Convection 3

Energy equation
First law of thermodynamics
dE dQ  dW
dE – increment in the (kinetic plus thermal energy) of the system
dQ – heat transfer to the system
dW – work done on the system
Internal energy per unit mass of the fluid consists of the sum of the
kinetic energy ( u2 2 v 2 ) and thermal internal energy e = cv T
Writing the above equation in the substantial derivative form, so that
it applies to transport of E by a moving system 1 x
z1

DE DQ DW y1


Dt Dt Dt y
dx
dz
x dy

z
 Rate of work done


Rate of increase
Rate of heat transfer on the fluid element
of energy E of
to fluid element by surface and body
fluid element
forces

Rate at which E Rate at which E

Rate of increase
of E in CV
 enters through  leaves through
surface of CV surface of CV

Rate of heat transfer

into CV by conduction  Rate of surface and body forces do
work on CV

Rate of increase wUE

dxdydz
of E in CV wt
Rate at which E Rate at which E § w UEu  w UEv  ·
leaves through  enters through ¨¨ 
wy ¹
¸¸dxdydz
surface of CV surface of CV © wx
 Rate at which E Rate at which E
Rate of increase  enters through  leaves through
of E in CV surface of CV surface of CV

§ w UE  w UEu  w UEv  ·
¨¨  ¸¸dxdydz
© wt wx wy ¹
w UEv 
UvEdxdz  dydxdz
wy

Gy
Uu E dydz K
w UEu 
j Gx UuEdydz 
wx
dxdydz
iG z

CV showing rate of transport of

energy through the faces
normal to the x and y – axes Uv E dxdz
 Rate at which E Rate at which E
Rate of increase
of E in CV
 enters through  leaves through
surface of CV surface of CV
§ w UE  w UEu  w UEv  ·
¨¨  ¸¸dxdydz
© wt wx wy ¹
§ wE wU wUu wE wUv wE ·
¨¨ U E E  Uu E  Uv ¸¸dxdydz
© wt wt wx wx wy wy ¹
§ wU wUu wUv · § wE wE wE ·
¨¨ E E E ¸¸dxdydz  ¨¨ U  Uu  Uv ¸¸dxdydz
© wt wx wy¹ © wt wx wy ¹
§ wU wUu wUv · § wE wE wE ·
E ¨¨   ¸¸dxdydz  ¨¨ U  Uu  Uv ¸¸dxdydz
© wt w x w y ¹ © wt wx wy ¹
§ wE wE wE · DE
¨¨ U  Uu  Uv ¸¸dxdydz U dxdydz
© wt wx wy ¹ Dt
D ¨§ 2
u v ¸ 2·
U e dxdydz
¨
Dt © 2 ¹¸
Rate of heat transfer § wq x wq y ·
¨¨  ¸dxdydz
¸
into CV by conduction
© w x w y ¹
§w § wT · w § wT · ·
¨¨ ¨  k ¸  ¨¨  k ¸¸ ¸¸dxdydz
© wx © wx ¹ wy © wy ¹ ¹
Negative sign arises because heat
wq y
transfer is counted as positive in the
q y dxdz  dxdydz
positive coordinate direction wy

Gy wq x
q x dydz q x dydz  dxdydz
K wx
j Gx
iG z

q y dxdz
RATE OF WORK DONE BY PRESSURE FORCES
wuP wvP
Pu dydz  Pu dydz  dxdydz  Pvdxdz  Pv dxdz  dxdydz
wx wy
Outward normal stresses are positive. Positive normal
§ wuP wvP · stresses are tensile stresses; that is, they tend to stretch
¨¨  ¸¸dxdydz
© wx wy ¹
the material. Compressive normal stress wil give positive
value for p
wvP
Pv dxdz  dxdydz
wy

Gy wuP
Pu dydz 
 P dydz u K wx
dxdydz

j Gx
iG z

Pdxdz v Rate of doing work = force u velocity

 Vyy
Vyx

Vxz Vyz Vxy

Vxx Vxx
Vxy Vxz

First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to

the plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
RATE OF WORK DONE BY NORMAL STRESSES
wuV xx wvV yy
 V xx u dydz  V xx u dydz  dxdydz  V yy vdxdz  V yy v dxdz  dxdydz
wx wy
§ wuV xx wvV yy ·
¨ ¸dxdydz
¨ wx  wy ¸
© ¹

V yy v dxdz 

w v V yy  dxdydz
wy

w u V xx 
Gy V xx u dydz  dxdydz
 V xx dydz u wx
K
j Gx
iG z

 V yy dxdz v
RATE OF WORK DONE BY SHEAR STRESSES
wvV xx wuV xy
 V yx v dydz  V xx v dydz  dxdydz  V xy udxdz  V xy u dxdz  dxdydz
wx wy
§ wvV yx wuV xy ·
¨ ¸dxdydz
¨ wx  wy ¸
© ¹

§ wV xy ·§ wu ·
¨ V xy  ¸ ¨
dy ¸ ¨ u  dy ¸¸dxdz
¨ wy wy ¹
© ¹©

Gy §
¨ V yx 
wV yx ·§
¸
wv ·
 V yx vdydz ¨ dx ¸ ¨ v  dx ¸dydz
K © wx ¹© wx ¹
j Gx
iG z

 V xy u dxdz
 Rate at which E Rate at which E
Rate of increase
of E in CV
 enters through  leaves through
surface of CV surface of CV

Rate of heat transfer

into CV by conduction  Rate of surface and body forces do
work on CV

D §¨ u 2  v 2 ·¸ § w § wT · w § wT · · §¨ wuP wvP ·
U ¨ ¨k ¸¸ ¸¸  ¨  ¸¸
¨ wx © wx ¸¹  wy ¨¨ k wy
e
D t ¨© 2 ¸¹ © © ¹ ¹ © wx wy ¹

§ wuV xx wvV yy · § wvV yx wuV xy ·

¨ ¸  Uuf x  Uvf y
 ¨¨ ¨ wx  wy
 ¸
¸ ¸
© wx wy ¹ © ¹
X- momentum equation
Du wP wV xx wV yx wV zx A
U      Uf x
Dt wx wx wy wz
Du u wP u wV xx u wV yx
u     uf x
Dt U wx U wx U wy
 § u2 ·
D¨ ¸
¨ 2 ¸ u wP u § wV xx wV yx ·
u
Du © ¹   ¨¨  ¸  uf x
Dt Dt U wx U© wx w y ¸¹
§ v2 ·
D¨ ¸
¨ 2 ¸ v wP v § wV xx wV yx ·
v
Dv © ¹   ¨¨  ¸  vf x
Dt Dt U wx U© wx w y ¸¹
§ u2 v 2 ·
D¨  ¸
¨ 2 2 ¸¹ 1 § wP wP · u § wV xx wV yx · v § wV yx wV yy ·
© ¨
 ¨u v ¸¸  ¨¨  ¸ ¨  ¸  uf x  vf y
Dt U© wx w y¹ U© wx ¸ ¨
wy ¹ U© wx w y ¸¹

A -B B

De k §¨ w 2T w 2T ·¸ P § wu wv · 1 § wu wu wv wv ·
  ¨¨  ¸¸  ¨¨ V xx  V xy  V yx  V yy ¸¸
Dt ¨
U©wx 2 2 ¸
w y ¹ U ©w x w y¹ U © wx wy wx wy ¹
 § ·
¨ ¸
De k §¨ w 2T w 2T ·¸ P § wu wv · 1¨ wu wu wv wv ¸
  ¨¨  ¸¸  ¨ V xx  V xy  V yx  V yy
Dt ¨
U©wx 2 2 ¸
w y ¹ U ©w x w y¹ U wx wy wx wy ¸
¨¨        

¸¸
© I ¹

wu 2 § wu wv ·
V xx 2P  P ¨¨  ¸¸
wx 3 © wx wy ¹
wv 2 § wu wv ·
V yy 2P  P ¨¨  ¸¸
wy 3 © wx wy ¹

§ wu wv ·
V xy V yx P ¨¨  ¸¸
© wy wx ¹
2 2 2 2
§ wu · § wv · 2 § wu wv · § wu wv ·
I 2 P ¨ ¸  2 P ¨¨ ¸¸  P ¨¨  ¸¸  P ¨¨  ¸¸
© wx ¹ © wy ¹ 3 © wx wy ¹ © wy wx ¹
 P §P·
h e
U
D¨¨ ¸¸
U
DU
> @
 U ’ .V̂ 0
 © ¹
Dh De Dt
Dt Dt Dt
§P·
D¨¨ ¸¸
©U¹ 1 DP P DU
 2
1 DP P § wu wv ·
 2 U ¨¨  ¸¸
1 DP P § wu wv ·
 ¨¨  ¸¸
Dt U Dt U Dt U Dt U © wx wy ¹ U Dt U © wx wy ¹
§ ·
¨ ¸
De k §¨ w 2T w 2T ·¸ P § wu wv · 1¨ wu wu wv wv ¸
   ¨¨  ¸¸  ¨ V xx  V xy  V yx  V yy
Dt ¨
U©wx 2 2 ¸
w y ¹ U ©w x w y¹ U wx wy wx wy ¸
¨¨        

¸¸
© I ¹

Dh k § w 2T w 2T · P § wu wv · I 1 DP P § wu wv ·
¨¨  ¸¸  ¨¨  ¸¸    ¨¨  ¸¸
Dt U©wx 2
w y2 ¹ U © w x w y ¹ U U Dt U © w x w y ¹

Dh k § w 2T w 2T · 1 DP I
¨¨  ¸¸  
Dt U©wx 2
w y2 ¹ U Dt U
 Dh k § w 2T w 2T · 1 DP I
¨¨  ¸¸  
Dt U©wx 2
w y2 ¹ U Dt U
Assuming a fluid of constant specific heat h C PT

DT § w 2T w 2T · DP
UC P k¨  ¸ I
Dt ¨ w x 2 w y 2 ¸ Dt
© ¹
§ wT wT wT · § w 2T w 2T · DP
U C P ¨¨ u v ¸¸ k¨  ¸  IN
©wt wx wy ¨ w x2 w y2 ¸
 
¹ N
© ¹ Dt
  
pressure work viscous dissipation
convection conduction
 PRINCIPLE OF SIMILARITY
DT § w 2T w 2T · DP
UC P k¨  ¸ I
Dt ¨ w x 2 w y 2 ¸ Dt
© ¹
For steady flows
§ wT wT · § w 2T w 2T ·
UC P ¨¨ u v ¸¸ k¨  ¸  u wP  v wP I
© w x w y ¹ ¨ w x2 w y2 ¸ wx wy
© ¹
x y u * v P T  Ts
x* , y* , u* v , P* , and T *
L L V V UV 2 Tf  Ts
§ 2 2 2 2·
V 2 ¨ §¨ wu* · § * · § * · § wu* wv* ·
2 2 2 2 *
§ wu · § wv · 2 § wu wv · § wu wv · ¸  2¨ wv ¸  2 ¨ wu  wv ¸ ¨ ¸ ¸
I 2 P ¨ ¸  2 P ¨¨ ¸¸  P ¨¨  ¸¸  P ¨¨  ¸¸ Ÿ I * P 2 ¨2  ¸
© wx ¹ © wy ¹ 3 © wx wy ¹ © wy wx ¹ L ¨ ¨© wx* ¸
¹
¨ wy*
©
¸
¹ 3 ¨© wx* wy* ¸ ¨ wy* wx*
¹ ©
¸
¹ ¸
© ¹

§ * wT * § ·
T T ¨u wT ·¸ Tf  Ts ¨ w 2T * w 2T * ¸ UV §¨ * wP
3 * *·
* wP ¸ * PV
2
UC PV f s v k ¨¨  ¸¸  L ¨ u v I
L ¨ wx* wy ¸¹ 2 2 *2 wx* * ¸
wy ¹ L2
© L
© w x*
w y ¹ ©

§ * wT * § ·
¨u wT ·¸ Tf  Ts L ¨ w 2T * w 2T * ¸ UV 3 L § * wP *
¨u * wP ¸
*·
* L PV 2
v k  ¸¸  LUC V  T  T v I
¨
© wx* wy ¸¹ ¨
L2 UC PV  Tf  Ts ¨ w x* 2 w y* 2 P f s
¨ wx*
© w y* ¸
¹ UC PV Tf  Ts  L2
© ¹

§ * wT * § 2 * ·
¨u wT ·¸ k ¨w T w 2T * ¸ V2 § * wP *
¨
*·
* wP ¸ PV
v  ¸¸  C T  T  ¨ u v  I*
¨
© wx* wy ¸¹ LUC PV  ¨¨ *2
w y*
2
P f s © wx* wy* ¸¹ UC P LTf  Ts 
©wx ¹
 § * wT * § 2 * ·
¨u wT ·¸ k ¨w T w 2T * ¸ V2 § * wP *
¨u
*·
* wP ¸ * PV
v  
¸¸ C T  T  ¨  v  I
¨
© wx* wy ¸¹ LUC PV  ¨¨
w *2
w *2 P f s © wx* wy* ¸¹ UC P LTf  Ts 
© x y ¹

§ * wT * § ·
¨u wT ·¸ 1 ¨ w 2T * w 2T * ¸ § * wP *
¨
*·
* wP ¸ * Ec
v   Ec u  v  I
¨
© wx* wy ¸¹ Re Pr ¨¨ *2 *2
¸¸ ¨ wx*
© wy* ¸¹ Re
© w x w y ¹
k P k 1
UVLC P UVL PC P Re Pr

V2
Ec
C P Tf  Ts 
Eckert number is measure of the dissipation effects in the flow. Since this grows in
proportion to the square of the velocity, it can be neglected for small velocities.
In an air flow, V = 10 m/s, Cp = 1050 J/kg.K and a reference temperature difference of
10 K, Ec | 0.01.
 NONDIMENSIONALIZED CONVECTION AND
SIMILARITY
When viscous dissipation is negligible, the continuity, momentum,
and energy equations for steady incompressible, laminar flow of a
fluid with constant properties
wu wv
 0
wx wy
§ wu wu · w 2u wP
U ¨u  v ¸ P 
© wx wy ¹ wy 2 wx
§ wT wT · § w 2T w 2T ·
UC p ¨ u v ¸ k¨  ¸
© wx wy ¹ ¨ wx 2 wy 2 ¸
© ¹
With the boundary conditions
At x 0 u  0, y  uf , T  0 , y  Tf
At y 0 u  x,0  0, v  x,0  0 ,T  x,0  Ts
As y o f u  x,f  uf , T  x,f  Tf
* x y u * v P T  Ts
x , y* , u* v , P* 2
, and T *
L L V V UV Tf  Ts

wu* wv*
 0
wx *
wy *

wu* wu* 1 w 2 u* dP*

u*  v* 2
 *
wx* wy* ReL wy *
dx
wT * wT * 1 w 2T *
u*  v*
wx* wy* ReL Pr wy*2

 
u* 0 , y*  
1, u* x* ,0  
0 , u* x* ,f 
1, v* x* ,0  0,

T*  0, y 
*
1, T  x ,0 
* *
0, T  x ,f 
* *
1
 V1
Re1 Re1 Re 2 Pr1 Pr2
Water Cf1 Cf2 Nu1 Nu2
L1
Re2
V2
Air
L2

Parameters before nondimensionalizing

L,V ,Tf ,Q ,D
Parameters after nondimensionalizing
Re, Pr
The number of parameters is reduced greatly by non-
dimensionalizing the convection equations
For a given geometry, the solution for u* can be expressed as
*
u  *
f1 x , y ,ReL *

wu PV wu* PV
Ws P
wy L wy * L
 *
f 2 x ,ReL 
y 0 *
y 0
Ws PV L 2
C f ,x
UV 2
2 2
UV 2
f 2 x
*
,ReL  ReL

f 2 x* ,Rel  
f3 x* ,ReL 
C f ,x I  x* , Re L 
Friction coefficient for a given geometry can be expressed in
terms of the Reynolds number Re and the dimensionless space
variable x* alone (instead of being expressed in terms of x, L, V, U
and P ).

This is a very significant finding, and shows the value of

nondimensionalized equations.
Dimensionless temperature T* for a given geometry

T* 
g x* , y* ,ReL ,Pr 
k  wT wy  k Tf  Ts  wT * k wT *
y 0
h
Ts  Tf L Ts  Tf  wy* y* 0
L wy* y* 0

wT *
Nu x
hL
k wy* 
g 2 x ,ReL ,Pr *

y* 0

Note that the Nusselt number is equivalent to the dimensionless

temperature gradient at the surface, and thus it is properly
referred to as the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
 T*
Nusselt number is equivalent
to the dimensionless
temperature gradient at the
y* wT * surface
Nu
wy* y* 0
*
x

Laminar

A common form of Nusselt

Local Nusselt number :
number:
m n
Nux f ( x* , Re L , Pr)
Average Nusselt number :
Nu C ReL Pr
Nux f (Re L , Pr)
 ANALOGIES BETWEEN MOMENTUM AND HEAT
TRANSFER
Reynolds analogy and Chilton-Colbourn analogy
2 *
wu*
w u*
1 w u
u *
v*
wx*
wy* ReL wy*2
wT * wT * 1 w 2T *
u*  v* Pr 1
wx*
wy* ReL wy*2

wu PV wu* PV
Ws P
wy L wy* L

f 2 x* ,ReL 
y 0 y* 0

Ws PV L 2
C f ,x
UV 2
2 2
UV 2
f 2 x*
,ReL  ReL

f 2 x* ,Rel  
f3 x* ,ReL 
wT *
Nu x
hL
k wy* 
g 2 x* ,ReL ,Pr  C f ,x
ReL
2
Nu x
y* 0
REYNOLDS ANALOGY
 h Nu
St
U C pV ReL Pr
ReL C f ,x
C f ,x Nu x
2 St x
2

Pr ofile : u* T*
wu* wT *
Gradients :
wy* y* 0
wy* y* 0

Re L
Ana log y : C f , x Nux
2
Laminar flow over a flat plate
1 2
C f ,x 0.664 Rex
C f ,x h Nu
St x St
2 U C pV ReL Pr
13 12
Nu 0.332 Pr Rex
ReL 1 3
C f ,x hx
Pr 2 3 { jH
C f ,x Nu x Pr Ÿ 2 U C pV
2
For 0.6  Pr  60 . Here jH is called the Colburn j-factor. Although
this relation is developed using relations for laminar flow over a flat
*
plate (for which wP*
wx = 0 ), experimental studies show that it is also
applicable approximately for turbulent flow over a surface, even in
the presence of pressure gradients. For laminar flow, however, the
*
analogy is not applicable unless wP wx = 0.
*

Therefore, it does not apply to laminar flow in a pipe