lsg w'|j] jf}nfPsf] <

k[i7e"dL

sflt{s – d+l;/ dlxgf ls;fgx?sf] nflu wfg sf6\g] / yGSØfpg] r6f/f] ;dodf k|foMh;f]
;lnGbf g} h+unL xfQLx? wfg vfg ufpFj:tLlt/ ;njnfpg yfn]sf x'G5g . ;do To:t} @)^(
;fn sflt{s b]lv kf}if dlxgfdf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]q cGtu{t kg]{ df8L If]qsf
ufpFj:tLdf uP/ hËnL xfQLn] $ hgf dfG5] df/]sf, 3/uf]7 eTsfP/ / cGgkft ;d]t vfO{lbP/
cft+lst agfof] . s'g xfQLn] hgwgsf] Iflt u¥of] eGbf ;j}sf] d'vjf6 w|'j] xfQLn] eGg] ;'lgg
yfNof] . w|'j] t dfG5]sf] gfd xf] . hËnL xfQLsf] of] gfd s] s;/L /xg uof] eGg] lh1f;f nfUg
yfNof] . sf/0f klxNofpFb} hfFbf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] w|'j kf]i6df klxnf] rf]6L b]vf k/]sf]n]
w|'j] gfd /x]sf]] eGg] ;'lgof] eg] s;}n] leDn] kf]i6sf] w|'j gfdsf] l;kfxL xflQsf] cfdg] ;fdg]
k/]sf] t/ cfqmd0feg] gu/]sf] / cfkm xflQaf6 ar]sf] s'/f sdf08/nfO{ ;'gfPkl5 pQm xfQLsf]
gfd w|'j] /x]sf] eGg]] syg ;d]t kfO{Psf] 5 . @)^^ ;fndf lgs'~hsf] s;/f l:yt sfof{no
glhs} uf]/vjxfb'/ u0fsf l;kfxL >L l/4LjL/ bf]ªnfO{ df/]k5L w|'j]nfO{ l/4Luh gfdn] klg
k'sfl/g] u/]sf] lyof] t/ o; gfdsf]] vf;} k|rf/ ePg .

w|'j] xflQn] df8Lsf] kf08j gu/df ufpFn]x?sf] 3/ eTsfO{ cGgkfgL vfO{ lbg] / Hofg ;d]t
lng] h:tf pb08 36\gfx? 36fpg yfNof] . x'g t w|'j]n] klxnf b]lv g} hgwgsf] Iflt k'¥ofO{
/x]sf] eP klg kf08j b|fk} lb gu/sf Ps}3/sf jf]6] ;d'bfosf bDklt nfO{ Ps}rf]6L df/]k5L
36\gfn] pu|?k lnof] . lgs'~hn] ;dod} xfQL lgoGq0fdf lng ;s]g / d[tssf kl/jf/x?nfO{
lhljsf]kfh{g ;lxtsf] /fxt pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf] egL pQ]lht hg ;d'xn] df8Lsf rf/j6}
dWojtL{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf cfuhgL u/Lof] . ;fy} s;/f l:yt lgs'~h sfof{nosf]
em\Øfnsf l;;f k'm6fpg'sf] ;fy} k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[tsf] sfo{ sIfdf klg tfnfaGbL u/Lof]] .
dfl8 If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ oftfoft, k;n nufot cGo sfof{nox? 7Kk kf/L d[tssf b'j} nf;x?nfO{
;fj{hlgs jf6f]df /fvL lhNnf:t/sf /fhg}lts bnsf k|d'v Pj+ k|ltlglw ;lxtsf sl/j %))
hgf :yflgo jfl;Gbfx?n] yk hgwgsf] Iflt x'g glbg pQm xfQLnfO{ t'?Gt} dfg]{ nufotsf
ljleGg dfux? /fVb} lgs'~hsf] dfl8 k|j]z ug]{ gfsfdf /x]sf] jgs§f /]Gh kf]i6 cufl8 k|bz{g
u/] . @ 306f;Dd jgs§f kf]i6sf] l6s6 sfpG6/ cufl8 gf/fh'n'; / sf]0f;ef ub}{ lgs'~hsf
kbflwsf/Lx? 8f=sdn k|;fb u}x|], lji0f' k|;fb yklnof, l6sf/fd kf}8]n / ?ks dx{hgnfO{

1
gfd} ls6]/ ufnL unf}h u/] . cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmdx? xKtf} lbg;Dd klg :j?k km]/L km]/L ljleGg
:yfgx?df rnL g} /x] .

xfQL jf}nfof], To;nfO{ dfg'{k5{ eg]/ ;j}n] eGg yfn] . o; ljifon] /fli6«o :t/sf ldl8of
;+hfnnfO{ ;d]t ttfof] . t/ lgs'~hnfO{ eg] slQ klg ljZjf; lyPg xfQL jf}nfPsf] eg]/ .
lgs'~hsf sd{rf/Ln] klg ufpFn]x?sf] jf]nLdf xF df xF jf nf]lndf jf]nL ldnfP lsgeg] hg
cfqmf]znfO{ Go'lgs/0f u/L lgs'~hnfO{ yk Iflt x'gjf6 jrfpg' sd{rf/Lx?sf] sd{ / wd{ lyof]
. afFb/d'8] 36\gfn] s] ttfof] xf]nf, To;j]nf w|'j]n] b]z} ttfPsf] cj:yf lyof] . w|'j]nfO{ cg'udg
ug{ tTsflng jg ;lrj ;lxtsf] 6f]nL xflQsf] lgl/If0f / cg'udg ug{ cfof] . To; sfo{nfO
;kmn kfg{ x]lnsK6/sf] k|of]u ;d]t ul/of] t/ h+unL xflQ h+undf ;xh} s] e]l6GYof]] / < .
:yn tyf xjfO{ dfu{af6 ;d]t xflQsf] s'g} ;'O{sf] gkfPsfn] 6f]nL sf7df08' kmls{of] . To;j]nf
g]kfndf w|'j] xflQsf] lgs} w]/} AofVof ePsf] lyof] . xflQ k|efljt If]qdf dflg;x? clxn]sf]
sf]/gf ;+qmd0faf6 eGbf klg al9 ql;t ePsf b]lvGy] . of] cj:yfn]] lgs'~h 3'Dg cfpg] g]kfnL
ko{6sx? nfO{ klg k|efljt u/\of] .

cfGbf]ngn] pu|?k lnPsf] j]nf lgs'~h sfof{nosf k|d'v 8f= emdsjxfb'/ sfsL{ cfkm\gf] ;xsdL{
xl//fd bf; nfO{ lgldQ lbO{ Gofo ;]jfsf] tflnddf efulng sf7df08f}+ uPsf lyP . lgs'~hdf
t}gfy gGbfjS; u0f ;DxfNg u0fklt rqm zfx ;d]t e/v/} cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . t/ klg 8f=
emdsjxfb'/ sfsL{n] tflndnfO yf+tL /flv ;dod} lrtjg cfO{ cfk\mg} sfo{sIfdf xflQaf6
ePsf] hgwgsf Iflt / ;d:of ;dfwfg s] s;/L ug]{ xf] 5nkmn ug{ ;j{blno a}7s /fVg'
eof] . 5nkmnsf qmddf lhNnfsf /fhg}lts JolQmTjx?af6 k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t / u0fkltn]
g} w'|j] xflQnfO{ b't agfP/ ufpFn]sf] hgwgsf] IftL ug{ k7fPsf] h:t} cf/f]k nufpb} ¥ofv–
¥ofVtL kf/] . nfUbYof] To;j]nf lgs'~hn] lgl/x eP/ ;'Gg' afx]s csf]{ ljsNk s]xL lyPg /
;'lgg} /Xof}+ . k5L k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[tnfO{ xfQL lgoGq0f ug{ g;s]sf] axfgfdf ;?jf ul/of]
/ pxfFsf] :yfgdf 8f= dx]Zj/ 9sfn k7fO{of] . s]xL dlxgf k5L emdsn] hflu/] hLjgaf6
/fhLgfdf ug'{ eof] .

:yfgLo /fhg}lts bnx?n] jf}nfxf w'|j] xfQLnfO lgs'~hn] t'?Gt df/L yk hgwgsf] Iflt x'g
/f]Sg] / d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ k|lt d[ts ?=% nfv /fxt pknJw u/fpg' k5{ eGg] dfu /fv] .
hjsL sfg'gdf To; jvt xfQLaf6 dflg;sf] d[To" ePdf ! nfv eGbf j9L /fxt lbg] Joj:yf

2
g} lyPg . t/klg ;j{blno j}7sn] hj/hl:t d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ k|ltJolQm ?=# nfv pknJw
u/fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] / k5L ;f] lg0f{o /fHon] ;d]t ;b/ u¥of]] / jGohGt'sf] cfqmd0fdf k/L
Hofg u'dfpg]x?nfO{ ?= # nfv /fxt pknAw x'g] eof] .

cfGbf]ng/t :yflgo / /fhg}lts bnx?sf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f kfFrkf08j ufpFdf uP/ /fxtsf]
r]s d[ts kl/jf/nfO j'emfpg ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg t/ klg dWojtL{ If]qdf sfo{/t lji0f'
9sfnsf] kxndf :yfgLo AolQmx?nfO{ ;DemfO{ a'emfO kfFrkf08j pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIf
odsfGt e';fn dfk{mt /fxtsf] r]s j'emfOof] . d[ts kl/jf/nfO /fxtsf] r]s a'emfPsf] e/kfO{
sfof{nodf k]z ePk5L 7"n} pknJwL ePsf] dxz'; ul/of]] . cfGbf]ng/t :yflgo / /fhg}lts
bnx?sf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ljefu, jg dGqfno / lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs'~hsf] lkmN8:t/df s/Lj @ dlxgf;Dd tgfjk"0f{ jftfj/0f /XØf]] . k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6
l5ge/d} ;of}+sf] Hofg hfg ;S5 t/ h+unL xfQLsf] sf/0f cSsn e'mSsn dflg;sf] d[To" xF'bf
b]z g} yls{g] xf] eg] k|s[lt ;+/If0fdf v8]/Lkg{ ;S5 . h+unL xflQsf] lb3{sflng lg/fs/0ftk{m
sbd rfNg' kg]{df xfQL dfg{d} ;j}sf] hf]8jn /xg] cgf}7f] /fhlglts÷;+:s[lt÷k/Dk/f df}nfpFb}
uPsf] lsg < a'e\mg sl7g ePsf] 5 .

Iflt Go"lgs/0f ug{sf rlnPsf sbdx?

dfgj xflQ åGb Go"lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu w|'j] xflQnfO{ Ps k6s lgoGq0fdf lnO{ 3fF6Ldf /]l8of]
sn/ h8fg ul/Psf] / xflQsf] jn 36fpg bfx|f ;d]t sf6]/ 5f]§ØfO{Psf] lyof] . @)^^ ;fn
b]lv w|'j] xflQsf] sf/0fn] dflg;sf] d[To" x'guPsf 36gfx? b]lvg yfn]sf] / @)^( ;fn;Dd
cfO{k'Ubf !% hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] /]s8{af6 b]vLg cfFp5 . hgwgsf] Iflt Go"lgs/0f ug{sf] nflu
w|'j] xflQnfO{ jif{sf] @ k6s;Dd n7\Øfpg] ul/Psf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] k6s @)^( ;fn sflt{s
b]lv 3/kfn'jf xfQLaf6 rf}lj;} 306f l/l;e/ 6«ØflsË dfkm{t w|'j]sf] vf]lh cg'udg ul/Psf]
lyof] . /ft k/]k5L cfxf/fsf] vf]lhdf ufpFlt/ lg:sg] / lbge/L k|foM u/]/ lgs'~hsf] emfl8
leq x/fpg] u/]sf sf/0fn] w|'j]nfO{ k|ToIf b]Vg Psbd ufx|f] ePsf] lyof] . lgs'~hsf] emfl8df
w'|j] xflQ glhs} eP l;Ugn kfOGyof], 6f9f eP l;Ugn x/fpFg] ub{Yof] . To;}n] 6«ØflsËsf]
l;Ëgn h+undf xfQLsf] cjl:ylt cg';f/ 3/L kfO{g] 3/L x/fpg] ub{Yof] . jg ;lrj, /fli6«o
lgs'~h ljefusf dxflgb]{zs, :yflgo k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx?,
g]kfn k|x/L, z;:q k|x/L, lhNnf jg clws[t, xflQ lkl8t ;+3if{ ;ldltsf JolQmx? ;lxtsf

3
6f]nLn] :ynut cg'udg u/L w|'j]nfO{ gb]v] klg l/l;e/jf6 w'|j] hËn leq /x]sf] ;+s]t kfPsf
lyP .

xflQnfO{ 8f6{ u/]/ nufO{g] /]l8of] sn/n] Ps k|sf/sf] r'Djlso t/+Ë k|;f/0f ub{5 . pQm
l;Ëgn P]G6]gf ;lxtsf] l/l;e/af6 ;'Gg ;lsG5 . lgoldt cg'udg ubf{ h+undf xfQL] glhs}
eP l;+Ëgn k|fKt x'G5 / s'g :yfgdf 5 eGg] cg'dfg x'G5 . o;af6 h+undf emfl8sf] sf/0fn]
xfQL gb]lvPtf klg /]l8of] sn/sf] l;Ëgn kfPkl5 ufpFn]nfO{ ;+r]t u/fpg d4t ldN5 .

lgs'~hn] cfkm\gf k|fljlws / ;'/Iff sld{ cxf]/fq v6fO w|'j] xfQLnfO{ @)^(.*.^ df lgoGq0fdf
lnO{ lhlkP; /]l8of] sn/ h8fg ug{ ;kmn eof] . o:sf] nflu lhNnf :t/sf /fhg}lts bnx?
/ :yflgox?sf] 7'nf] bjfa lyof] . o; k:rft xflQ lgs'~haf6 cnk eof] . t/ b'O{ dlxgfdf
km]/L lgs'~hd} b]lvof] . xflQdf h8fg u/]sf] sn/ e'FOdf em/]sf] cj:yfdf k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~hsf]
/fdef]/L–ef6f If]qdf e]l6of] . pQm /]l8of] sn/df /]s8{ ePsf] @)^(.*.^ b]lv @)^(.(.! ;Ddsf]
8f6fnfO{ 8fpgnf]8 u/L gS;fdf /fv]/ x]bf{ lgs'~hsf] k"j{–blIf0fsf] jghËn If]qsf] dfl8 7f]/L
x'b} k;f{ lhNnfsf] lzsf/Ljf;, lgd{nj:tL, ;'j{0fk'/, lj?jfu'7L, ;f]gjiff{, jf/f lhNnfsf] 8'd/jgf,
;kxL, sf]NxjL / kms]{/ tt\tt 7fpF x'b} k'gM lgs'~hsf] 7f]/L, cd'jf, sNof0fk'/ -dfl8_, jgs§f,
6fO{u/6K;\ h+un nh If]q -leDn]_, vf]l/ofd'xfg kf]i6 nufot If]qdf kl/e|d0f jf ljr/0f u/]sf]
b]lvof] . lhlkP; ;]6nfO{6 cWoogn] w|'j] xfQL Ps lbgdf %) ls=dL=eGbf Hofbf cfk\mgf] r/g
If]qdf 8'Ng] u/]sf] kfO{of] . t/ /]l8of] sn/ v;fnL;s] kl5eg] w|'j]sf] 6«ØflsË cg'udg x'g
5f]8\Øf] / xfn;Dd p;nfO{ 8f6{ ug'{ k/]sf] 5}g .

w|'j]n] ufpFdf uP/ yk pkb|f] gu/f]; elg lgs'~hn] ;Defljt gfsfx?df /fqL u:tL kl/rfng
u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{df lgs'~h sd{rf/L, ;'/IffsdL{÷g]kfnL ;]gf, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f
s]Gb|sf k|fljlwsx? ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fwg >f]t kl/rfng ePsf] lyof] . /flq cg'udg sfo{
l56f] 5l/tf]] agfpgsf nflu @ j6f ufl8 ;lxtsf] 3'd'jf 6f]nLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . yk
hgwgsf] If]tL x'gjf6 /f]Sg / :yflgonfO cfZj:t kfg{ e/tk'/af6 z;:q k|x/Lsf] @) hgfsf]
6f]nLnfO{ df8Lsf] a?jf ahf/df t}gfy ul/Psf] lyof] . xfQL lg:sg ;Sg] ;Defljt ufpFj:tLdf
lgs'~hsf sd{rf/L /+ ;'/Iffkmf}h ;o'Qm ?kdf /fte/L u:tL uy]{] . w|'j] xflQsf] cg'udg ug]{
sfo{df ufpFn]x?n] ;a}n] va/ lng] lbg] ;xof]u uy]{ . ;fy} plgx?n] w|'j]nfO{ ufpFaf6 wkfpg
klg ;lqmo?kdf ;xof]u u/] h'g s'/fnfO{ e'Ng} ;lsb}g . t/ o;sf] ljkl/t ltg} ;xof]lu

4
JolQmx? lbpF;f]sf] ;dodf eg] d'bf{jfb h:tf lgs'~h lj/f]lw gf/f 3Gsfpg], lgs'~hsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ lhpFb} hnfpg' k5{ eGb} lg/Gt/ ufnLunf}h ug]{ u/] . o:tf] lttf] cg'ej cem} klg
lj;{g ;lsPsf] 5}g . dfl8 If]qsf /fhlgltsdL{ / :yflgodf crDdsf] ;+:s[tL df}nfPsf] b]Vbf
crDd nfUYof] .

lrtjg lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf @)^(.(.!@ df xflQ lkl8t ;+3if{ ;ldlt / k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/Lsf ljrdf jg ;lrj, lhNnf k|x/L k|d'v, lhNnf jg clws[t ;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf
lgoGq0f ;DjlGw cf}krfl/s 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . cgf}krfl/s ldl6Ë / 5nkmn t bh{gf} k6s
eP xf]nfg Û ;+3if{ ;ldlt / lrkm jf8]{gsf ljr klg k6s k6s ldl6Ë÷5nkmn tgfjk"0f{
cj:yf d} x'g] ub{y] . To; avt df8L If]qsf] ljleGg :yfgdf /ftsf] ;dodf hËnL xfQL
lg:s]/ wfgjfnL vfg], 3/ uf]7x? eTsfpg] / dflg;nfO ;d]t cfqmd0f ug]{ u/]sf]n] ;j}
:yflgojf;L qfxL qfxL lyP .

s] w'|j] jf}nfPsf] lyof] <

tTsflng lgs'~hsf k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t 8f=emds axfb'/ sfsL{sf cg';f/ k|x/L / :yfgLoaf6
xfQL dfg'{ k5{ eGg] bafj lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lrtjgdf k'u]sf] /x]5 . pn{bf] hgbafj /
lgs'~hsf] k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df :yflgo k|zf;g P]g, @)@*df 6]s]/ lhNnf
k|zf;g sfof{no, lrtjgn] @)^(.(.! df jf}nfPsf] elg xfQL gi6 ug]{ cfb]z lbof]] . To;
kl5sf lbgx?df w|'j]xflQnfO{ dfg]{ af6f] v'Nof] . pkb|f] ug]{ h+unL xfQL dfg{nfO{ 3/kfn'jf xfQL
;lxtsf lgs'~hsf k|fljlws / g]kfnL ;]gfsf b'O{ ljz]if 6f]nL ;+efljt gfsf–gfsfdf vl6P .
k|s[ltsf] lj?4df s'g} o'4df xf]ldPsf] h:tf] Toltv]/sf] b[Zo b]lvGYof] . dfgjhfltn] g} nfh
dfGg' kg]{ ljifo lyof] Tof] . lgs'~hsf] lelq af6f]df 9's]/ k6s–k6s u/]/ w'|jdfly ^# /fpG8
uf]nL rnfO{of]] t/ efUodfgL w|'j]xfQL afFRg ;kmn eof] . lgs'~hnfO{ hg cfqmf]z sd ug{ Tof]
sfjf{xL ug'{ g} kg]{ jfWotf lyof] t/ xfQLnfO{ dfg'{ x'b}g eGg] leqL OR5f ;+/If0fsdL{x?df lyof]
. xfQL df/]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg x'b}g eGg] s'/f ;j} ;+/If0fsdL{x? Psdt g} lyP . xfQL jf}nfPsf]
lyPg, jf}nfPsf] lyof] t s]jn xfd|f] dfgl;stf . wGg xfQL d/]g Û obL d/]sf] eP cGt/fli6«:t/d}}
g]kfn nlHht x'g' kg]{ cj:yf /xGYof] . ;+/If0fsdL{x?nfO{ Gofp/L df/L k5'tf] nfUbYof] . lsgeg]
xfQL jf}nfPsf] xf] eGg] j}1flgs ?kdf k'i6\ØfO{ ug]{ cfwf/ s;};+u klg lyPg / j}1flgs k'i6\ØfO{
ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof x'G5glg Û lt k|lqmofx? gk'¥ofO{sg g} xfQL gi6 ug]{ cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof] .

5
xfQLdf ljBjfl/wL u/]sL ;+hLtf zdf{ kf]v/]nsf cg';f/ xfQL jf}nfPsf] k|dfl0ft ug'{ 5 eg]
o;sf nflu 7"nf] cg';Gwfg ug{ h?/L 5 . clxn];Dd g]kfndf o:tf] cg';Gwfg ePsf] 5}g .
To;sf nflu xfQLsf] lbdfu, g;f, tyf ;j} zf/Ll/s k|lqmof / /;fogsf] ;fy;fy} oL k|lqmofx?
;+u} xflQn] b]vfpg] ;j} nIf0fx?sf] cWoog gu/L xfQL jf}nfof] eGg' s]jn xfd|f] d'v{tf dfq
x'g] 5 .

lgs'~hn] ul:t sfo{sfnflu jgs§f kf]i6df kf]yL xfQLx? t}gfy ub{Yof] . jgs§f af6 l/pvf]nf
kf/ ugf{;fy sl/j # ls=dL= sf] b'/Ldf kf08j gu/ / b|f}klb gu/ kb{5 . Tof] b'/L kf/ug{ w|'j]
xflQnfO{ !) ldg6 eGbf jl9 ;do nfUb}gYof] . To;}n] w|'j]n] slxn] dfof nlntk'/ slxn] eQmk'/
eGg] lut h:t} slxn] jgs§fsf kf]yL xfQL;+u t slxn] l5g e/d} kf08j gu/ jf b|f}klb gu/
k'lu xfNYof]] .

jif{fofdsf] k|z:t kf}li6s cfxf/f / @) jif{ dflysf] pd]/df efn] xfQLx?df k|fs[lts ?kdf
dfb pTkGg x'G5 . o; cj:yfdf efn] xflQdf x'g] k'?if xdf]{g -6]:6f]:6]/f]g_ %) u'0ff ;Dd a[l4
x'G5 . To;}n] 9f]O xflQx? vf]lh vf]lh k|hgg\ lqmofdf ;lqmo /xG5g\ . o:tf] a]nfdf jo:s
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6
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ulNt xf] < of] xflQsf] k|fs[lts :jefj xf] .

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s'/fn] klg 7'nf] cy{ /fVb5 . gfFRg hfGb}g cfFug 6]9f] eg] h:t} bf]if hlt xflQ / lgs'~hnfO{
y'kf{g ldN5 s] < . lgs'~h t /fHosf] lglt cg';f/ ;+/If0fsf] sfd ug]{ lgsfo xf] . s] xfQL
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leq s] xfQL ;+/If0f / hgtf ;+/If0f kb}{g < . h'g kl/jf/n] xfQLsf sf/0f cfkmGt u'dfPsf] 5

7
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.

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dQf xfQL lx8\b}df dfq xlNnP/ eTsg ;S5g . To;df klg ;fFlRrs} xflQn] cGgkftsf] nf]edf
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lj8Djgf klSs 3/x? wgL kl/jf/n] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g hf] xflQsf] cfqmd0faf6 k|foM ;'/lIft
x'G5 t/ o:tf 3/x? xflQ k|efljt If]qdf sd} b]lvG5 . To};n] lgs'~h 5]p5fpsf cJojl:yt
ljkGg ufpFj:tLnfO{ Pslqt u/L ;'/lIft j:tLsf] ljsf; u/]df ljkGg ju{df kg]{ h+uln xflQsf]
b'ik|efj sd ug{ ;lsG5 .

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efu]sf tYox? klg 5g . w|'j] xflQnfO{ b]Vg], e]6fpg] / klxrfg x'gf;fy klxnf] k6sdf $* /
bf]>f] k6s !% /fpG8 kmfol/Ë ul/Psf] lyof]] . uf]nL rNgf ;fy jfo'sf] j]udf s'n]nfd w|'j]
emf8Llt/ efu]sf]n] jRg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . cGo 3/kfn'jf kf]yL xflQsf] t'ngfdf lgs'~hsf]
lrtjg lxdfgLsnL xflQ;+u w|'j]sf] j9L lxdlrd jf dfof k|]d b]lvPsfn] 6fO{u/ 6K;\df nu]/
/flvPsf] km]nfkfg{ ;lhnf]xf]; eg]/ . elgG5, dflg; k5Lsf] xfQL] t]>f] ljj]slzn k|f0fL xf] .
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8
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ePsf] 5 h;n] 3/kfn'jf xfQLsf nflu jRrf k|hgg ug{ 7"n} 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

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wkfpg jf lgoGq0f ug{ lo b'O xflQx? ;+w} kl/rflnt x'Gy] . t/ Toltv]/ 3/kfn'jf xflQ klg
w\'j] sf08sf] rk]6fdf k/] lsgsL ufFpn]sf] gh/df jg\s§fdf /x]sf kf]ly xflQs} sf/0f w|'j]
kf08j gu/df uO{ pkb|f] ub{Yof] . kf08j gu/ jg\s§fsf] glhs} 5 . x'g klg Toltv]/ o:t}
ePsf] lyof] . w|'j] xflQ lbge/L glhs} /x]sf] lgs'~hsf] h+unleq n's]/ j:Yof], /ftsf] ;dodf
jg\s§fsf kf]ly xflQ;+u enf s';f/Lsf nflu pkl:yt /xGYof] / ef]sfpg] ljlQs} glhs} /x]sf]
kf08j gu/ ufpFdf uO{ 3/uf]7 eTsfO{ cGgkft vfg] ub{Yof] . w|'j]nfO{ dfb nfu]sf] lyof] . dfb
nfu]sf] cj:yfdf xfQLn] sd vfg] u5{, Psbd} ef]s} klg x'G5 . ufpFdf uP/ sdhf]/ ;+/rgf
/x]sf 3/x? kmf]8]/ l56f] l56f]] k]6eg{ kfpg]x'Fbf kfFrkf08j j/k/sf ufpFj:tL w|'j]sf] rk]6df
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jg\s§f kf]i6af6 6fO{u/6K;\ If]qdf ;fl/of] . tt\kZrftM kf08jgu/df w|'j] xfQL lg:sg]qmd
;d]t sd eP/ uof]] .

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lgs'~h j/k/sf] glhssf ufpFj:tLx?df h+unL xflQ nufot cGo jGohGt' ljr/0f ub}{ cfpg
;Sg] xF'bf lt jl:tx? jGohGt'x?sf] cln jl9 rk]6fdf k/]sf] dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 . xflQ nufot
cGo jGohGt' lkl8tx?sf] nflu Ifltk"lt{ Pj+ /fxtsf] Joj:yf /fHon] u/]sf] eP klg lgs'~h
glhssf ljkGg kl/jf/sf ufpFj:tLnfO{ /fHon] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] jf;j:g] kSsL ;+/rgf
-3/_ lgdf{0f ul/lbg] jf Plss[t j:tL ljsfz ug{lt/ nfUg;s] dfgj jGohGt' åGb Go"lgs/0f
ug{df 6]jf ldNg] lyof] ls < .

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9
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.

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;d:of ;dfwfgsf] h8 eg]sf] df8L If]qnfO{{ Osf] 6'l/hd (Village-ecotourism) / cuf{lgs
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cfo ch{gsf cj;/ klg >[hgf x'g ;S5 . :yflgo k'/fgf cfb/l0fo yf? j:tLx?nfO{ HoF" sf
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clxn] wfld{s ko{6gsf] ?kdf klg dfl8nfO{ ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] s'/f] ;'Ggdf cfPsf] 5 . h] xf];,
d0fLnfO{ lrg]/ cufl8 j9\Øf] eg] dfl8sf] eljio ;'gf}nf] b]lvG5 . ;fy;fy} lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs'~h dfl8 If]qsf l5d]sL], ;+/Ifs, nufglstf{ / lgofds lgsfo ;d]t ePsfn] :yflgo,
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10