Mapúa University: Flow Through An Orifice

MAPÚA UNIVERSITY
School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
Name: ARANGO, Aeron Miguela C._________________

Student No.: _______2016141767_______________________
Course & Section: __CE 142P-2/A1____ Group No.: ____2_____
Experiment No. _5_

FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
TITLE
Date Performed: ____JUNE 20, 2020________

Date Submitted: ____JULY 13, 2020________ GRADE
__ENGR. CRIS EDWARD MONJARDIN__

Instructor
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FINAL DATA SHEET
NAME: Arango, Aeron Miguela C. DATE: July 13, 2020
SUBJECT& SECTION: CE142P-2/A1 GROUP NO: 2
EXPERIMENT NO.5
FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
Vena
Orifice Orifice Pitot
Contracta Volume, Time, t Flow Rate,
trial Diameter, Head, ho Head,
Diameter V (m3) (sec) Qt (m3/s)
dO (m) (m) hC (m)
dC , (m)
1 0.013 0.0115 0.323 0.319 0.005 18.99 0.000263296
Coeff. Of Coeff. Of Coeff. Of

k (Cd)
Discharge (Cd) Velocity, Cv Contraction, Cc
0.787984529 0.99378876 0.782544379 0.77768381
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
• Solving Flow Rate, 𝑄𝑡
𝑉 = 0.005 𝑚3 ; 𝑡 = 18.99𝑠
𝑉 0.005 𝑚3 𝒎𝟑
𝑄𝑡 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟔
𝑡 18.99 𝑠 𝒔
• Coefficient of Discharge, 𝐶𝑑
ℎ𝑜 = 0.323 𝑚
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑜 = 4 𝑑2𝑜 = 4 (0.013 𝑚)2 = 0.000132732 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑄𝑡 0.000263296 𝑠
𝐶𝑑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟗
𝐴𝑜 𝑉𝑜 2 𝑚
0.000132732𝑚 × √2(9.81 2 )(0.323 𝑚)
𝑠
• Coefficient of Velocity, 𝐶𝑣
ℎ𝑜 = 0.323 𝑚; ℎ𝑐 = 0.319 𝑚
𝑚
𝑉𝑐 √2(9.81 2 )(0.319 𝑚)
√2𝑔ℎ𝑐 𝑠
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑉 = = = 0.99378876
𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ𝑜 𝑚
√2(9.81 2 )(0.323 𝑚)
𝑠
• Coefficient of Contraction, 𝐶𝑐
𝐴𝑐
𝐶𝑐 =
𝐴𝑜
𝜋
(0.0115 𝑚)2
4
𝐶𝑐 = 𝜋
(0.013 𝑚)2
= 0.782544379
4
• Coefficient of Discharge, k
𝑘 = 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 = (0.782544379) (0.99378876) = 0.77768381
INTRODUCTION
An orifice is an opening that helps measure flow rate in fluids.
Most orifice are sharp-edged and its beveled edge facing outward. This
is because a fluid will have little amount in contact with a sharp-edged
surface and this will benefit the computations, since frictional
resistance is reduced. Unlike having an ordinary opening, the
thickness of the orifice and its roughness will affect the flow. When a
fluid flow passes through an opening, a vena contracta is produced
which is the slight bending caused by friction at the orifice. Through a
pitot tube, and other equipment, as well as with flow rate and
Bernoulli’s equation, the coefficient of velocity Cv, contraction Cc, and
discharge Cd can be calculated.
In the experiment, it will be justifiable to assume that the Cd is
constant over the range of steady flows, Given the experimental setup,
the rate of flow is equal at any point despite having different diameters
at each point since their velocities will be the one compensating.
Determining the Cd is important since it indicates the resistance in the
fluid flow, and its value is usually less than 1 since the actual discharge
will always be less than the theoretical discharge due to the presence
of friction as theorized by Torricelli. Values from the steady head has
more reliability than falling head tests. Having a constant flow will have
a more simplified analysis and promotes a more accurate results since
the variables to be considered will be less, and thus, leading to have a
decrease in the sources of possible errors.
MATERIALS USED
Used to provide continuous

Hydraulic
and controlled supply of
Bench
water
Flow
Apparatus that helps
through and
determine the flow through
Orifice
an orifice.
Apparatus
Device used to determine

the time needed to fill a
certain volume of water.
Stopwatch
Stopwatch from
smartphones would also
suffice
OBJECTIVES
The goals of this experiment is to simply determine the three
important coefficients in fluid dynamics which are: coefficient of
discharge, velocity and contraction of a small orifice.
CONCLUSION
The objectives of the experiment were met since the coefficient
of discharge (Cd), velocity (Cv), and contraction (Cc) were determined.
The values for Cd, Cv, and Cc are 0.788, 0.994, and 0.783, respectively.
One notable parts of the experiment is the vena contracta which
allowed the determination of Cc and Cv. The vena contracta is a point
in the flowing stream out of the orifice where the area is at minimum,
and it results from the slight bending of the flowing water due to friction
with the sharp-edged orifice. At the vena contracta, the velocity is at
maximum. The Cv was calculated assuming that flow rate is constant
at the orifice and at the vena contracta, despite having different areas
since their velocity will compensate for each other. The Cc was also
solved by dividing the area of vena contracta over the area of the orifice
that assumes no friction and bending. Meanwhile, Coefficient of
discharge is not only solved using the flow rate equation but also by
multiplying the Cc and Cv which is denoted as k. The value of k is
computed as 0.778 which is almost similar to the initially computed Cd
using the rearranged flow rate equation. The slight differences of k and
Cd may be caused by unforced errors like manually taking the time in
the flow rate. Some may have started and paused the stopwatch
sooner or later than it should be. Nonetheless, these errors are
inevitable which is why more than a single trial is encouraged.
APPLICATION TO ENGINEERING
Having an orifice that constricts the flow a fluid can help

determine many important variables in fluid mechanics and leads to
helping many engineering functions and innovations. Through an
orifice experiment or an orifice meter, actual quantified values of flow
can now be determined instead of just relying on theoretical and ideal
values. This leads to having more accurate designs in engineering.
Through an orifice or an orificemeter, flow rate of fluids in in a
single – state of mixed – state can be measured. It can measure flow
rate of liquids and of mixtures of liquids like natural gas with water, and
wet steam. Orifices has high application to civil engineering especially
in building and maintaining water resources structures, as well as in
distribution of water to many areas. Meanwhile, many oil and gas
industries also rely on orifices due to highly accurate measurement of
mass flow rates, convenience of use and maintenance, and ability to
operate under harsh conditions. Many technological advancements
today including aircrafts utilizes orifices today as well. A small technical
device like an orifice is so impactful that it can improve the way of living
and even save lives. Take for example the Miss Shilling’s orifice that
were made to counter engine cut-outs in the early fighter plane during
the Battle of Britain. This brass flow restrictor with precisely calculated
dimensions were designed to allow just enough fuel flow to obtain a
maximum engine power, with which this device can be fitted without
taking an aircraft out of service. This temporarily addressed the
complaint of many fighter pilots during hard and diving maneuvers
back then.
REFERENCES:
Mondatta, R. Flow through and Orifice. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.

edu/8952330 /Flow_through_an_orifice
Wikipedia, nd. Miss Shilling’s orifice. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Miss_Shilling%27s_orifice
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MAPÚA UNIVERSITY

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering

Name: ARANGO, Aeron Miguela C._________________

Experiment No. _5_

Date Performed: JUNE 20, 2020____

ENGR. CRIS EDWARD MONJARDIN

1 0.013 0.0115 0.323 0.319 0.005 18.99 0.000263296

Coeff. Of Coeff. Of Coeff. Of

0.787984529 0.99378876 0.782544379 0.77768381

𝑘 = 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣 = (0.782544379) (0.99378876) = 0.77768381

Used to provide continuous

Device used to determine

Having an orifice that constricts the flow a fluid can help

Mondatta, R. Flow through and Orifice. Retrieved from: https://www.academia.

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