Convection 2

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

• Finite control volume approach is very practical and useful,
since it does not generally require a detailed knowledge of the
pressure and velocity variations within the control volume
• Problems could be solved without a detailed knowledge of
the flow field
• Unfortunately, there are many situations that arise in which
details of the flow are important and the finite control volume
approach will not yield the desired information
• How the velocity varies over the cross section of a pipe, how
the pressure and shear stress vary along the surface of an
airplane wing
•In these circumstances we need to develop relationships that
apply at a point, or at least in a very small region infinitesimal
volume within a given flow field. This approach -
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
• DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED
KNOWLEDGE OF A FLOW FIELD

Control volume analysis Differential analysis

Interior of the CV is All the details of the flow

are solved at every point
BLACK BOX within the flow domain
LINEAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION
 TRANSLATION

If all points in the element have the same velocity

which is only true if there are no velocity gradients,
then the element will simply TRANSLATE from one
position to another.
 LINEAR DEFORMATION

Because of the presence of velocity gradients, the element

will generally be deformed and rotated as it moves. For
example, consider the effect of a single velocity gradient wu
wx
On a small cube having sides G x , G y and G z
x component of velocity of O and B = u
wu
x component of velocity of A and C = u  Gx
wx
This difference in the velocity causes a “STRETCHING” of
the volume element by a volume
§ wu ·
¨¨ G x ¸¸ G y G z  G t 
©wx ¹

Rate at which the volume GV is changing per unit volume due

wu
the gradient wx

1 d G V  
ª wu
wx

wt º wu
Lim « »
GV dt G t o0« wt » wx
¬ ¼
 If the velocity gradients wv ww are also present
&
wy wz

1 d G V  wu wv ww
 
GV dt wx wy wz

This rate of change of volume per unit volume is called the

VOLUMETRIC DILATION RATE
Volume of the fluid may change as the element moves from
one location to another in the flow field
Incompressible fluid – volumetric dilation rate = zero
Change in volume element = zero; fluid density = constant
(The element mass is conserved)
 Variations in the velocity in the direction of velocity
cause LINEAR DEFORMATION
wu wv ww
, &
wx wy wz
Linear deformation of the element does not change the
shape of the element
Cross derivates cause the element to ROTATE and
undergo ANGULAR DEFORMATION
wu wv
,
wy wx
Angular deformation of the element changes the shape of
the element
 ANGULAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION

Consider x-y plane. In a short time interval Gt line segment

OA and OB will rotate through angles GD and GE to the new
positions OA’ and OB’
Angular velocity of OA, ZOA
Ga
Z oA Lim
G t o0 G t
For small angles
wv G x G t wv Z oA
§ wv
¨ 
wx
G t 
·
¸ wv
TanGD | GD wx Gt Lim ¨ ¸¸
¨
G t 0©
o G t wx
Gx wx ¹

wv wx  - positive Z oA - counterclockwise
GE
Z oB Lim
G t o0 G t
§ wu · G y G t § § wu · ·
¨ wy ¸ ¨ ¨ wy ¸ G t ¸
wu © ¹ wu
© ¹ Z oB Lim ¨ ¸
TanGE | GE Gt
G y wy G t o 0 ¨¨ Gt ¸
¸
wy
© ¹

§ wu ·
¨ wy ¸
© ¹
- positive Z oB - clockwise
Rotation Zz of the element about the z-axis is defined as the
average of the angular velocities ZoA and ZoB of the two
mutually perpendicular lines OA and OB. Thus, if
counterclockwise rotation is considered positive, it follows
that 1§ wv wu·
Zz ¨¨  ¸¸
2©w x w y¹

Rotation Zx of the element about the x-axis

1 § ww wv ·
Zx ¨¨  ¸¸
2© w y wz¹

Rotation Zyof the element about the y-axis

1§wu ww·
Zy ¨¨  ¸¸
2©wz wx¹

Z Z x î  Z y ĵ  Z z k̂
 1 1
Z curl V ’ uV
2 2
Vorticity : is defined as the vector that is twice the rotation
vector

: 2Z ’ uV
Fluid element will rotate about the z axis as an undeformed
block (ie., ZoA = - ZoB ) only when w u  w v Otherwise, the
wy wx
rotation will be associated with an angular deformation
wv wu
Ÿ Rotation around the z axis is zero.
wx wy
Rotation and vorticity are zero;
’ uV 0
FLOW FIELD IS IRROTATIONAL
In addition to rotation associated with derivatives wu wv
&
wy wx
These derivatives can cause the fluid element to undergo an
angular deformation which results in change of shape
Change in the original right angle formed by the lines OA and
OB is SHEARING STRAIN GJ

GJ = GD + GE
GJ is positive if the original right angle is decreasing
Rate of Shearing Strain or Rate of Angular Deformation

§ GJ ·
ª wv
« wx 
G t  § wu · G
¨ wy ¸
© ¹
º
t»
wu wv
J Lim ¨ ¸ Lim « » 
Gt Ÿ 0 © Gt ¹ Gt Ÿ 0 « Gt » wy wx
«¬ »¼
 wu wv
J 
wy wx
Rate of angular deformation is related to a corresponding shearing stress
which causes the fluid element to change in shape

wu wv

wy wx
Rate of angular deformation is zero;
Element is simply rotating as an
undeformed block
Incompressible flow field
Fluid elements may translate,
distort, and rotote but do not
grow or shrink in volume

Compressible flow field

Fluid elements may grow or
shrink in volume as they
translate, distort or rotate
 CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY EQUATION

³ ³
DB sys w
UbdV  UbV x n̂dA
Dt Gt x1
z1

cv cs
w
y1

³ U dV  ³ UV x n̂dA 0 y

G t cv cs x dx
dz

z dy

Time rate of Time rate of change


Net rate of flow of
change of the of the mass of the
mass through the
mass of the contents of the
control surface
coincident system coincident control
volume

w wU
³ U dV Ÿ GxGyGz
G t cv wt
 ³ UV x n̂dA w  Uv 
cs Uv G x G z  G xG y G z
wy
w  Uw 
Uw G x G y  G xG y G z
wz

Gy
Uu G y G z K
w  Uu 
Uu G y G z  G xG y G z
j Gx wx
iG z

Uw G x G y
Uv G x G z
 w
³ U dV  ³ UV x n̂dA 0
G t cv cs
wU
GxGyGz  Uu G y G z  Uv G x G z  Uw G x G y  Uu G y G z
wt
w  Uu  w  Uv  w  Uw 
 GxG y G z  Uv G x G z  GxG y G z  Uw G x G y  GxG y G z 0
wx wy wz

wU w  Uu  w  Uv  w  Uw 
GxGyGz  GxG y G z  GxG y G z  GxG y G z 0
wt wx wy wz

wU w  U u  w  U v  w  U w 
   0
wt wx wy wz
 wU w  Uu  w  Uv  w  Uw 
   0
wt wx wy wz
wU wU wu wU wv wU ww
u U v U w U 0
wt wx wx wy wy wz wz

wU wU wU wU ª wu wv ww º
u v w  U«   » 0
wt wx wy wz ¬ w x w y w z ¼

DU
Dt
> @
 U ’ .V̂ 0
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
w
³ UVdV  ³ VUV x n̂dA ¦ Fcontents of
G t cv cs control volume
RATE AT RATE AT SUM OF THE
RATE OF
X-COMP
INCREASE OF - WHICH x- + WHICH x- = FORCES
MOMENTUM MOMENTUM APPLIED TO
x-MOMENTUM ENTERS
ENTERS FLUID IN CV

w w  Uu 
³ UVdV GxGyGz
G t cv wt

SURFACE FORCES BODY FORCES

• NORMAL STRESSES • GRAVITY FORCES
• SHEAR STRESSES • CORIOLIS FORCES
• PRESSURE • CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
 ³ VUV x n̂dA w Uuv 
u U v G y G z   G xG y G z
cs wy

w Uuw 
u U w G x G y   G xG y G z
wz

Gy u U u G y G z  
 
w Uu 2
u U u G y G z  wx
G xG y G z
K
j Gx
iG z

u U w G x G y  u U v G x G z 
 w  Uu 
GxGyGz  u Uu G y G z   u Uv G x G z   u Uw G x G y 
wt

 u U u G y G z  

w Uu 2 G xG y G z  u  U v G x G z  
w  Uuv 
G xG y G z
wx w y
w  Uuw 
 u U w G y G z   GxG y G z LHS
wz

wUu wUu 2 wUuv wUuw LHS

  
wt wx wy wz G xG y G z
§ wU w  U u  w  U v  w  U w  · § wu wu wu wu · LHS
¨
u¨    ¸
¸  U¨
¨ u v w ¸¸
© wt wx wy wy ¹ © wt wx wy wz ¹ G xG y G z

Du LHS
U
Dt GxG y G z
 Vyy
Vyx

Vxz Vyz Vxy

Vxx Vxx
Vxy Vxz

First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to

the plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
 wP wV xx wV yx wV zx RHS
     fx
wx wx wy wz G xG y G z
wV yx
V yx Gx Gz  G xG y G z
wy
wV xx
V xx Gy Gz  Gx Gy Gz
V xx Gy Gz wx
Gy
K
wP
P Gy Gz j Gx P GyGz 
wx
Gx Gy Gz
iG z
V yx Gx Gz
Du wP wV xx wV yx wV zx
U      fx CAUCHY’S EQN
Dt wx wx wy wz
 § wu wv · § wu ww ·
V xx 2P
wu 2
 
 P ’ .V̂ V xy P ¨¨  ¸¸ V xz P¨  ¸
© wz wx ¹
wx 3 © wy wx ¹

U
Du

wP w ª wu 2
 « 2P  º»  wwy ª«P §¨¨ wwuy  wwxv ·¸¸º»  wwz ª«P §¨ wwuz  wwwx ·¸º»  f x
 P ’ .V̂
w x w x ¬ wx 3
Dt ¼ ¬ © ¹¼ ¬ © ¹¼

ªw 2u w 2u w 2uº w ª § wu wv ww
U
Du

wP
P«   »  « P ¨¨  
· 2
¸¸  P ’ .V̂ º»  f x
Dt wx «¬ wx 2
wy 2
wz »¼ w x ¬ © wx wy wz
2
¹ 3 ¼

ª w 2u w 2u w 2u º
U
Du

wP
wx
 P«
« wx 2
  »
w ª P
«
2» wx¬ 3
’ .V̂  º»  f x
Dt
¬ w y 2 w z ¼ ¼

ª w 2v w 2v w 2v º
U
Dv

wP
 P«   » 
w ªP
« ’
º
.V̂ »  f y  
Dt wy «¬ wx
2
wy 2
wz ¼» w y ¬ 3
2 ¼
 ª w 2u w 2u w 2u º
U
Du

wP
 P«   »
w ª P
«  º»  f x
’ .V̂
Dt wx «¬ wx 2
wy 2
wz »¼ w x ¬ 3
2 ¼

ª w 2v w 2v w 2v º
U
Dv

wP
 P«   »
w ªP
«  
’ .V̂
º
» fy
Dt wy «¬ wx
2
wy 2
wz ¼» w y ¬ 3
2 ¼

ª w2w w2w w2w º

U
Dw

wP
 P«   » 
w ªP
«  º»  f z
’ .V̂
Dt wz «¬ wx
2
wy 2 wz 2 ¼» w z ¬ 3 ¼

VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

U
DV̂
Dt
’P  P’ V̂  2 P
3
 
’ ’ .V̂  f
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

U
DV̂
Dt
2
’P  P’ V̂ 
P
3
 
’ ’ .V̂  f

VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂ 2
U ’ P  P’ V̂  f
Dt

INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY

DV̂
U ’ P  f EULER’S EQN
Dt
 ª wu wu wu wu º wp
U«  u  v  w »   Ug
¬ wt wx wy wz ¼ wx

Along a stream line wu wp wz

Uu   Ug Gs g
ws ws ws gsinT
Gz
T
wu wp wz
Uu ds  ds  Ug ds
ws ws ws

Uudu  dp  Ugdz
u2
U  P  Ugz C
2
2
p u
  gz C
U 2
 DU
Dt
> @
 U ’ .V̂ 0

ª w 2u w 2u w 2u º
U
Du

wP
 P«   » 
w ª P
«  º»  f x
’ .V̂
Dt wx «¬ wx 2
wy 2
wz »¼ w x ¬ 3
2 ¼

ª w 2v w 2v w 2v º
U
Dv

wP
 P«   » 
w ªP
«  º»  f y
’ .V̂
Dt wy «¬ wx
2
wy 2 wz 2 ¼» w y ¬ 3 ¼

ª w2w w2w w2w º

U
Dw

wP
 P«   » 
w ªP
« ’ . 
V̂
º
»  fz
Dt wz «¬ wx
2
wy 2 wz 2 ¼» w z ¬ 3 ¼
Navier – French mathematician Stokes – English Mechanician
FOUR EQUATION AND FOUR UNKNOWNS – U,V,W AND P
Mathematically well posed
Nonlinear, second order partial differential equations