NAME OF GROUP

Name : Yuni Christin Damaris Hekboy

Id. : 1801020209

UNIT VI : CONTROLING THE BODY

 class characteristic
 1. A neuron is a cell of the nervous system
class charcteristic

2. the skull is the part of the skeleton that forms the head

class characteristic

1. dementia is a serious mental disorder

class characteristic
2. the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

characteristic term
3. an operating theater a place where operation are performed
characteristic
4. a neurologist is a doctor who studies and treats diseas of the nerves
class
5. a reflex is an in invonluntary action or movent
 class

6. a nerve is is any bundles of fiberes made up of neourons that carry

electrical impulses throught the body. characteristic
term
7. the optic nerve is the nerve which transmits information from the retina
to the brain characteristic

C.

 The picture explain or describes a picture that details a brain surgeon

described by a teacher in class.
 that make the brain different from other organs is because the is
divided into 2 parts of the left brain and the right brain and has
different functions as well
1.left brain
controlling the left side of the a numbers skill
mathematics /scientific skills
analyze
objectivity
write
talking
logic
consideration

2. Right brain
control the right side of the body
3 dimensional shape music and artistic taste
unification
 subjectivity
imagination
intuition
creativity
emotions
 I think the questions is wrong because it does not correspond to the
actual brain function.
 the questions is wrong because everyone knows biology from
childhood and has been learned from childhood.

 1. true
2.true
vertebra is individual, interlocking bones that form the spinal
column. each vertebra has three main functional components : the
vertebra body for load- bearing, the vertebral arch to protect the
spinal cord, and transverse processes for ligament attament.
 3.yes, it is True.
 4.false, because insects are not including mammals.
 5. Yes, it is true.
 6.Yes, it is true.
 7.yes, it is true.
 8.yes, it is true
D. Read the caption of the picture below. Then name the parts labelled 1-
6 in the picture Nerve Cell or Neuron.
The labelled parts are :
1. Perikaryon
2.Nucleus
3.Axon
 4.Dendrite
5.Neurilemma
6.Ranvier

E.using that,who, which,or where each join of the following pairs of

sentences to form defenitions
Answer:
2. the brain stem is a long mass of nervous tissue that it forms the upper
end of spinal cord.

3.psychiatrists are doctors who they study and treat mental and illnesses.

4.a neurotransmitter is a chemical subtance who it is produced by nerve cells to

transmit impulses to other nerve cells.

5.a sleep laboratory is a research centre Where problem affecting sleep are
studied here.

6.more than 50 per cent of brain tissue is Made up of cella called astroytes
where they give struktural support to neurons.

F. 1. Find three adjectives ending with ‘-al’, other than ‘spinal’.

Centre + -al = central

 Peripher + -al = peripheral

 electric + -al = electrical

2.

 skeletal
 cerebral
 structural
 vertebral
3. Complete the following sentences using the adjectives you find in 1 and the adjectives you
formed in 2

A cerebral haemorrhage is a type of stroke that causes bleeding in or around the brain.

The skeletal muscles that cover and move the skeleton consist of long cells, or fibres, that are
able to contract quickly and powerfully.

Nerve impulses travel along neurons in the form of vertebral signals, racing down the axons
at about 400 km/h.

The backbone or central column provides structural support for the upper body and protects
the spinal cord.

G. Table 2.

1. Pericardium = the membranous sac surrounding the heart.

2. Periodontal = surrounding the teeth.

3. Periosteum = a membrane around a bone.

4. Perinatal = at or around the time of the birth.

5. Perimeter = the measurement around an area

Answer :

A. Although the brain and spinal cord are protected by hard, Bony structures such as the
Skull and backbone, they can be injured, discuss the following:

1. How do injuries to the brain and spinal cord occur?

Answer:

- An anoxic brain injury is and injury that occurs when the oxygen supply to the brain is cut
off. This can occur durring a heart attack or stroke. It can also occur durring alcohol or drug
abuse. Depending on the degree, brain injuries can cause unconsciousness, blurred vision,
memory loss and slurred spech . In severe Cases, victims may go into a coma, become
paralysed or die.
- Spinal injuries are the result of trauma to the backbone caused by an external force, such as
the impact from a car accident or sudden fall. In spinal injuries , vertebrae are crusher and
axons are destroyed. The result is often paralysis in form of paraplegia or quidriplegia.

2. At present, there is not cure for serious brain and spinal injuries, rehabilitation programmer
such as physiotheraphy can only help patiensts regain a portion of their los abilities.

B.

1. The main idea of the reading text is

Answer:( A) the dangers or brain and spinal injuries

2. Complete the tables below with information in the reading text.

Brain injuries

Type cause

Paralysed from spinal injuries

3. A baby falls from the top of the stairs and hits his head

What Type of brain injury could he have?

Answer : A traumatic brain injury occurs when the bra6 is subjected to an external force.

4. Define the term nerve regeneration?

Answer : for some, however, hope mau lie in the idea of nerve regeneration. Scientists are
looking for ways to regrow damaged axons in the central nervous system'. Of they succeed,
victs of paralysis could one day recover the full use of their limbs.

5. How does a spinal injury cauese paralysis?

Answer: In spinal injuries, vertebrae are crushed and axons are destroyed.the result is often
paralysis in the form of paraplegia or quidriplegia.

6. Choose the best word to replace each the following words from the reading text

Answer: a). Key ( line1) : A big B small C vital D useful

C.

1. Look at the reading text on page 67.write down the words that begin with re
2. Devide in which of these words re-' means or back.

3. Form Ten other words that begin with re-; make sure that

Re-' means again or back in the words you form.

D.

1. Sufferers of parkinson's disease find their muscles stuff and difficult . destory....to some
use..rilax theraphy to help relieve this symptom.

2. As we age, many cells in the body are destory....the ..relax .of cells results in a pack of
dopamine, a neurotansmitter, in the brain.

3. Some researchers believe that they can .stimulate....nerve cells into regrowing damaged
axons. They are trying different methods to achieve this. Ceritain methods of..relax..involve
the use of electricity and magnetic fields.

E. The suffix '- plegia' in the word ' quidriplegia' means paralysis; using this information as
well as the information in table 1 below, form a word to match each of the meaning in table
2.

Answer : table 2

Word

- monoplegia

- ophthalmoplegia

- quidriplegia

- Hemiplegia

Meaning

- paralysis of one limb

- paralysis of one or more eye muscles

- paralysis of both arms and both legs

-paralysis of one half of the body

F. Write a compound noun to replace each of the following phrases. You may need to form
adjectives from some of the nound in the phrases. These nound have been underlined to help
you. ( Hunt: Add-'al to the underlined nound to form adjectives.)

1. Tissue of the brain :The human brain is made up of cerebral cortex, brain stem, cerebrum
and cerebellum. ... The brain also divided into four lobes frontal, parietal, temporal and
occipital lobes. The brain is surrounded by a layer of tissue called the meninges.

2. Cortex of the celebrum

3. Information that is useful

5. Bone of the cranium

6. Paralysis that is temporary

7. Nerve of the face

8. Machine that produce x- raya

9. Signal that is produced by electricity

10. Equipment that is used in a laboratory

Looking Beyond

A. In pairs, complete the following tasks.

1. Study the table below . Then access the internet and look for the information required to
complete the table.

2. Copy out and complete the table.

3. Pin up your table on the class noticeboard to share the information you have found.

About the Parkinson's Lou gehrig's

disease disease or ALS
Disease

1.Descriotion 1.Parkinson's 1.Amyotrophic

disease is a Lateral Sclerosis
neurological (ALS) is a
disease that gets neurological
worse gradually disorder that can
 and affects the worsen over
part of the brain time, causing
that coordinates paralysis. At
body first, ALS is
movements. As a characterized by
result, sufferers muscle
have difficulty twitching,
regulating their muscle
body weakness, and
movements, speech problems.
including when
2.Specifically,
speaking,
ALS attacks the
walking and
brain and spinal
writing.
cord that control
2. People mist 2.The early muscle
likely to symptoms of movement
contactc disease Parkinson's (motor nerves).
This disease is
usually tend to
also called motor
be mild and are
nerve disease.
not recognized
Over time, the
by the sufferer.
nerves will get
There are 3 main
more and more
symptoms
damaged. As a
experienced by
result, ALS
people with
sufferers lose
Parkinson's
muscle strength,
Disease, namely
ability to speak,
tremors, slow
eat, and breathe.
growth and
3.causes muscle stiffness. 3.It is not clear
what causes ALS
3.Symptoms and
or Lou Gehrig's
Causes of
disease.
Parkinson's
However, about
Disease
5-10% of cases
The early of ALS are
symptoms of known to be
Parkinson's related to
usually tend to heredity.
be mild and are Glutamate is a
not recognized chemical that
by the sufferer. acts as a
There are 3 main messenger to and
 symptoms from the brain
experienced by and nerves.
people with
Parkinson's
Disease, namely 4.Amyotrophic
tremors, slow Lateral Sclerosis
4.symptoms growth and (ALS) is a
muscle stiffness. neurological
disorder that can
4.There are
worsen over
common
time, causing
symptoms that
paralysis. At
appear as early
first, ALS is
signs of
characterized by
Parkinson's
muscle
disease,
twitching,
including:
muscle
Tremor. Tremor weakness, and
is a condition speech problems.
that causes a
5.Amyotrophic
person to
Lateral Sclerosis
experience
Treatment
tremors and
ALS treatment
cannot control. ...
aims to inhibit
Slowing
disease
Movement and
progression and
Loss of Reflexes.
prevent
...
complications.
Balance Treatment
Disorders and methods that can
5.cure or Changes in be given include:
treatment Speech.
Muscle Feels
Drugs
Rigid
To treat ALS,
5.Usually
doctors can give
doctors will
you the
prescribe drugs
following drugs:
for people with
Parkinson's.
Some of these
Baclofen and
drugs function to
diazepam, to
increase or
replace the relieve
dopamine that symptoms of
the body needs. muscle stiffness
Commonly that interfere
administered with daily
medications activities.
include
Trihexyphenidyl
levodopa,
or amitriptyline,
anticholinergics,
to help patients
dopamine
who have
agonists, and
difficulty
MAO-B
swallowing.
inhibitors.
Riluzole, to slow
the progression
of nerve damage
that occurs in
ALS.
Therapy
Therapy on ALS
is carried out to
help with muscle
function and
breathing.
Therapy that can
be given is:

Respiratory
therapy, to help
patients who
have difficulty
breathing due to
weakening of the
muscles
Physical therapy
(physiotherapy),
to help the
patient move and
maintain the
patient's body
fitness, heart
 health, and
muscle strength.
Talk therapy, to
help patients
communicate
properly.
Occupational
therapy, to help
patients carry out
daily activities
independently.
Regulation of
nutritional
intake, by
providing food
that is easy to
swallow, but still
sufficient for the
patient's
nutritional needs.

B. In groups of four, list the similarities and differences betwen parkinson' s disease and ALS
based on the following:

• parts of the body affected : ALS, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, is commonly referred to
as Lou Gerig's disease. Many individuals with ALS will experience symptoms similar to
Parkinson's disease like tremors, slow movement, and rigidity.

• causes of the disease :Muscular dystrophy is a group of diseases that cause muscles to
become weak, lose mass and lose function. Muscular dystrophy can be experienced by all
ages, but in most cases, this disease occurs since childhood, especially in boys.

Muscular dystrophy is a rare disease. Complaints and symptoms caused by muscular

dystrophy can vary, ranging from mild symptoms to symptoms that get worse over time. In
severe conditions, people with muscular dystrophy may lose the ability to walk, talk, or take
care of themselves.

the most common form of dementia among older adults, is an irreversible degeneration of
the brain that causes disruptions in memory, cognition, personality, and other functions that
eventually lead to death from complete brain failure. Genetic and environmental factors
including diet, activity, smoking, traumatic brain injury, diabetes, and other medical diseases
contribute to the risk of developing this form of the disease. The hallmarks of Alzheimer's
disease are the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques between nerve cells (neurons) in the
brain and neurofibrillary tangles, which are twisted fibers found inside the brain's cells).
These tangles consist primarily of a protein called tau.

• people who are mist likely to get the disease : Muscular dystrophy is more common in
children, especially men. This disease is also an inherited disease. This means that someone
who has a family member with muscular dystrophy is more at risk of suffering from the same
condition.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease) is less prevalent but also has a
high incidence. The two disorders sometimes present together, making a comparative study
of interest. Both ALS and PD are neurodegenerative diseases, and are characterized by the
presence of intraneuronal inclusions; however, different classes of neurons are affected and
the primary protein in the inclusions differs between the diseases, and in some cases is
different in distinct forms of the same disease. These observations might suggest that the
more general approach of proteostasis pathway alteration would be a powerful one in treating
these disorders. Examining results from human genetics and studies in model organisms, as
well as from biochemical and biophysical characterization of the proteins involved in both
diseases, we find that most instances of PD can be considered as arising from the misfolding,
and self-association to a toxic species, of the small neuronal protein α-synuclein, and that
proteostasis strategies are likely to be of value for this disorder. For ALS, the situation is
much more complex and less clear-cut; the available data are most consistent with a view that
ALS may actually be a family of disorders, presenting similarly but arising from distinct and
nonoverlapping causes, including mislocalization of some properly folded proteins and
derangement of RNA quality control pathways. Applying proteostasis approaches to this
disease may require rethinking or broadening the concept of what proteostasis means.

• seriousness of the disease and prognosis : Symptoms and Causes of Parkinson's Disease
The early symptoms of Parkinson's usually tend to be mild and are not recognized by the
sufferer. There are 3 main symptoms experienced by people with Parkinson's Disease,
namely tremors, slow growth and muscle stiffness Parkinson's disease is linked to the
damage or death of nerve cells in a part of the brain called susbstantia nigra. This results in
reduced dopamine production so that body movements slow down.

C. Muscular dystropy is a range of disorders that produce symptoms similar to those of ALS .
However, 5je causes of muscular dystropy are different from those of ALS.

1. In pairs, search the internet for information on muscular dystropy.

Answer :Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of a group of rare diseases known as
muscular dystrophies. They are genetic progressive muscle disorders causing abnormalities in
muscle protein.

DMD is a particularly severe type, almost always affecting male children. Previously,
children with DMD did not often live past their teens. However, medical advances have
helped many DMD patients live into their 20's and beyond.

There is no proven cure for DMD. Steroids are used to manage symptoms. Novel therapies
that have a gene-level mechanism of action are currently under investigation.

2. Make a list of the similarities and differences betwen muscular dystropy and ALS.

Answer : ALS is a rapidly progressive and fatal neuromuscular disease. MS is a scarring and
hardening of the sheath around the nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. MD is a
muscular disorder with specific kinds of MD involving different muscles in the body. MD is
almost exclusively hereditary.

3. Take Tiens to tell each other about these similarities and differences.

Answer : There are four strategies in the Identifying Similarities and Differences category:
comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies. Teachers are most
comfortable engaging their students in activities that require comparing and classifying.

4. Imagine that your closest friend has been diagnosed with muscular dystropy.

What should you do to help him or her Cole with the disease? Discuss
Answer:

Caring for someone with Muscular Dystrophy

- physical therapy and bracing to improve flexibility.

- manual and power wheelchairs and scooters to improve mobility.

- ventilator systems to support breathing and respiratory functions.

- information technology to help perform routine daily tasks and interaction.

Activity 3

A.Write a definition from each of the word groups below.

1. A neuroscientist is an expert on the nervous system.

2. Alzheimer’s is a disease of the brain, the results in loss of memory.

3. Meninges are three membranes that enclose the brain to the spinal cord.

4. Vertebral column is a series of bones extending from the base of the skull to a tip of a tail.

5. Motor nerves are nerves that carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles
organs.

B.Extended definitions

The human brain is a central regulatory structure that has a volume of approximately
1,350cc and consists of 100 million nerve cells of neurons. The brain regulates and
coordinates most of the homeostasis, movement, behavior and body functions such as heart
rate, blood pressure, body fluid balance and body temperature. The brain is made of two
types of cells : glia and neurons. Glia function to support and protect neurons, whereas
neurons cary information in the form of electrical pulses known as action potentials.

Big brain (cerebrum) the frontal lobe (the front) controls movement, speech, behavior
or memory, emotions, and personality. The perietal (upper) lobe that controls sensations, such
as touch, pressure, pain and temperature. The temporal (side) lobes control the senses of
hearing, memory and emotions. The difference between the right brain and the left brain lies
in the type of thingking that is produced. The right brain is the part of the brain that procceses
creativity to imagine and think about art. Meanwhile, the left brain thinks more about
analytical and mathematical things. Based on the clear differences between the two,
researches also say that humans have one dominant said of the brain.