Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and

Management, Nagpur-13

Department of Electronics Engineering

ENP 357 –Analog and Digital Communication Lab

Even Semester – 2021-22

Name: Akshat Tambi

Semester VI

Section C

Batch C3

Roll No. 43

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 5
AIM – Design and implementation of Pulse Amplitude Modulator with
Multisim.
Software Used – Multisim
Theory:
Pulse modulation is a modulation technique used by the analog signals, where the
carrier signal is continuous pulse train. It is a method which is used for converting
analog signal into the digital signal.
It is further divided into analog and digital modulation. The analog modulation
techniques are mainly classified into Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Duration
Modulation/Pulse Width Modulation, and Pulse Position Modulation.
Pulse amplitude modulation is a technique in which the amplitude of each pulse is
controlled by the instantaneous amplitude of the modulation signal. It is a modulation
system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals and each sample is made
proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling. This technique
transmits the data by encoding in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
There are three types of sampling techniques for transmitting a signal using PAM. They
are:

1. Ideal type

The signal here is divided into various impulses.

2. Natural type

The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal

amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence. Then follows the amplitude of the
pulse for the rest of the half-cycle.

3. Flat Top type

The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal amplitude at

the time of pulse occurrence. The amplitude of the signal cannot be changed with
respect to the analog signal to be sampled. The tops of the amplitude remain flat.

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –

Obtained Waveforms/Simulation Results:

CONCLUSION:
Pulse-amplitude modulation is widely used in modulating signal transmission
of digital data, with non-baseband applications having been largely replaced by
pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation. The
number of possible pulse amplitudes in analog PAM is theoretically infinite.

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 6
AIM – To understand sampling and reconstruction.
Hardware Used – Sampling and reconstruction trainer
Sampling Kit / CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –

Wave Form –

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 Conclusion: The fact that the signal was bandlimited before sampling is a very
powerful constraint in the reconstruction of the continuous-time

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 7
AIM – Generation of Amplitude Shift Key Modulated waveforms.
Software Used – Multisim
Theory :
Modulation also allows different data streams to be transmitted over the same channel. This
process is called ‘Multiplexing’ & results in a considerable saving in bandwidth of channels
to be used. Also it increases the channel efficiency. The variation of particular parameter
variation of the carrier wave gives rise to various modulation techniques.

ASK-

This modulation involves the variation of the amplitude of the carrier waves in accordance
with the data stream. The simplest method of modulating a carrier with a data stream is to
change the amplitude of the carrier wave every time the data changes. This modulation
technique is known as amplitude shift keying.

The simplest way of achieving amplitude shift keying is ‘ON’ the carrier whenever the data
bit is ‘HIGH’ & switching ‘OFF’ when the data bit is low i.e. the transmitter outputs the
carrier for HIGH & totally suppresses the carrier for low. This technique is known as ON-
OFF keying Fig. illustrates the amplitude shift keying for the given data stream. Thus,

DATA = HIGH; CARRIER TRANSMITTED

DATA = LOW; CARRIER SUPPRESSED

FSK-

FSK signaling schemes find a wide range of applications in low-speed digital data
transmission systems. FSK schemes are not as efficient as PSK in terms of power and
bandwidth utilization. In binary FSK signaling the waveforms are used to convey binary
digits 0 and 1 respectively. The binary FSK waveform is a continuous, phase constant
envelope FM waveform. The FSK signal bandwidth in this case is of order of 2MHz, which
is same as the order of the bandwidth of PSK signal.

PSK-

Phase shift keying is a modulation/data transmitting technique in which phase of the carrier
signal is shifted between two distinct levels. In a simple PSK (i.e. binary PSK) un-shifted
carrier Vcosωt is transmitted to indicate a 1 condition, and the carrier shifted by 180o i.e. –
Vcosωt is transmitted to indicate 0 condition.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM –

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 Obtained Waveforms/Simulation Results:

CONCLUSION:
Thus, Ask (amplitude shift keying) is a digital modulation technique to increase
the amplitude characteristics of the input binary signal. But its drawbacks make
it so limited. And these drawbacks can be overcome by the other modulation
technique which is FSK.

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
 EXPERIMENT NO. – 8
AIM – Case Study on digital communication.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
Theory - QPSK is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital modulation. It is an
M-array encoding technique where M=4. with QPSK four output phases are possible for a single
carrier frequency. Two bits are clocked into the bit splitter. After both bits have been serially inputted,
they are simultaneously parallel outputted. One bit is directed to the I channel and the other to the Q
channel. The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase with the reference oscillator and the Q bit
modulates a carrier that is 90° out of phase with the reference carrier. QPSK modulator is two BPSK
modulators combined in parallel. The input QPSK signal is given to the I and Q product detectors and
the carrier recovery circuit. The carrier recovery circuit produces the original transmit carrier
oscillator signal. The recovered carrier must be frequency and phase coherent with the transmit
reference carrier. The QPSK signal is demodulated in the I and Q product detectors, which generate
the original I and Q data bits. The output of the product detectors are fed to the bit combining circuit,
where they are converted from parallel I and Q data channels to a single binary output data stream.

BLOCK DIAGRAM –

Waveform –

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab,
RCOEM, Nagpur
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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab, e
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 Conclusion –
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double
Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital
information at a time, called as digits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit
pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.

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ENP357- Analog and Digital Communication Lab, e
RCOEM, Nagpur