1.

Management is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning,

organizing, directing and controlling, and the application of these principles
in harnessing physical, financial, human, and informational resources
efficiently and effectively to achieve organizational goals.
Management is in other form an integral part of living and is essential
wherever human efforts are accepted to achieve the desired objectives
such as conducting or supervising a business. A leader plays a big role in
managing its people around him and to be able to manage what the tasks
needed to improve or organize. It is also an environment in which people
can perform and individuals can co-operate toward achieving their group
goals.
For example, a mother in a household, she needs to assess her household
and what its need. She estimates the needs in the household for a week or
a month. She takes stock of her supply in food or any resources that
needed to be limited. She plans her day to day work and organizes what is
to be done and needed at home. She monitors and controls the household
budget and expenses and other activities. In order for her to organize
things, she divides the household chores to her children or among the
family members and coordinate their activities. She encourages and
motivates them in order to perform their tasks diligently. She is always in
search of improving, mentioning new goals, resources and in means to
achieve these goals.
2. The Principles of Management are:
a. Division of work.
Work should be divided among individuals and groups to
ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions
of the task. It is the best way to use the human resources of
the organization.
b. Balancing authority and responsibility
Authority was defined as the right to give orders and the power
to exact obedience. Responsibility involves being accountable,
and is therefore naturally associated with authority. Whoever
assumes authority also assumes responsibility.
c. Discipline
A successful organization requires the common effort of
workers. Penalties should be applied judiciously to encourage
this common effort.
d. Unity of command
Workers should receive orders from only one manager.
e. Unity of direction
The entire organization should be moving towards a common
objective in a common direction.
Example:
All marketing activities such as advertising, sales promotion,
pricing policy, etc., must be directed by only one manager.
f. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest.
The interest of one individual or one group should not prevail
over the general good. The individual interest should be given
less importance, while the general interest should be given the
most importance.

If not, the organization will collapse. The interest of the

organizational goal should not be sabotaged by the interest of
an individual or on the group.
g. Remuneration
Remuneration is the price for services received. Pay should be
fair to both employee and the firm. This policy should give
maximum satisfaction to both employers and employees. It
should include both financial and non-financial incentives.
h. Centralization
It is always present to a greater or lesser extent, depending on
the size of the company and the quality of its managers. In
Centralization, the authority is concentrated only in a few
hands. If there is complete centralization, then the subordinates
will have no authority (power) to carry out their responsibility
(duties). Similarly, if there is complete decentralization, then
the superior will have no authority to control the organization.
i. Scalar chain
The chain of command, sometimes called the scalar chain, is
the formal line of authority, communication, and responsibility
within an organization. The chain of command is usually
depicted on an organizational chart, which identifies the
superior and subordinate relationships in the organizational
structure. Under the unity of command principle, the
instructions flow downward along the chain of command and
accountability flows upward.
j. Order
Order for things is called Material Order and order for people is
called ‘Social Order’. Material Order refers to “a place for
everything and everything in its place. ”Social Order refers to
the selection of the “right man in the right place”.

There must be an orderly placement of the resources such as

Men and Women, Money, Materials, etc. Human and material
resources must be in the right place at the right time.
Misplacement will lead to misuse and disorder. There should be
an Order for material/things and people in the organization.
k. Equity
The equity principle suggests that the managers must be kind
as well as equally fair to the subordinates. It creates loyalty and
devotion in the employees toward the organization. While
dealing with the employees a manager should use kindliness
and justice towards employees equally. Equity is a combination
of kindness and justice.
l. Stability of tenure of personnel
The employees should have job security because instability
leads to inefficiency. Successful firms usually had a stable
group of employees. Although it could take a lot of time,
Employees need to be given fair enough time to settle into their
jobs. An employee needs time to learn his job and to become
efficient.
 m. Initiative
Without limits of authority and discipline, all levels of staff
should be encouraged to show initiative. Management should
encourage initiative. They should encourage the employees to
make their own plans and to execute these plans. This is
because an initiative gives satisfaction to the employees and
brings success to the organization.

It allows the subordinates to think out a plan and do what it

takes to make it happen.
n. Esprit de corps
Esprit de Corps means “Team Spirit”. The management should
create unity, co-operation, and team-spirit among the
employees. They should avoid dividing and rule policy.
Harmony, cohesion among personnel. It’s a great source of
strength in the organization. It is a quality in every successful
business.
3. The Functions of Management are:
a. Planning is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking
out a future course of action and deciding in advance the most
appropriate course of action for achievement of pre-determined
goals. Sets the goal of an organization.
b. Organizing is the process of bringing together physical, financial and
human resources and developing productive relationship amongst
them for achievement of organizational goals.
c. Staffing is the function of manning the organization structure and
keeping it manned. Staffing has assumed greater importance in the
recent years due to advance of technology, increase in size of
business, complexity of human behavior and etc. the main purpose
of staffing is putting the right man in the right job.
d. Directing is part of managerial function which actuates the
organizational methods to work efficiently for achievement of
organizational purposes. Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of
management which deals directly with influencing, guiding,
 supervising, motivating subordinate for the achievement of the
organizational goals.
e. Controlling is the process of checking whether or not proper
progress is being made towards the objectives and goals and acting
if necessary, to correct any deviation.
4. The skills needed by a manager are:
a. Interpersonal skills
You need to demonstrate your managerial qualities and authority,
while maintaining the ability to play your part as a member of a
team. Example, setting time aside to get to know your team
members on both a personal and professional level, through social
activities or team-building training, while still maintaining professional
boundaries, will go a long way to earning their respect.
b. Communication and motivation
Effective leaders must master all forms of communication including
written, verbal and listening skills. You'll need to establish a trusting
relationship with your employees so they feel comfortable sharing
information with you, and vice versa. To ensure that lines of
communication remain open, you'll need to make yourself readily
available and accessible to your employees to discuss any issues or
concerns that arise. Having an open door policy or weekly or monthly
team meetings should facilitate this. Let your staff know that they
matter by maintaining eye contact, smiling and listening attentively.
c. Organization and delegation
 Effective organizational skills reduce stress, save time and ensure
that important deadlines are met. Managers ease their own busy
workload by delegating tasks to colleagues. To do this effectively you
need to analyze and identify the skills of your employees and assign
duties to each depending on their skillset. Delegation isn't a sign of
weakness, and can in fact multiply the amount of work that a
manager can accomplish - while developing the team's confidence
and skills.
 d. Forward planning and strategic thinking
It's a manager's job to think of the bigger picture, so as well as
focusing on today's tasks and responsibilities you'll also need to plan
for the future. This means setting priorities in line with company
goals, reviewing systems and policies, and attending training and
managing the CPD activities of your team. As a strategic thinker,
you'll encourage innovation and change in order to make your team
and the organization as a whole more productive and profitable.
e. Problem solving and decision-making
The tasked with spotting and solving problems on a daily basis in a
managerial position. This requires outstanding attention to detail and
the ability to remain calm under pressure. To ensure that your team
is productive and that the workflow runs smoothly, you'll have to
think on your feet when problems arise. Creative thinking will help
you to come up with innovative solutions that minimize the impact on
your team and the business as a whole.
f. Commercial awareness
This skill is in huge demand among business employers. If you want
to progress to management level, an understanding of the
marketplace in which a business operates and what it is that makes a
business successful is essential. 
g. Mentoring
As well as being business-focused decision-makers, managers also
need to play a supportive role. This involves training and advising
staff and building their confidence and skills. In a management
position, you'll be the driving force behind the progression of team
members.
5. Differentiate:
a. The difference between efficient and effective is that efficiency refers
to how well you do something while effectiveness refers to how
useful it is. Efficiency is doing things right in an optimal way while
effectiveness is doing the right thing, completing activities and
achieving goals.
 Example of efficiency, doing the task in a fastest or in the least
expensive way. It could be the wrong way but it was done optimally.
Efficiency increases productivity and saves both time and money.
Example of effective, television is an effective means of
communication. This is because people is more aware if it being
inform information through the form of media.

b. The difference between manager and leader is that leaders have

people follow them while managers have people who work for them.
Managers have subordinates while leaders have followers. Example
for managers they are focus on things, do things right, plan,
organize, direct, control and follows the rules whereas leaders focus
on people, doing the right things, inspired, influence, motivate, build
and shape entities. Leaders may or may not be successful managers
while managers are only in the position because they are appointed.
Hence, not all managers can be a leader and vice versa.

c. The difference between administration and management are: in the

level of organization Administration is in the top level while
Management is in the middle or lower level. The major focus of
Administration is the policy formulation and objective determination
while Management is focus on the policy execution for objective
achievement. The function of Administration are determinate and,
broad and conceptual while Management is executive and, narrow
and operational. The factors affecting decisions in the Administration
are mostly external while Management are mostly internal; and
Administration are also known as Entrepreneurs while Management
are known as Employees.
Administration and Management are synonymous; the difference
between them lies mostly in their usage in different fields of human
organization. Administration is part of management which is
concerned with the installation and carrying out the procedures.
6. An Office is a location, usually a building or portion of a building, where a
company conducts its business. A company can have just one office,
known as its home office, or a main office and a variety of field offices or
branches offices. All of these offices are involved in some way in the
business of the company.
The office performs a clerical function such as information collection,
recording analyzing, distribution of information and executive function such
as planning, policies formulation, organization, decision making etc.
7. Office Management is the organization of an office in order to achieve a
specified purpose and to make the best case of the personnel by using the
most appropriate machines and equipment, the best possible method of
work and by providing most suitable environment.
Examples of office managements are: Medical Office management, Legal
Office Management, Corporate Office Management and Virtual Office
Management.
8. Administrative Management is the process of managing information
through people. This usually involves performing the storage and
distribution of information to those within an organization.
Management of information, whether paper based or computerized, is
central to the effective running for any organization in a competitive global
marketplace.
9. Administrative and Office Management prepares students to plan,
organize, direct, and control the functions and processes of a firm or
organization and be successful in a work environment.