , 165 maiden...281
Kcpler's laws.. .192 mcchanization . ..259
il1 volve . ..17 leewarcl. ..226 living...97 majesty...280
keyboard . ..217
IOn...188 legacy"'179 load . ..263 major'''21 , 41
kìdnap...293 mediat Ol. ..295
ionized particks ‘ ..342 legalization" .65 loan...245 make...69
kidncy . ..326 meclical
ionosphere . ..342 legislation"'29 , 65 , 168 lobby ,, '65 malady.. .338
..256 l11 edical exa l11ll1 aLÍon'" 321
ll'Ol1 ore...215 legilimale"'356 lobbyisl" .362 malfllnclion...259
kinematics" . 3 50 local assembly.' .361 lVI edicarc...321
ll'O ny . ..308 length...314 malign...318
kinctic engergy"'351 locai allthorily...361
irresistible . ..149 lense...125 malnlltrilion. ..269
kingdo l11" .300 medicinc... 153 , 317
irrìgatìon' . .234 Ic sion...336 locate...9 mU l11I11 al...202
kinship'" 281 locomotive.. '69, 376
írritatc...379 lesser" -4 1 l11 an...85
knee . ..327 lVI edilerranean. ‘ .267
ISDN...220 letdown.. .336 locust...206 management. . .237
knight'..282 logofl....218 mcclium...182
leukemia . ..322 mandalory arbitration. .‘ 295
isobat . ..341 levee.. .188 , 235 log on...218 manellver' . .259
logarithm...316 melt...340
isolherm' ..266 L manganese' . .216
l11 elt ll1 g
iss lI c" '65 , 245 labor lI nion... 242 Lewis...25 logging.. .245 l11 anifesl...89 , 356
ilchy.. .318 lagoon.. .274 lexicon"'299 logic.. .105 , 265 manifold...239 membrane . ..336
lake.. .133 liabililies...248 logical fallacies... 265 membranous . 97
manip lI lation." 259
lvory...196 laminar 110w.. .351 liable . ..245 login...220 memolïZc . .61
manned"'183
libel...294 longevily"'318 manner...85 , 182 memory" .61 ,
liberal"'288 longilllcle. ..226 ma11or...282 menace.. .359
langllish"'241 , 303
J lapse"'37 lichen...101 longitudinal . ..226 manllc...137 , 141 , 271
l11 enhaden. . .226

large".129 lick"'77 loose.. -4 5 manll[acturing . ..282 menopausc . ..336

jallndice...336 mentnlly handicapped.. .257
largc Ínlestine...326 lie...141 loosely . ..45 l11 a 1' ble . ..271
Java...220 mentally retardcd. ..257
larva . ..203 life expectancy...269 looting.. .295 margin"'239, 273
life imprisonment... 291 lorcl.. .282 marilal...171 mcrcnnlilc . ":226
laryngitis'" 336
jdlyfìsh." 205 losc...61 , 97 mercanlile marinc. ..226
larynx".325 Ii festyle-relatecl disease." 322 maritime.. .343
Ìaser" .192 li Jl ...lì3 loltery . ..376 mercena 1'y . ..276
joinl" .239 , 331 lowest CO l11 mon l11 ulliple"'313 lVI ercllry"
laleen...226 ligamenl...336 market. ..69
jo !t ...270
lalenl...387 light year. . . 188 low latitllcle , "109
“

jos t1 e . ..381 11l1l ...251 mcridian. . .266

lalitude'..272 lighthollse...376
latitlldinal . ..109 Ii ghtning...343 11ll11 inosity.. .19 i mar lÎ al law.. .286 mermaid . ..226
Judaism...370 Illna 1' moclule. ..184
lallnch...25 , 183 light-year. ..73 masochism" . 366
jlldgement.. .17 lunar monlh.. .185
lallreale" .179 like-mindcd.. .65 l11 ass...192
J lI díciai . ..362 melabolize' . . 101
lava...188 limestone...273 lung.. .145 , 325 massage" .145
J lI glllar"'332 lush...196
law...157, 290 limit"'45 master's degree. . .256
j lI nclion" . 263 Iyre . ..345 mClaphor. . .3
laws...5 line".61 , 97 malerìalism.. .377
jll l1 ìor Iyric . ..309 metaslascs...332
lawslllt. ..291 linear. ..171 materìalize . ..245
jllnk...379 meteor" .184
lawycr.. .292 lingllistic...298 malhcmalics' .. 161 , 311
Jupiler...183 meteonte . ..223
lintei...176

404 405

I11 ctcorological . ..223
I11 clcorology . ..340
Il1 clcr …57
me!hod...85 , 129
lllctropolitan.. .376
microbe.. .20 1
microorganis l11" .209
l11 icroscopc.. .125
lllicrowavc . ..192
Middle Agcs.. .282
l11 iclwife . ..321
I11 lgranl...202
migration"'5 , 202
ll1 ililant. ..356
mililyary b l1 ildup"'285
mill . ..376
lllillenni l1 lll" .281
lllillct...l64
million. ..313
l11 ìmic...300
mincral"'77 , 201
minglc.. .382
minlmal...311
l1l inímize' ..284
Il1l11 lstry .. .353
mÎnusculc . ..341
mÎnutc . ..341
ll1 isappropriatio l1' • .294
miscarnagc . .336
mlsccllanCOllS" .61 , 305
mìsleading"'133
ll1 ìss lO nary' ..370
I11 lst...340
l1l íligale . ..317
Il1 nc l1l oníc...366
l11 0bility . .29 , 170
mobilizc" .169
mockery"'384
modc. ‘ '85 , 97
moclc l1l ...221
l11 oclcratcly...73
moderalion . ..317
l11 oclern"'161
modcrnìsm...307
1110cli fication . ..97
moclify"'304
406
l1l ocllllatc...259
11l 0dulc . .263
1110lslure . ..343
ll1 0Id...180
l11 0le . ..209
ll1 0Iec l1 lc...213
1ll 0 Ic station...384
ll1 o l1l1 sk.. .21 0
1110It...226
l11 0Iybden11 ll1" .216
1110mcnl1l1ll. ..346
ll1 0narch...363
ll1 0narchy . ..363
ll1 0nastcry...372
monis l11 ...347
monoga ll1 y...387
1l1 0nolitchic . ..263
monopoly . ..242
monothcsim"'371
l11 onotonous...303
11100r...274
lllorainc"'273
morale"'241
morcs...386
morphology . ..298
1110rlality ratc.. .386
morlgage...241
l11 ortify".379
mosaic"'176
ll1 osqlle...371
moss" .202
l11 otlon...37
1110tivatlon. . .61
1110unlaÌn'" 137
1110untaín rangc"'272
mountainous...266
mouse.. .217
111011th . ..268
l11 ove...359
movemcnt...65 , 121 , 181
mov ll1 g . ..37
Jl1 ulticulturalis l1l '..285
11111\tilatcral . ..239
11111 It inalional...246
11111ltìplc . ..239
1l1 11 It ip1e-choíce".255
11111ltìplication. ..315
11111 1tiply"'315
51
11111llitudc . ..81 ncilhcr...53 l1 ullify...169 .319
11111 ll1 111y . ..13 ncoclassical . ..53 llu l1l bcr" .129 oligarchy...277
ll1 11 1l1 ps' ..323 ncon...212 1111n;cry school... 256 Ol1l inollS' ..303
I11l1 ndane"'369 I1 CpOlis ll1' ..269 n l1 rl l1 rc' .‘ 319 .209
I11l1 nicÎpal...364 Nept l1 ne.' .183 n l1 lricnl...165 o ll1 nivorous...208
murder"'293 ncrvc.' .324 n l1 lrition...153 , 201 onlinc. ..220
m l1 sic...145 nervous systcm." 324 Il utrìtional.. .149
M l1 sic & Theater" .345 ncsting'" 207 nylon...214 onomatopocia . ..308
Il1l1 tant...210 neural...350
ll1 11tation...210, 280 ne l1 ron . ..324 opaquc...271
myopia"'319 .367
O operating sys!em'" 217
oath...297
ll1 yriad . ..341 neutral' . .356 Opposilion party'" 361
obcsity.. .149, 330
myslic'..180 ne l1 lrino".189 opprcssion..' 277
.17
mystify. ..370 neutron"'213 optical' . . 125
objectify...384
l11 yth...307 New Dcal (policy)" .169 oplics. ..349
.25 , 350
ll1 ythical...301 Ncwlonian ll1 cchanics" .193 optilllllm" .295
obliq l1 ity . ..189
ll1 ythology . ..301 NIC...220 oral cavlty" .325
obliterale . ..304
nickel"'216
obnoxio l1 s" .379
nitric acid...2!4
N obscurily . ..57
nilrogen...101 , 213 orderly . ..379
naive...300 obscrvatory' . .223 ordina 1 n l1 mber... 315
nitrogcn frxation. ..214
narcissistic...368 obscssion"'366
noct l1 rna 1. . .206 ordinance"'247
obstrl1 ct. . .77
noctl1 rnc...345 organ...13
narrativc . ..301 obstruction... 77 , 382
nod l1 lcs...332 organÌc" , 10 1, 133 , 205
narthex.. .176 obtain...29
110madic...29 , 167 organis ll1 ...81
narwha 1. . .226 occasional...57
nO l11 inate . ..353 oricnt...21
NASA...192 occult...373
nomínation" .170 origin"'81
nasal cavity' ..325 occllpancy" .178
nominee... 170 orìgìnal." 25
national interesl'" 285 occur.. .141 , 205
Noncon formist... 372 ornamental . ..180
national pcnsio l1 system. ..384 oceanarì l1l11" .226
nonprolit...245 orphan"'388
national sccurity"'285 Oceania. ..226
nor.. .53 oS l11 osis...235
nationality . ..352 oceanography. ..227
l1 or l11 ...385 ostensibly . ..379
natio l1 alizc . ..237 oClagon . ..312
n0 l111alive'" 347 .13
natíve."89 o c1 d number"'313 ottcr...209
northern. . . 109
l1 atural...53 , 81 , 89 , 117 odc...308
hC l11 íspherc" .342 ounce...316
natural selection... 200 odor"'215 oUlbrcak. ..280
nostril.. .207
naturalis l1l. ..307 odyssey...304
110tify. ..354 outburst...358
naughty'" 252 . .41 , 296
notion... 13 , 61 oulcrop'" 172
nausea...330 outcry...352
notoriolls' ..280
navel"'327 orrer.. .21
nova... 193 olltlàll. ..235
navigation . ..226 oftïce...33
llove\...61 outfit...383
navy...226 officìa\ disco l1 nl rate' ..240
nuclear...157 outl ìnc. . .265
ncbula. ..192 out\ook . ..278
l1 uc\car cnergy" .263
neccssary . ..89 orrsct... 129 , 157
nuclcar family.. .385 oulp l1 t. ..153 , 241
nectar" .205 offspring." 209
nuclear fusion'" 189
neeci...IOI oil...133
nuc1ei'..113 oval...312
ncgotiate... 25 ointmenl...330
nuc1cus...203 ovary...337
ncighborin g"" 359 age pension" .384 ovcrall . ..384
nuisancc...379
407
overland---69 parasite- --204 pension- --244 pheasanl- --207 plant ---133 , 157 poplllation
overrídc- --137 parasitie . --204 pcntagon ---312 phcno l11 enon ---342 plantation --- 167 poplllalion cxplosio l1-" 386
overscc . --353 parasitism ---1 0 1, penll l11 bra- --189 phcnolype- --197 plasma- --189 porc"-328
parasY l11 patlletic- --368 people---25 philosophical-- -53 plaster- --182 porous'--133
overweight- --149 parch- --340 pcr---l09 , 141 philosophy ---346 plale---137 , 272 portnllt- --181
overwhcl l11- - - 379 parch l11 ent---278 pcr capita- --244 phobia-- -368 p!ateall---272 porlray-' -301
ovíparily---202 Parkinsonis l11 ---332 pcrcelve . --53 phone l11 e- --298 platelel- --328
ovoìd . --189 Parlia l11ent- --360 perceplible . --319 phonetics . --298 platinll l11- - - 21 6 pOS Il wn-- ‘ 193
oVllle-- -332 parliamentary polilics---359 perception ---3 7 phonology- --298 platilllde . --310 postal---353
parlor---376 pcrceptive- --319 photoelectric effect- --193 platYPlls- --227 poslpartll l11 -‘ -337
parochial- --3 69 perch- --208 photograph---9 , 37 plallsible . --303 postlllate . --278
oxidization- --233 parole . --41 percolution ---23 5 photon---193 play---308 poslurc- -
oxidize- --133 partake---358 percussion ---345 photosphere- --189 playwrighl- --309 potential
oxygcn---153 , 213 particle---73 , 161 , 212 performance- --153 photosynthesis' --201 plead---29.7 poullry- --197
oyslcr bcd ---227 paniclllate- --113 perigee- --189 photovoltaic cell- --260 pledge---361 line- --170
ozolle---233 pass---274 perihelion ---189 phylogenetic tree'- -!98 Pleisloccne . --172
ozone password ---218 peripheral---105 , 367 phylu l11- - -198 plighl---359 practicablc. -
ozonc layer- --233 past---! 7 peljury . --294 physical---5 plow . --165 prac l! t lOl1 cr" -3 19
pastoralism ---301 permaíì-ost---267 physical edllcation ---257 plll l11 b . --348 prag l11 altcs--
patent---262 permeability . --235 physicallìtness tesl- --257 pI 1lI11C---197 pragmatlS I11- . - 347
paternity---376 permeable- --141 physician ---328 praine dog- --208
-37
pathogen ---197 permeate . --235 physics ---348 Plllto---183 preach-.-373
paci(y- --358
pathos---308 perl11 11tation ---316 physiognomy- --319 pnell l11 oconiosis- --322 prea l11 ble-
paddlc---157
palrian:hy . --376 perniciolls- --379 physiological . --149 pneumo l1l a- --322 era- -
paddy---93
patriot- --168 perpendiclllar line--.314 physiology . --200 pneumonitis- --77 precarious-
pagan---2n
patriotis l11- - -168 perpetrator- --296 physique---319 pod---227 precalltion --- 13
page- --37
patron- --179 perpetllate- --359 pictographs- --172 poetry . --309 preceding . --53
pagoda- --176
pattern- --5 perplex---303 pictllresqlle- --177 poisoning- -- precept ---3 54
palcontology---199
pallcity---376 persecllte . --285 pidgin---299 polar---l09 preclpitatlon _. -113 , 233
Paleozoic era- --189
paw . --197 perseclltion ---286 piece---61 , 345 Polaris ---185 precìpitolls' -.271
palimpsest-
pay--.33 persevcre . --251 pìerce . --317 polarization ---189
pal1adill l11 ---216
peace treaty- --286 persistcnce---37 pigl11 ent---271 pole- --272 precursor- -, 281
pal l11- - -327
peak.--274 pcrsona ---3 08 pilaster- --176 polio- --329 predalor- --121 , 198
paipable . --379
pcasant ---282 personal ---25 pint---316 political scíence- --352 predator control- -- 198
pancreas---326
pebble . --271 personnel- --237 piOllS---373 political turmoil- --360 prcdecessor- --3 5 9
pcdantic . --304 perspective- --181 , 309 piqllant- --356 poll-- -364 pregnant---335
panLllcoll . --176
pedestrian ---374 perspire- --319 piracy---294 pol1en---201 prehístorlC- 172
papcr- --253
,‘

---328 pilch---13 , 299 pollinale- --205

parabola . --314
pcdiment- --176 perturb- . -189 pitllitary . --332 polllltion-- -232 preli l11 inary- --364
pnrndig l11- - - 346
peer grollp- --257 pest---206 pivot---69 polycrystalline- --263 premarÍtal- --3
paradox ---57, 308
pesticide- --117 , 206 place---121 polyester' . -214 prematllre . ..359
parallcl--- 137
pclvís ‘ --337 petal---201 placenta . --337 polygamy- --387 premiel .- -353
parallel eonneetio l1- --263
penal code --- pelition- --364 plagiarism ---264 polygon ---315 prc l11 ise---53 , 346
parallcl line- --314
penalize- --290 petrolell l11- - - 231 plaglle---338 polytheis l11- --371 prcml 1Il11 S, - -247
pcnalty-- -4 1 pharaoh---13 plaín---21 Pope . --369 --.303
paralyzc---320
pcnetrate ---230 pharl11 acy- --323 plaintiff. --292 poplllate . --374 -.303
paralloid . --368
pcninsllla ---272 pharynx---325 Planck's constant- -- 193 populatìon ---121 , 198 prercqllisite-..252
paranormal- --347
pcnny press- --289 phase velocity---351 planetary nebula ---193 population

408 409
prcschool-cducatìon." 256 propagancla . ..277 p l1 ngent...380 raclioactìvc wastc'" 263 reclc l1l ption.. .371 rcplication'..201
prcscribc" .319 propcrty" -4 I , 178 , 213 punt...227 radiocarbon datìng'" 173 reduce.. .149 rcprcscnla tJ ve . ..362
prcscriptíon. . .323 proponcnl" . 167 pupa...203 radius...314 rcc f. ..205 rcprcss' . .380
prcscrval ìon. . .33 proportìon. . .316 p l1 pil...328 ra f't.. .227 rcrcr. ..1 05 rcpro <1l1 cc...207
prcsiclcncy.. .170 proprictor... 3 76 25 raid".168 rererence . ..265 rcprod l1 ction' . .207
prcsìclcnt".25 , 257 prosc...309 purge'''286 railing . ..174 refcrenl . ..299 reptilc...97 , 203
prcss con fcrcncc... 288 prosccutìon...291 purify . ..370 railroad.. .69 rerit...227 Rcpublican"'25 , 170
pressurc." ! 25 prosec l1 tor' ..292 P l1 rítan' .. 167 rain".113 renect...349 rcpulsc'" 277
prcSUlllc . ..346 prosocly"'57 p l1 ritanìcal . ..373 raisc. ..45 rcncctìon...349 rcquircme l1ls . ..253
prcvailing. ..29 prostatc glanci"'337 pyra l1l ic!.. .176 rally.. .364 reflex . ..348 rcquisite'" 252
prcvalcnt.. .281 prostit l1 tion'" 290 pyroclastic flow.. .190 rando111...105 rcfor l1l atory... 295 rcscnlmcnt...304
prcvcntìvc..' 77 protecl"'9 range...45 refract".349 rcscrvoir.. .133 , 235
prcvcntlvc lllcclicìnc... 323 protcclive." 29 ranso l1l" .284 refraction . ..349 rcsidc"'53
prcvio l1 s convìc lÌ on'" 291 protcctive coloring. . .208 Q rape".293 reCraìn...317 rcsidence . ..174
q l1 aclratic eqllation... 312
prcy . ..195 protcin' . .204 rash...337 rcfrigcration. ..319 residue. ..384
pricclcss.. .180 q l1 adr l1 plc"'3! 1
Prolestan lÌ Sl1l'" 37! raL...209 rerllgee...286 rcsign.. .353
q l1 al i fication . ..253
protocol...220 rate hikc...242 " 165 rcsignation"'353
q l1 alify. ..253
primatc.' .197 proton' ..213 ratifícatìoll" .65 regl 1l1 c . ..353 rcsistance.. .153 , 350
prí l11 ìtivc . ..172 q l1 ality'..85
prototype... 288 ratify'..363 region...9 , 73 , 109 , 141 , 165 resolution . ..219
q l1 ant11 l11" .359
príncipal".240 , 258 prolozoa' . .20! ratio".157 , 315 rcgistcr" .61 , 184 , 245 , 299 resolve.. .125
princìplc.' -4 9 protrucle. . .3 17 q l1 ant l1l11 l1l cchanìcs'" 349
ratíon"'33 , 389 rcgulation"'85 , 353 rcsonance...349
q l1 arantinc...319
princìp !c s ‘ ..5 provcn"'145 rationalis l1l ...347 rchcarsal...61 resourcc" .141
q l1 art...316
printing'" 129 provenicnce.. .173 ratìte.. .97 reígn . ..283 respect...l09
q l1 artcr...258
priority . ..356 provlsion.. .168 rattle.. .197 reinl'o rcc . ..367 rcspiration...325
q l1 arters ofthe Moon...185
prìslll...311 , 350 proviso . ..237 reactíon...53 reinforcemcnt... 367 respiratory . ..77
quartzite... 173
prìson . ..41 prowl"'197 readily . ..61 reinstate...353 respiratory systcm... 325
q l1 asar" .192
probability'" 315 proxì l1l ity... 197 Realis l1l" .181 rcinterpretatioll" .61 responsc"'145
quay...227
probatìon" .41 , 254 , 293 prune . ..166 rcalizatìon'" 53 rcintrociuctìoll'" 12 ! rcstitution . ..354
probe.. .9 , 343 pry"'382 rcal l11 ...384 reslorc . ..121
q l1 e l1 c...384
problcm" .149 psychiatric'''367 rear.. .45 , 204 rclativily ..‘ 349 restrict. . .288
quiet...145
proccss...5 , 65 , 93 , 221 psychiatrìc cxa l11 ination... 367 reaso l1' ..346 rclease.. -4 1 resume...254
q l1 ìnlal . ..227
proclaim. .‘ 355 psychoanalysis... 367 reasonably" .13 studies...369 resurrectíon...369
q l1 iz...253
prod...310 psychology... 365 reasoning...265 relinquísh'" 382 rctail . ..238
prodigy.. .182 quoin"'176
psychothcrapy . ..367 rebel.. .89 rcmain"'133 retailcr"'238
production 0 1' c! oC 1ll1l cnL' ..296 psycholic . ..368 reception..' 3 74 rcmaìnder. ..311 rctain...37
procl l1 ctivity . ..237 R recession. . .168 rcmedy"'170 rcta liation... 297
profile . ..389 pl1 blic. ..41 , 65 , 69 rabíd...77 recípicnt"'384 rcminiscence.. .304 rctcntion'" 349
profl1 sion'''137 p l1 blic inLcrests'''360 racíal"'169 .359 remit.. .238 relina. ..328
progcny'" 197 public school...258 racism".169 reclaìmed wastewater'" 235 remnanl' ..281 rctiremcnt. . .246
progra I1l" .121 p l1 blicity"'382 racísL"'! 69 recombination. ..201 remonslrate" . 380 retircment benelils'" 2. 46
prohibit'''29 , 290 p l1 blicize . ..382 radial velocíty... ! 93 reconcile...357 rcmove. ..322 rc!ort. ..355
project"'37 Pl1 cblo"'167 radian.. .193 recount...301 Renaissancc...181 rClribution.. .281
prolong . ..239 p l1 1l11 0nary arlery'" 325 radialion...73 , 109 , 232 recrllít.. .33 rcnounce. . .280 re!rícval.. .221
prO l1l 111CnCC . ..189 pl1 lsar. ..193 radio...73 , 350 rectangle' . .312 renovation.. relricve.. .221
pro l11 ìncnt . ..280 pl1 lse...338 radio signals.. .342 recti ricr. . .263 renown...283 re!rograclc.. .190
promìs111g . ..356 p11 l11 ice. ..190 radioactive"'231 , 141 rectll l1l" .326 rcpcal.. .168 retrospccl' . .304
pro l1l otc...65 , 153 p11 l1l p...125 radioactive substance' ..231 recurrent...275 repel...129 , 380 rclurn . ..248
pronc . .380 p l1 n...57 red tide. ..227 rcpctítion . ..61 reunion"'253

410 411
n: va l11 p' ..30i rL lln...172 scìence. ..5 Senator...360 sìnister...303 solar energy. . .263
revelalion. ..370 scolll...195 senìorìty syle l11'" 243 sìnk.. .137 solar syslcm' . . 11) 3
revenge...305 rllling parly" .361 scribble . ..302 sensallon' ..368 sinlls" .190 sollltìon...214
revenlle.. .243 rll l11 inanl...209 script. ..61 sensatìonal. ..289 slle' .215
revcrc. . .278 rll l11l11 age" .9 scriptllre...278 sense...69 sízable . ..181 somatlc . ..367
rcversal.. .5 run...362 scrulìnize . ..380 sensitivìty . ..17 skelelon. .. 199 sonala...345
runo !l....235 sculplllre. ..182 sensory" .61 , 319 skill.. -4 5 sophisttcatecl' . .221
rev ision. . .302 rllpt lll'e . ..339 sea urchìn... 227 sensllal. skllll . ..326 sore . ..320
n: vìve . ..370 rlllhless...380 sea wall...227 senlence" '41 , 292 skylark...207 SOlllld...9 , n
revolt...277 sea t1 oor...272 scparate , "29 , 85 , 372 slab . ..273 sOllthcrn hemispherc" 342 ‘

revolve . ..223 seaquake . ..227 seríes...161 slant.. .349 sovereìgn. .

.308 S search warrant... 291 serìolls...53 slash-and-bll ll1" .165 sow.. .164
sacred. ..369
rhc 1ll11 aloicl.. .145 season' ..1 09 serìously. . . 153 slallghter' . .291
safegllard. ..1) 9
rhinoecros . ..209 seasonal. . . 109 sermon" .373 33 spacíolls" .174
saga...302
seaweed...228 serpent , "371 slavery. ..29 , 33 span lÌ rel. . . 177
salienl...380
rhyme".57 , 305 seaworthy...228 server . ..220 sleet.. .340 sparkle' .‘ 212
saline water...235
servìce...371 slipped disk.. .324 sparse . .3 1) 6
saliva.. .328
rib.. ‘ 176 , 331 Secession. . .29 set...316 slot...217 spas l11 ...337
seelusìon...384 setlle...295 slllggìsh...238 spatíal. . . 174
sa l11 e.. .157
i ‘ idge . ..273 second...360 sewage.. .236 small ìntestíne.. .326 speaking" -4 5
sanclìfy" .369
ridic lI le . ..310 secretary' . .362 treatment planl' ..236 smallpox" .328 specles' .. 78 , 89 , 117 , 121 , 195
sanction. . .293
rírtk . ..37 secrete... 337 sewer...236 smear...13 species diversily...I 9í)
sanclllary . ..177
rì{(..190 seclor.. .312 sexìsm...374 smog...233 specílic.. .5 , 61
sanìtary . ..320
secl...372 sextant. . .228 smllg...366 specitically . .85
sanily . ..380
65 secular...369 shaft.. .259 smuggle.. .294 specìfy... 259
satellitc . ..184
amde...3i4 securilies inclllslry...241 shale...273 s l1 ail...205 specllnen" .125 , 198
satìation"'380
righl asccnsion" .193 seclenlary . ..173 shape'''73 sl1 eer.. .304 spectaclllar... 1SO
satìn: . ..308
righleollsness . ..380 secli l11 ellt...133 , 235 share.. .69 snobbery...380
satllrale . ..267
nol . ..377 sedi l11 entary"'133 , 273 shareholcler. ..240 snowstorm' ..340 spectromeler' ‘ 193
Saturn...183
rilllal.. .17 i seek...77 shatter' ..270 soak...270 speclrll l11' . • 193
RNA...204 shatler cone.. .190 soar.. .246 speech
savanna...267
rubbery . ..293 segregatìon...384 shíeid"'190 sociable . ..374 speed...105 , 153
save...218
l'll ck...133 , 141 seis111" .273 shield volcano... 190 socìaj...45 sperm'" 5 , 204
rocienl...121
savings accollnt.. .244
saV lO r. ..369
eccel---
zleit--t
nnne siVJV'
-aOJO
cocacacd
QMQJUQU7L
shitl...61 , 109 socìal stratìlicatìon." 268 sphere...184
HUUDQJ
RO l11 anesqlle . ..178
Ei7Mro
ship...69 socìalism...387 sphcncal.. .73
scalTold...277
R0 l11 anlícis111' . .53 socializc . ..374 sp ll1 ...342
1'0 0Sl'
“
sc le"'97 , 203 ,
shipment"'377
shipwreck"'277 socìolingllis lÌ cs...299 spinal . ..331
scalpèl...330
ront.. .312 select.. .41 shoal...22 1) socìology . ..374 spinal
scansion...308
157 selecLÌon' ..78 shot.. .323 soclill l11 ...214 spínal cord..' 3 3 2
scapegoal...354
I'O tal lO n' .‘ 109 self evalllation... 258 shrewd...380 software.. .219 spinal injllry...332
scarp' ..190
self- c1 iscipline... 258 shun...380 software vÍrlls...219 splllc...331
scene . ..37
rollnd down... 3 13 se l11 antìc.. .49 sight...184 soil...164 spíral...73 , 185
sche l11 e"'141 , 388
rOlln lÌ se l11 antics . ..298 silicate.. .190 soil conservalìon" .165 spire.. .178
schizophrcnia... 368
IIp...313 semester syste l11" .258 silicon...263 soil erosÍon...269 splecn.. .331
scholarshíp... 17
1'01l line... 21 , 345 semìconduclor. ..262 sìmlllatioll...348 soil exhu lI stion. . .269
school...17 , 11) 1, 209
rubbish...232 semínar...258 sìn...371 soil ferlility.. .164 sponlaneolls...304
school excllrsìon'" 258
rllbella...337 semiology . ..308 sìngle-parent hOllseholcl... 3 87 solar cell.. .263 sporadic. . .266
schooncr... 227
Senale...170 sìnglllarity . ..193 solar constant. . .263 sporls" .153

412 413
 spot...9 storchousc . ..61 succìncl' . .302 synchroníze... 284 terreslrial...184 loe...327
SpO l1 SC . ..385 slor ll1"'! 13 Sl1 icìdc . ..385 syndicate...288 lcrrilory . ..286 tolcratc'..290
sprnin.. .330 slrnit...267 suitc...345 syndro l11 c...329 tcrse.. .264 1001...37
sprnwl. ..266 strnncl . ..377 syntax...298 tcsscra' . . 191 lop...121
spring tidc.. .229 strata...273 s l1 lfl1 ric acicl...214 synthesis." 210 testífy"'297 topsoil . ..269
SpUl . ..238 stratcglc . ..9 Sl1 111 1l1 Cr solsticc... 223 synthetic...213 tcstimony . ..290 lornaclo.. .113 , 343
squall . ..340 Slrategy" .61 Sl1 lll l11 1t . ..274 synthctic fibcr'" 213 testis...337 torque" .351
sq l1 nre'" 312 stratosphere" . 342 sUllllllon" .277 syphilis.. .337 tetanus...337 touris ll1'" 3 77
squcczc . .317 straI11 1ll" • 341 s l1 nspot.. .190 thaw"'389 loutcd. ..117
squìrrcl.. ‘ 208 slreamíng... 220 sllnstroke"'322 ofthe absurd...309 towards...89
stabilíty" .198 slreallliinc...35I sllperfluous. ..239 T theatricai . ..345 toxc ll1 ia . ..337
stage.. .97 stress...145 tablc ofcontcnts...265
superintend... 354 theft.. .293 toxÍC...232
swgnant...244 strcssful...145 tablet. ..318
s l1 perior plancts.. .191 Iheis l11 '''53 , 371 toxin"'232
stakc.. ‘ 247 slrctch. . .3 17 tabloicl...289
sllpernova.. .194 theological..' 369 tracc"'5 , 9
slalc' ..384 lacit...355
strctchcr , '.330 supple l11 cnt"'29 , 288 Iheology . ..53 lracery" .177
stancc...53 strickcn...357 lackle . ..169
sllpply . ..246 Ihcorclll' . .313 trachea...325
staplc . ..289 tactics...287
StlïcturC' ..53 , 355 sllppressíon. . .25 theory...78 lract.. .77
sWr ‘ 73 slríclc . ..382 tactile . ..320
Supreme Court.. .25 therapist".320 trade. "29 , 282
slarlïsh. . .205 stríngs... 345 laclpolc... 206
supreme court.. ‘ 291 therapy.. .145 , 367 trade barricr... 282
starvatlon . .269 stroke'''333 taiga"'267
surface" .9 , 129 pollution...236 Iradc c1 c !ì cit. ..282
slatement 0 1' purpose" .251 lake-home exmns' ..253
structllalformula"'213 surface area. ..315 ther l11 oclynamics"'35 ! trade frictíon... 282
statìc...348 lallow...2i 5
struct l1 ralis l11' • .308 surfacc tensìon' . .236 thcr ll1 o l1l cter...323 lracle
stalìonary fronl...343 stU ll1 p . ..205 tamper...382
surge . ..386 lhcrmosphere." 342 trade-off.. .249
statìstics' . 316 stllpa . ..177 tangible... 357
surgeon'''328 thìgh"'327 tragedy'..309
status...29 stl1 por' ..317 tarclincss' ..239
surgical"'320 thìn...141 tragico ll1 cdy' ..309
slatulory . ‘ 360 style"'264 tarifT.. '29 , 244
E
surpass...304 thrall...277 trail . ..271
stcélm' ..141 stylizc.. .182 task. . .89
sllrplllS...240 thrcsholcl . ..275 trait. ..5 , 280
sleam-powerecl . ..69 subarclìc . ..267 tax evasion... 241
surrender. .. 168 thriny . ..377 trajcctory... 284
slccp...13 su bcontractor. ..240 tax retllrn'" 247
sllrrollncling...85 throat.. .330 tranquiiizcrs... 33 7
stcllar.. .194 subcultllrc... 386 tax rcvcnuc... 361
survìva 1. . .200 Ihrone...300 lransaclion . ..238
slc ll1' ..202 taxono l1l y" .198
subcluc"'277 survìvc.. .89 , ! 01 , 125 throng"'275 transccnd . ..366
stcnographcr... 355 TCPlI p.. .220
Sl1 bjugalc . ..277 susceptiblc. ..317 through"'6 I. 65 , 125 transccnclcntalism".53
steplllother. ..375 tease...253
subli l1l c" .177 s l1 spect. ..296 thr l1 sh . ..207 transcript. . .254
slcppc ., .266 tcchnology . ..217
subliminal pcrccption"'299 s l1 spcnd. ..291 thrust...382 transept...I77
slcrcotypc...265 submcrgc . ..358 tcctonic.' .190
suslaìnablc...245 th l1 nderstorl1l' • .343 transfèr. ..129, 258
stcri Iization . .337 subordinale . ..354 tcdious...381
Sl1 slenance...389 thyroicl".333 Iranslorm...197
slethoscone...323 s l1 bsidence' . .236 le\cvíse...287
swaclclle"'335 thyroicl calci ficatioll'" 333 transformation . ..201
slining . ..380 subsidiary.. .243 tclcvision...259
swarm...197 thyroícl carcino l11 a.. .333 trnnsislor'" \ 05
still...37 temp\e...327
subsiclizc'" 243 Swillcllcr... 295 ticle"'228 transition...280
s lÌ mulus" .324 subsìdy"'243 tenacio l1 s'''381
swìrl...344 licle rip"'228 Iransmíssion lincs".26J
sLÌpulatc...354 subsíslcnce".21 , 173 tenanl'" 177
syllablc. ..298 tilt...l 09 , 270 Irnns l11 it...5 , 382
stock , "239 subspccìcs.. .198 tenc l11 ent.. .177
syllabus"'258 timc...37 transparenl...342
slock l11 arkel'" 240 tcnlaclc . ..228
substance'..212 syllogism.. .347 lín"'214 transpiralion . ..236
slock price index"'239 sublerrancan.. .133 , 167 term"'61
symbiosis... 10\ LÍny...77 trnnsplant...329
slockholdcr.. .240 subtraction'" 3 i 5 terminate . ..358
symmelry" .181 tissuc. ..195 lransporlalion. . .69
stomach".J26 Icrminology'..369
sympathctic" . 368 litanium"'216 lrash.. .232
storagc." 105 , 238 subvcrsion... 354 terra" .191
symphony.. .345 toad. ..206 Irau l11 a' ..365
slore.. .221 Sl1 cccssìon" .198 tcrrain".271 , 341
symptOlll' ..321 todcller...253 lravail . ..382

414 415
 lrawl...228 11 l1t h:rdog. . .278 vìral in 1'e ctÍon".338 wealherìng. . .268
l1ttcr" -4 5 , 49
weave...171
X
lreachcrous'" 2 1) 1 lltterance" '45 , 49 virus" .320 xcbec . ..229
lrcasoll...354 llndcrscore . ..355 vìscosity"'351 weed...165 x-ray.<.330
lreasonable . ..25 1II1 do...221 visible...194 weighl"'157 , 314
llndlllalc" .273 V vìsìon...37 weld...182
11 l1 employlllenl" .243
vuccinale...328 vìs lI al...37 welrare...388 Y
Irealment...13 vaccination. ..77 visllal dislllrbance..' 257 whar f. ..228
benelits.. .243
Ireaty...363 vaccinc...328 visllally.. .69 wheal...164
lln Ìl orll1 ily . ..258
IrC I1l ClI dolls" .125 llllily...278 VaCCllll ll1' • .125 , 349 vivid...61 whecl"'157
vulid...238
Z
IrCllch...137 1I 11inlcndcd . ..117 viviparity...202 wheezing.' .338 zinc...214
lrial . ..292 Union...33 vapor" .113 , 341 yocal...45 whìrl...183 zone.. .137
variable . ..313 vocal cord...325 white blood cell...328
lribalislll . ..268 lI nil...105 , 109, 141 , 253 zoology.. .196
variable star' .. 184 vocational educalíon... 253 whit dwar f.‘ .194 zoophyte'.<229
Iri J1 c...381 versc . ..53 variation...1 09 , 161 vocational school... 253 wholesale.. .238
1I11l zooplankton'" 229
lrigger..' 277 nleash...270 vasclllar plants ‘ ..198 voglle...388 wholesome.. .357
lI zoosporc . ..229
vassal...282 volatile.. .191 wick...215
Irillion"'73 , 313 lI nprecedcnled . ..283
va l11t ...I77 volcano"'137 , 272 wìdcly...69
lriple . .21 llnrelenling... 33
lroop...33 vector' ..351 vo 1tage...260 widow...388
zone.. ‘ 236
vegetable . ..21 vo!u l11 e...314 wìdower.. .375
lropical ntin forcst. ..231 1IIl seen...117

lroposphere . ..341 vegetation' . .165 VOlll l11 e 0 1' a sphere... 315

1I 11lumed . ..53
lrollgh...341 vehement.. .357 voter...361 wild...!21
lI nveil . ..280

lrolll...206 velocity... 350 vowel...298 wildlife...121 , 199

lI nzip...217
venom...206 vultllre' . .207 will...25
lrllce" .286 lI pgrade"'217
vent...191 wínd l11 ill.. ‘ 164
lrlle o f'.'-4 5 llpheaval"'278
ventilale . ..260 wing"'97
lrllnk. ..202 , 327 lI phold . ..352
venlure . ..248 winter"'109
lllberclllin skin tesl...338 llplin...137
Ven l1 s...183 waist. ..327
lllberclllosis...324 llprig Í1 t. . .349 winter solstice. ..223
verbal.. , 302 wale knol' . .228
llllr...191 lI prising...278 wìthdrawal...29
verge"'167 wane...194
lllilion...258 lI priver... 228 wìthholdingp
verify"'291 warehollse' ..238
1I pSlream' . .228 wilness...149 , 281 , 292
vermifonn appendix.. .326 wariÌl re' . .284
11l 1H.l ra . ..267 lI pward mobility" .387 wolf...121
vermin. , .210 warm ÍÌ'ont.. .343
.216 lI pwind"'228 womb...331
vernal eqllinox.. .185 warnor. ..278
lllrbidily .‘ .236 lII'unillm...214 women...65
verse.. .309 WASp...377
lllrblllenl l1 ow... 3 51 Uran l1 s" .183 Women's Li b...388
verslls"'359 waste. ..232
11l Sk' . .209 lII' ban.. .177 woodwind...345
vcrlebral COlll l11 n... 324 water...1
llllorialmodc. lII' ban .177 wordin g- ..302
vertebrate...202 waler cycle...236
lyphold.. .329 llrban lÌ'i nge.. .177 workforce...389
vessel. ..228 water tablc...236
tyrallny' ..277 uremia . ..326 workshop" .179
veterinary. . .77 world...85
lyralll...277 lIl' elhra . ..326
veto...27 , 29 , 363 waterway' ..228
llrge . ..149 Wo r1 d Bank. ..245
vibrate...349 watery grave...228
urgent ll1 otìon. ..360 web...218
U viciolls...244 watt...260
llrinal...320 worldly . ..302
lllcl:r"'77 , 323 view.. .53 wavelength...194
lI rinary"'77
llllraviolel radilllion... 263 vigilance . ..381 wax" , .194 wound...77
1Il1 nary
llllraviolel ray...263 vigorollsly. . .33 waxy"'13
lI rinc"'77 , 323 wrap"'13
11mbilical cord...338 villain"'300 way".85
URL...220 wreck. ..278
vìolation. . .293 weasel...208
uterlls...338 wrinkle.. .320
1I1l 11sso rL ed . ..61 viral...77 weather map' ..341
11lilizc . ..382 wrist...327

416 417
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CO l11 pton's lnteractive Encyclopedia Deluxe. SoftKey Multi l11 edia Inc. ,200 I
Encyclopedia Britannica. britannica. com 2001
J. Clugston , Dictionary of Science. Penguin Books 1998
Shogakkan Progressive English-Japanese Dictionary. Shogakkan 1998
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An Outline of A l11 erican I-listory. Tnternational Communication Agency Callow. James
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Siever, Raymond. Un c\ erstan c\ ing Earth. W. H. Free l11 an and Company, 1998
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TOEFL POWERPREP software. Educational Testing Servise , 2000
TOEFL Sampler: An Introduction to Taking the TOEFL Test on Computer.
Educational Testing Servise , 1998
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TOEFL Practive Tests Volume 2. Educational Testing Servise , 2000

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