I.

Conclusion
- Endocrine system is indispensible for life in addition to the nervous system.
Fundamental biological functions such as reproduction, growth, salt-water
balance and emergency responses such as fight or flight are regulated to a fine
tuning by the endocrine system in young and adulthood.

II. Review Questions

1. Explain the pituitary-hypothalamus relationship.
- The pituitary gland is located inferior to the hypothalamus and is
connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk. Hormonal secretion by the anterior
pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic-releasing hormones that reach their target
endocrine tissues in the anterior pituitary via the pituitary stalk.

2. What are the two major chemical classification of hormones? Give examples of each.
- 1) Protein hormones (or polypeptide hormones) are made of chains of
amino acids. An example is ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which decreases blood
pressure.
- 2) Steroid hormones are derived from lipids. Reproductive hormones like
testosterone and estrogen are steroid hormones.

3. Jamie is dehydrated from playing a rough game of football on a hot summer afternoon.
- Beer is definitely not a good choice for Jamie in this situation. Severe
dehydration may occur if Jamie will drink beer after playing football under a hot
summer afternoon. Knowing that Jamie is releasing body fluid in the form of sweat
while playing, drinking beer would exacerbate the dehydration. First of all, beer is
a diuretic. You may think that you are adding fluids to your body, but you are
actually doing the opposite. Drinking beer will trigger frequent urination.

4. Explain why beer is not a good choice of beverage considering what you know about
antidiuretic hormone.
- ADH prevents urine production and promotes water retention by the
kidneys. However, alcoholic beverages inhibit ADH secretion and result in a large
output of urine, and it will cause her to become more dehydrated.

5. Explain the negative feedback interaction between calcitonin and parathormone.

- A negative feedback loop regulates the levels of PTH, with rising blood
calcium levels inhibiting further release of PTH. Parathyroid hormone increases
blood calcium levels when they drop too low. Conversely, calcitonin, which is
released from the thyroid gland, decreases blood calcium levels when they
become too high.
References
 Rawindraraj, A. D. (2022, May 8). Physiology, Anterior Pituitary. StatPearls -
NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499898/#:~:text=The
%20pituitary%20gland%20is%20located,pituitary%20via%20the%20pituitary
%20stalk.
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-11-biology-india
 Factors that Affect Intoxication. (n.d.-b). Bowling Green State University.
https://www.bgsu.edu/recwell/wellness-connection/alcohol-education/factors-that-
affect-intoxication.html
 OpenStaxCollege. (2013, March 6). The Parathyroid Glands. Pressbooks.
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/the-
parathyroid-glands/#:~:text=A%20negative%20feedback%20loop
%20regulates,inhibiting%20further%20release%20of%20PTH.&text=Parathyroid
%20hormone%20increases%20blood%20calcium,when%20they%20become
%20too%20high.