CONCLUSION:

- The nervous system uses electrical and chemical means to help all parts
of the body to communicate with each other. The brain and spinal cord
make up the central nervous system. Nerves everywhere else in the body
are part of the peripheral nervous system.

Questions

1. Define receptor and effector. Give two examples of each.

- A receptor is a cell (or a group of cells) in a sense organ which is

sensitive to a particular type of stimulus.
Example: Nose and ears.

- An effector is a part of the body which can respond to a stimulus

according to the instructions sent from the nervous system (spinal cord
and brain).
Example: Glands and muscles.

2. Explain why neurons could not function without the properties of excitability,
conductivity, and secretion.

- Excitability is the capacity of a cell to respond to stimuli whether it

comes from the body itself or the outside environment; if it were not
present they would simply be unresponsive. Conductivity allows the
signals to be transmitted to other cells, so without this property,
neurons could detect stimuli but they wouldn’t be able to transmit to
other cells, as well as secretion because when the signal reaches the
end of a nerve fiber it is transmitted to the next fiber through the
secretion of a neurotransmitter that crosses a gap between the fibers
and stimulates the next nerve fiber, so without secretion and
conductivity the signal would be recognized by the receptor nerve cell
but would not be able to reach the nervous system to be processed and
to elaborate an adequate response.

3. Give an anatomical explanation as to why stroke in the right cerebral

hemisphere can paralyze the limbs on the left side of the body.

- The corticospinal tracts extend from the lower spinal cord to the
cerebral cortex. They decussate, or cross, in the brainstem; therefore,
damage to the right cerebral hemisphere results in paralysis of the left
side of the body.
 4. Define gyrus and sulcus.

- A gyrus (plural: gyri) is a ridge on the surface of the brain. Each

ridge is surrounded by fissures known as sulci (singular: sulcus). Gyri
are unique structures that have an important evolutionary function; they
increase the surface area of the brain up to an impressive 2000
centimeters squared.

5. Describe the anatomical and functional relationship of the pons to the

cerebellum.

- Your pons relays and regulates the signals that give you the
sensation of pain from anywhere in your body below your neck. It works
with other brain structures. Your pons is a key connection point to your
cerebellum, another key part of your brain that handles balance and
movement.

References:

 B. (2022b, July 4). B What is meant by receptors and effectors- Give two
examples of each-. https://byjus.com/question-answer/b-what-is-meant-by-
receptors-and-effectors-give-two-examples-of-each/
 Answered: Explain why neurons could not function. . . | bartleby. (n.d.).
https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/explain-why-neurons-could-
not-function-without-the-properties-of-excitability-conductivity-and-secre/
46e30094-9f01-4a87-998d-041c3217f9a2
 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998b, July 20). Hemiplegia |
Definition, Causes, & Treatment. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/science/hemiplegia
 MSc, R. B. B. (2022, March 14). What is a gyrus? Kenhub.
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/what-is-a-gyrus
 Pons: What It Is, Function & Anatomy. (n.d.-b). Cleveland Clinic.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23003-pons#:~:text=Your%20pons
%20relays%20and%20regulates,that%20handles%20balance%20and
%20movement.