2404 4931 1 PB - Id.en

Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
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Proceedings of the 9th National Seminar on Suboptimal Land in 2021, Palembang 20 October 2021
“Sustainable Urban Farming to Improve Community Welfare in the Era of the Pandemic”
Sustainable Urban Farming: Cultivation of Black Army Flies (Hermetia

illucens) to Produce Fertilizer, and Fish and Poultry Feed
Sustainable Urban Farming:Cultivation of Black Soldier Fly(Hermetia illucens)to
Produce Manure,and Fish and PoultryFeedstuff
Siti Herlinda 1,2*), Jelly Milinia Puspita Sari3

1Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University,
Indralaya 30662, Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia
2Center of Excellence for Suboptimal Land Development Research (PUR-PLSO), University
Sriwijaya, Bukit Besar 30139, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia
3Masters Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Bukit Besar
30139, Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia
*)
Author for correspondence: sitiherlinda@unsri.ac.id
Citation:Herlinda S, Sari JMP. 2021.Sustainable Urban Farming: Cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia
illucens) to produce manure, and fish and poultry feedstuff.In: Herlinda Set al.(Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th
National Seminar on Suboptimal Land 2021, Palembang 20 October 2021. pp. 27-37. Palembang: Sriwijaya
University (UNSRI) Publisher & Printing.
ABSTRACT
Urban farming in this pandemic era is a necessity for the community because in addition to
entertainment, it can also increase income if it is done professionally. Manure and fish and
poultry feedstuff can be produced by cultivating black soldier fly (BSF) orHermetia illucensin
the yard using municipal organic waste. This paper at review and come up with ideas on how
to cultivate BSF to produce the manure, and fish and poultry feedstuff. Cultivation of BSF was
carried out using organic materials or municipal organic waste. BSF has life stages starting
from egg, larvae, pupae, and adult stage or fly. In the adult stage, the fly lays eggs next to a
food source or organic waste that has pungent smell, then the eggs hatched into larvae. The
larvae consumed anddecomposed theorganic material waste or the municipal organic waste
or livestockfecesinto a final product in the form of organic fertilizer or “kasgot” (=BSF manure).
The BSF manure contained nutrients for plants, such as NPK elements. BSF larvae and pupae
contained a lot of protein and could be directly used for poultry and fish feedstuff which had
high selling value. BSF cultivation was also useful in overcoming the municipal organic waste
problems, such as food waste, livestock feces, and other organic wastes. BSF cultivation did
not require a large area for farming and could be carried out in the house yard so it was very
suitable for urban farming. Thus, this BSF has the potential to be developed to produce the
organic fertilizer, it can also produce the fish and poultry feedstuff.
Keywords: BSF, BSF manure, house yard, larvae, municipal organic waste
ABSTRACT
Urban farmingin this pandemic era, it is a necessity for the community because
in addition to entertainment and at the same time it can increase income if done
professionally. Fertilizer and fish and poultry feed can be produced by cultivating
black soldier fly(BSF) or black army fly (Hermetia illucens) in the yard of the house
that utilizes household organic waste. This paper aims to review and come up
with ideas on how to cultivate black army flies to
Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.
ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
Publisher: Sriwijaya University Publisher & Printing (UNSRI) 27
produce fertilizers, and fish and poultry feed. Cultivation of black army flies is carried
out using organic materials from waste or household waste. BSF has a life phase
starting from egg, larva (maggot), pupa, and imago or fly. In the imago phase, flies
lay eggs next to a food source in the form of organic waste that has a pungent smell,
then the eggs hatch into larvae or maggots. Maggot can consume and remodel
organic material waste or household waste or livestock manure into a final product in
the form of organic fertilizer or cassava. Kasgot contains nutrients for plants, namely
NPK elements. BSF larvae and pupae that are formed contain a lot of protein and can
be directly used for poultry and fish feed which have high selling value. BSF
cultivation is also useful in overcoming the problem of urban waste, such as food,
livestock manure, and other organic wastes. BSF cultivation does not require a large
area of land and can be done in the yard of the house so it is very suitable for areas
in urban areas with narrow land. Thus, this BSF has the potential to be developed in
addition to producing organic fertilizer, it can also produce fish and poultry feed.
Keywords: BSF, cassava, urban organic waste, maggot, house yard
PRELIMINARY
Urban farmingin this pandemic era, it is a necessity for the community because
in addition to entertainment and at the same time it can increase income if done
professionally. Fertilizer and fish and poultry feed can be produced by cultivating
black soldier fly(BSF) or black army fly (Hermetia illucens) in the yard of the house
that utilizes household organic waste (Hardini, 2021; Oktavia & Rosariawari,
2020). Household organic waste produced includes rice washing water, leftover
vegetables, fruits, nuts, spices and so on (Ichwanet al., 2021).
Organic waste in high-production urban areas can reach 175,000 tons/day, while
ecoregional waste piles in South Sumatra in 2019 reached 6,460.28 tons/day, while
waste processing in Indonesia is still relatively low and landfills reach 69% at the final
processing site (TPA). ), 10% is buried, 5% is burned, 7% is recycled, and the
remaining 7% is not managed (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2015). The lack of facilities
and community participation in healthy waste management is the main factor in
increasing waste collection every day. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out
comprehensive processing of organic waste that has high value and benefits.
There are many ways to process waste, one of which is by utilizing waste as a
source of protein for animal and fish feed ingredients, as well as a source of organic
fertilizer through the bioconversion process (Ichwanet al., 2021; Monitaet al., 2017;
Wardhana, 2017).Black Soldier Fly(BSF) can be used as a decomposer of organic
waste because it is able to reduce organic waste by up to 80% (Ardiasani, 2021). In
addition, BSF can be used in the composting process and this fly can also be used as
a source of animal feed such as fish and poultry because it has a high protein content
of 30-50% depending on the type of feed given. BSF is different from flies in general
because BSF produces healthy compost and has high nutritional value (Wardhana,
2016).
BSF cultivation is easy to do because the feed that can be used is diverse and
available in abundance, such as market waste, kitchen waste, animal waste, factory
waste, and even human waste. BSF cultivation capital is also not too expensive
because we can use used goods such as boards, plastic jars, and used drums

ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
modified for BSF maggot development. This paper aims to review and come up
with ideas on how to cultivate black army flies to produce fertilizer, and feed for
fish and poultry.
BLACK SOLDIER FLY TAXONOMY (HERMETIA ILLUCENS)
Hermetia illucens(Diptera; Stratiomydae) is a fly that is often known as the

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) (Figure 1) originating from America with a tropical and
warm climate, this army fly has been found in several regions of the world
including Indonesia (Makkaret al., 2014). BSF has the following taxonomic
classification (Royet al., 2018).
phylum : Arthropods
Class : Insecta
Order : Diptera
Family : Stratiomyidae
Genus : Hermetia
Species:Hermetia illucens
a b
Figure 1. Morphology of imagoHermetia illucens: a) female, and b) male
BLACK SOLDIER FLY
Larvaeblack soldier fly1st instars are generally dull white with a size of 2 mm, then
continue to grow to 5 mm, larvae can reach 20-27 mm long by 8 mm wide and weigh 220
mg. Then enter the pupa stage (Tomberlinet al., 2009; Diclaro and Kaufman, 2012). From
the results of Kim .'s researchet al(2010) characteristics of larval and pupae stagesblack
solder flycan be seen in (Table 1). In the prepupa phase it has an average length of 16-18
mm with a weight of 150-200 micro grams, the prepupa phase is brownish while in the
pupa phase the color becomes black which can be seen in Figure 2.

ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
a b c d e
Figure 2. BSF morphology: larva (a, b, c), prepupa (d), and pupa (e)
Table 1. Developmental characteristics of BSF larva larvae and pupae
“NM” means “not measured” in research. Different superscript letters were significant (Duncan's test, alpha =
0.05). If the scale on the capsule drawing shows 0.5 mm (Kimet al, 2010)
BSF adult / imago black in the basal segment of the abdomen transparent color so
it is almost like a wasp with a length of 15-20 mm (Makkaret al., 2014). The life span of
flies ranges from 5-8 days (Ardiasani, 2021). The solidly arranged wings consist of two
pairs, one pair in the form of a membrane with wing venation and one pair modified
into a dumbbell which functions as a balance during flight. Adult flies are only active
to mate or reproduce throughout their lives, so adult flies do not have functional
mouth parts. According to Ardiasani (2021) the male imago of this army fly is longer
than the female. Adult flies obtain nutrients during the larval stage which are stored
in the form of fat at the time of pupa, adult flies will die when fat reserves have been
exhausted (Makkaret al., 2014). The body size of the female is larger than that of the
male imago, the male fly has a blue-black abdomen, while the female imago has a
brown abdomen (Figure 3).
a b c d
Figure 3. Morphology of imagoHermetia illucens: female (a), male (b), antenna (c), dumbbell (d)

ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
BSF LIFE CYCLE
The BSF fly consists of five stages in its life cycle, namely; egg, larva (maggot),
prepupa, pupa, and imago (Hardini, 2021). The BSF life cycle starts from egg, larva,
pupa to imago (Figure 4).
Figure 4. BSF . life cycle
Female flies will lay their eggs near food sources, both organic waste, livestock
manure, and even factory waste (Wardhana, 2016). The length of the BSF life cycle
depends on environmental conditions and the source of feed provided. The BSF
life cycle from egg to imago is 40-43 days (Tomberlinet al., 2009). According to
Rachmawatiet al(2015) adult female flies can produce 185-1235 eggs, while
Tomberlinet al., 2002 states that a female is able to produce as many as 546-1,505
eggs in 20-30 minutes in the form of an egg mass with a weight ranging from
15.8-19.8 mg with an individual egg weight of 0.026-0.030 mg. BSF female flies
only lay eggs once during their lifetime which is the peak time of laying eggs
which is around 14.00-15.00 then in the near term after the fly lays eggs, the
phase of its life will end (Tomberlinet al., 2002).
BSF eggs will hatch into larvae generally for four days with an average size of
only 2 mm in this phase the larvae are actively eating so that the weight and
length of the larvae can increase rapidly, which can reach a length of 20-27 mm
with a width of 8 mm and a weight of 220 mg. Under favorable environmental
conditions for the growth of BSF and good available feed, larval age can last for
14-16 days before entering the prepupa phase. The prepupa phase is
characterized by the structure of the mouth turning into a hook-shaped structure
that functions to move or move to a drier place then the color changes to dark
brown. When the Prepupa finds a suitable place where the place is dry, has a
humus-like structure, shady,et al., 2019). The pupa takes about 7 days and then
the BSF will come out of the pupa and become an imago (Hardini, 2021). Although
the BSF fly imago does not need food throughout its life, from the results of
Rachmawati's research,et al., (2015) proved that giving water and honey can
prolong the life of imago, which is up to 12 days.
FEED SOURCES FOR BSF

Waste production in Indonesia increases every day in line with population
growth, thereby increasing community consumption (Oktavia & Rosariawari,
2020). Waste in Indonesia every day can reach 175,000 tons, while

ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
Ecoregional waste in South Sumatra in 2019 reached 6,460.28 tons/day (Figure 5) (Central
Bureau of Statistics, 2015). Waste processing in Indonesia is very low, it can be seen from data
from the Central Statistics Agency as much as 69% is dumped in the Final Processing Site
(TPA), 10% is buried, 5% is burned, 7% is recycled, and the remaining 7% is not managed.
Figure 5. Waste generation in the Sumatra Ecoregion in 2019 (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2015)
The problem of waste in Indonesia needs to be processed, especially organic

waste which dominates the generation of waste in Indonesia. BSF larvae are able to
reduce organic waste by 80% such as market waste, kitchen waste, animal waste,
factory waste, and even human waste (Nirmalaet al., 2020; Oktavia & Rosariawari,
2020; Sulistia & Ambarsari, 2019; Putra & Ariesmayana, 2020). There are many
sources of feed that can be given to BSF larvae, especially the most common one is
household waste. Based on several studies that are shown in the table, they can be a
reference for those of us who want to start developing BSF either on a small or large
scale (Table 2).
SMALL MEDIUM BSF CULTIVATION
Utilization of BSF in the composting process consists of several steps from

selection, preparation, treatment, to harvesting (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Flowchart of small-medium-scale BSF cultivation

ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
Table 2. Comparison of waste reduction and biomass of BSF larva larvae

Reference/Literature Total mass Residue/Remainder Waste Reduction Biomass Food Source
Food Index (WRI) (%)
(Darmawanet al., 200 15.82 0.1252 Cassava leaves

2017) mg/larvae/day gram/larva
(Dortmanset al., 1.558 Chicken food
2017) gram/larva
(Bokauet al., 2018) 1 kg 759 grams Palm kernel cake

(Suciati, 2017) 500 grams Coconut pulp
(Supriyatnaet al., 3,300 mg 684.16 mg 0.35 13.86 mg Rice straw

2017)
(Fahmi, 2015) 1864.6 mg Tofu dregs + fermented PKM
(Salmanet al., 2019) 1 kg 8,123 grams Organic waste+dirt

quail
(Muhayyatet al., 60 20.79 10 grams Cassava leaves
2016) mg/larvae/day
(Rumondang, Juliwati 5680 grams Coconut cake + tofu dregs
P. Coal, 2019)
(Nova, 2015) 19 kg 6.79 kg 1.70 0.18 gram Cow blood + feces
beef + chopped banana
(Mighty, 2019) 300 grams 86.67 4.68 grams Market organic waste
(Arthuret al., 2019) 50.76 kg 48.98 0.19 Kitchen trash

gram/larva
(Norgrenet al., 2019) 15 kg 49.3 Pulp and paper waste
(Og, 2017) 500 grams 72.12 Rice waste

(Lalanderet al., 2019) 85 251 mg Poultry feed
(Mazzaet al., 2020) 500 grams 53.58 0.1184 Wheat bran+Bacillus

gram/larva subtitles
(T. Liuet al., 2020) 7 kg 21.99 Food waste+BSFL
(Sprangerset al., 600 grams 930 grams Chicken food

2017)
(Ibadurrohmanet al., 4 kg 1 kg 6.25 0.8 kg food waste
2020)
(Monitaet al., 2017) 19.1 10.0 kg 0.11 mg Palm Kernel Meat (PKM)
(Mahardika, 2016) 400 grams 82.9 19.89 grams Fruit waste+food waste
(Saragi, 2015) 20 63.9 0.25 mg Vegetable + fruit waste
mg/larvae/day
Source: (Oktavia and Rosariawari, 2020)
BSF eggs can be obtained by direct fishing in the field by utilizing organic waste
(food waste such as cage waste, agro-industrial waste, kitchen/restaurant waste,
vegetable and fruit waste that contains a lot of water) or can also be purchased in
several marketplaces. Composting can use wooden boxes, plastic boxes, drums,
or used jars. The composting site must be able to protect the larvae from rain,
heat, and natural enemies. Composting containers must be equipped with holes
that make it easier for adult flies to enter or leave so that they can lay eggs (Figure
7). Places for laying eggs can use pieces of wood or can also use pieces of
cardboard crosswise that have cavities (Yudi, 2016). The last instar larvae will
move from a wet or humid place to a drier and darker place (Fahmi, 2015) so it is
necessary to provide a place or maggot migration path. The BSF maggot
composting site can also be modified according to its designation (Figure 8).
The growth of BSF is very dependent on the feed that we provide where the feed must be
rich in water or sokulen, as for the organic matter preferred by BSF (Figure 9) namely food
waste such as cage waste (chicken manure, horse manure, rabbits, and animal waste).
ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
ruminants containing low fiber), agro-industrial waste, kitchen and restaurant waste,
vegetable and fruit waste that contains a lot of water (apple, pear, pumpkin, cabbage, kaila,
etc.). Various food waste as a source of compost. The protein content in organic waste should
not exceed 5% because if it is more than 5% it can inhibit the development of BSF (Yudi, 2016).
Figure 7. Example of a composting site using BSF maggots (Yudi, 2016)
Figure 8. Some designs for late instar Maggot BSF migration (Yudi, 2016)
Figure 9. Various organic materials favored by BSF
Figure 10. BSF imago habitat for copulation
BSF cultivation must also pay attention to maggot breeding sites where the
composting site must be cleaned of all decomposed organic matter every one
composting cycle because maggot only consumes fresh organic matter. In the
cultivation process we can harvest eggs, larvae, pupae, imago, and compost
either liquid or solid. BSF eggs can be sold for breeding needs, larvae and pupae
can be used for animal feed (fish and poultry) because BSF larvae are rich in
protein (Wardhana, 2016). Imago can be used to continue the BSF life cycle in the
cultivation process (Figure 10) where imago can be placed in a closed place with
sufficient air circulation (Yudi, 2016).
ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
MAGOT NUTRITION CONTENT BSF
Maggot is an alternative to animal protein sources, because maggot has a high

protein content of 30-45% (Aziret al., 2017). The nutritional content of maggot is
highly dependent on the type of feed given along with the nutritional content of
BSF using palm oil meal (Table 3).
Cahyani's research resultset al(2020) it was found that the maggot protein content was
49.67%, with a carbohydrate content of 0.18%, and fat of 21.17%. The percentage
content of BSF maggot nutrients contains amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals
(Table 4). BSF flies are insects that act asecological service where these flies act as
decomposers, pollinators, as a source of food for other organisms, and even for
education. There are several advantages possessed by BSF, namely (Monitaet al.,
2017; Wardhana, 2016).
Table 3. Nutritional contentH. illucenspremature on PKM media

Age (days) Rate (%)
dry ingredients Crude protein Crude fat Coarse ash
5 26.61 61.42 13.37 11.03
10 37.66 44.44 14.60 8.62
15 37.94 44.01 19.61 7.65
20 39,20 42.07 23.94 11.36
25 39.97 45.87 27.50 9.91
Average 36.28 47.56 19.80 9.71
SD 5.48 7.86 6.02 1.58
Source: (Rachmawatiet al., 2015)
Table 4. Percentage of nutritional content of Moggot BSF

Proximate (%) Sour (%) Fatty acid (%) Mineral (%)
amino
Water 2.38 serine 6.35 Linoleate 0.70 MN 0.05 mg/g
serine 44.26 Glycine 3.38 Linolenic 2.24 Zn 0.09
Fat 29.65 histidine 3.37 Saturated 20.00 mg/g Fe 0.68
Arginine 12.95 Monomer 8.71 Cu 0.01
threonine 3.16 P 0.13
Alanine 25.68 Ca 55.65
Proline 16.94 Mg 3.50
Tyrosine 4.15 Na 13.71
Valin 3.87 K 10.00
cystine 2.05
Isoleucine 5.42
Leucine 4.76
Lysine 10.65
Taurine 17.53
Cysteine 2.05
NH3 4.33
Orntina 0.51
Source: (Wardhana, 2017)
CONCLUSION
As for what can be extracted from this paper are:

1. easy and cheap to breed en masse,
2. make the environment healthy because it can reduce waste so it doesn't smell bad
and can reduce the population of house flies,
ISBN: 978-623-399-012-7
3. is not a vector of human/plant disease,

4. rich in protein where BSF larvae contain 40-50% protein,
5. does not contain chemical compounds / harmful toxins,
6. antibacterialEscherichia coli,Salmonella entericaand adenovirus (enteroviruses and
antivirals), and
7. Capable of converting organic waste up to 58%.
THANK-YOU NOTE
My gratitude goes to the Chancellor of Sriwijaya University who has trusted me

(SH) to be the keynote speaker (keynote speaker) at the 9th National Seminar on
Suboptimal Land in 2021.
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Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. 1–253.
Budiyanto A, Purnomo CW, Sarastuti D, Alchusnah RH, Yusmiyati, Noviyani P. 2019.
Organic Waste Processing With Black Soldier Fly (BSF). Eawag – Swiss Federal Institute
of Aquatic Science and Technology Department . (1):9-21.
Cahyani PM, Maretha DE, Asnilawati A. 2020. Test the content of protein, carbohydrates and
fat in maggot larvae (Hermetia Illucens) which is produced in Kalidoni, Palembang city and
its contribution to the insecta material in class X SMA / MA.Bioscience: Journal of Education.
6(2):120–128.
Diclaro JW, Kaufman PE. 2012. Black Soldier Fly Hermetia Illucens Linnaeus (Insecta:
Diptera: Stratiomyidae).IFAS Extension. 5.
Fahmi MR. 2015. Optimization of the bioconversion process using mini-larvae
hermetia illucens to meet the needs of fish feed. 1(1): 139-144:2407- 8050 Hardini
SYPK. 2021. Cultivating Catfish Using Maggot Supplementary Feed. Media Expert
Press. p58.
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National Expert Seminar. 3: 1–5.
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Translated from Indonesian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

Sustainable Urban Farming: Cultivation of Black Army Flies (Hermetia

Siti Herlinda 1,2*), Jelly Milinia Puspita Sari3

Keywords: BSF, cassava, urban organic waste, maggot, house yard

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

BLACK SOLDIER FLY TAXONOMY (HERMETIA ILLUCENS)

Hermetia illucens(Diptera; Stratiomydae) is a fly that is often known as the

BLACK SOLDIER FLY

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

Table 1. Developmental characteristics of BSF larva larvae and pupae

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

BSF LIFE CYCLE

Figure 4. BSF . life cycle

FEED SOURCES FOR BSF

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

The problem of waste in Indonesia needs to be processed, especially organic

SMALL MEDIUM BSF CULTIVATION

Utilization of BSF in the composting process consists of several steps from

Figure 6. Flowchart of small-medium-scale BSF cultivation

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

Table 2. Comparison of waste reduction and biomass of BSF larva larvae

(Darmawanet al., 200 15.82 0.1252 Cassava leaves

(Bokauet al., 2018) 1 kg 759 grams Palm kernel cake

(Supriyatnaet al., 3,300 mg 684.16 mg 0.35 13.86 mg Rice straw

(Salmanet al., 2019) 1 kg 8,123 grams Organic waste+dirt

(Arthuret al., 2019) 50.76 kg 48.98 0.19 Kitchen trash

(Og, 2017) 500 grams 72.12 Rice waste

(Mazzaet al., 2020) 500 grams 53.58 0.1184 Wheat bran+Bacillus

(Sprangerset al., 600 grams 930 grams Chicken food

Figure 7. Example of a composting site using BSF maggots (Yudi, 2016)

Figure 9. Various organic materials favored by BSF

Figure 10. BSF imago habitat for copulation

MAGOT NUTRITION CONTENT BSF

Maggot is an alternative to animal protein sources, because maggot has a high

Table 3. Nutritional contentH. illucenspremature on PKM media

Table 4. Percentage of nutritional content of Moggot BSF

As for what can be extracted from this paper are:

3. is not a vector of human/plant disease,

My gratitude goes to the Chancellor of Sriwijaya University who has trusted me

Ardiasani S. 2021. Effect of Supplementary Feed on Longevity and Personality

Editor: Siti Herlinda et. al.

Nirmala W, Pramiati P, Dwi I. 2020. The Effect of Market Waste Composition on

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