Sri Lanka Technological Campus

Research University

LAB REPORT
Name with Initials D.T.R. Kulasekara
Student Registration No AA 1453
Title of Practical Impact of Jet
Practical No: Group: Individual:

Module Code ECE 106

Module Name Fluid Mechanics
Lecturer Dr. Nandika Miguntanna

Student Statement:
I certify that I have not plagiarized the work of others or participated in unauthorized collusion when preparing
this assignment.

Signature: Date: 1 September 2022

Office use only:

On/Before Deadline Extension Late Submission

Given

Marks Given:
Contents

Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 3

Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 3

Application to Impact of Jet Apparatus 4

Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 6

Observation/Data ........................................................................................................................ 7

Specimen Calculation .................................................................................................................. 8

Flat Target 8

Results ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Discussion .................................................................................................................................. 10

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Objective

To investigate the reaction force produced by the impact of a jet of water on various target vanes.

Theory

When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface the water is deflected to flow
along the surface. Unlike the impact of solid bodies, there is no rebound and unless the flow is highly
turbulent there will be no splashing. If friction is neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also
assumed that there are no losses due to shocks, then the magnitude of the water velocity is unchanged.
The pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the surface.

Consider a jet of water that impacts onto a target surface causing the direction of the jet to
be changed through an angle θ as shown in Figure 1 above. In the absence of friction, the magnitude
of the velocity across the surface is equal to the incident velocity V1. The impulse force exerted on
the target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts on the water to impart the change in
direction.
Applying Newton’s Second Law in the direction of the incident jet

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Application to Impact of Jet Apparatus

In each case, it is assumed that there is no splashing or rebound of the water from the surface
so that the exit angle is parallel to the exit angle of the target.

a) Effect of Height: The jet velocity can be calculated from the measured flow rate and the
nozzle exit area.

However, as the nozzle is below the target the impact velocity will be less than the nozzle
velocity due to interchanges between potential energy and kinetic energy so that:

b) Impact on Normal Plane Target: For the normal plane target θ = 90º
Therefore,

c) Impact on Conical Target: The cone semi-angle θ = 45º

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d) Impact on Semi-spherical Target: The target exit angle is 135º

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Procedure

1. Position the weight carrier on the weight platform and add weights until the top of the
target is clear of the stop and the weight platform is floating in mid position. Move the
pointer so that it is aligned with the weight platform. Record the value of weights on the
weight carrier.
2. Start the pump and establish the water flow by steadily opening the bench regulating
valve until it is fully open.
3. The vane will now be deflected by the impact of the jet. Place additional weights onto
the weight carrier until the weight platform is again floating in mid-position. Measure
the flow rate and record the result on the test sheet, together with the corresponding value
of weight on the tray. Observe the form of the deflected jet and note its shape.
4. Reduce the weight on the weight carrier in steps and maintain the balance of the weight
platform by regulating the flow rate in about eight or ten even steps, each time recording
the value of the flow rate and weights on the weight carrier.
5. Close the control valve and switch off the pump. Allow the apparatus to drain.
6. Replace the 5 mm nozzle with the 8 mm diameter nozzle and repeat the tests.
7. Replace the normal vane with the 45º conical vane and repeat the test with both the 5 mm
and 8 mm nozzles.
8. Replace the 45º conical vane with the hemispherical vane and repeat the tests with both
the 5 mm and 8 mm nozzles.

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Observation/Data

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Specimen Calculation

Flat Target

Total weight on the carrier and volumetric flow rate was obtained from the experiment.

 Volumetric flow rate Q = 0.00013667 m3/s {divide by 60000 to convert to m3/s}

 Nozzle diameter d = 5mm
 Nozzle Area A = π×0.0052/4 = 0.00001925 m2

Therefore, Nozzle velocity,

𝑄̅
𝑣𝑛 =
𝐴

0.00013667
𝑣𝑛 =
0.00001925
𝑣𝑛 = 6.964 m/sec

 Height of the target h = 0.018 m

Impact Velocity,

𝑉12 = 𝑉𝑛2 − 2𝑔ℎ

= (6.9642 – 2×9.81×0.018)1/2

= 6.9385 m/sec

Impact force F = Mg

= 0.1×9.81

= 0.981 N

𝐹
The experimental slope for the target =
𝜌𝑄𝑣1

0.981
=
1000∗0.00013667∗6.94

= 1.035

𝐹
The theoretical slope for the target, =1
𝜌𝑄̅ 𝑣1

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 Results

TABLE 1
Impact
Q Area Vn h V1 Experimental Theoretical
of
(m3/sec) (m2) (m/sec) (m) (m/sec) F F
Force
0.1 0.0001367 0.0000196 6.964 0.981 0.018 6.94 1.035 1.0000
Flat
0.27 0.0002483 0.0000196 12.654 2.649 0.018 12.64 0.844 1.0000
0.05 0.0001600 0.0000196 8.153 0.491 0.018 8.13 0.377 0.2929
Conical
0.15 0.0002583 0.0000196 13.163 1.472 0.018 13.15 0.433 0.2929
Semi 0.1 0.0001150 0.0000196 5.860 0.981 0.018 5.83 1.463 1.7071
Spherical 0.19 0.0001483 0.0000196 7.558 1.864 0.018 7.53 1.668 1.7071

TARGET VS IMPACT FORCE

Theoritical Force Experimental Force

1.8000
1.6000
1.4000
1.2000
1.0000
FORCE

0.8000
0.6000
0.4000
0.2000
0.0000
FLAT CONICAL SEMI
SPHERICAL
TARGET

GRAPH 1

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Discussion

The results indicate that the reaction force produced by the impact of a jet of water on various target
vanes. In table 01, Theoretical and Experimental data sets show differences between data. For
accurate measurements, water flow should hit the center of the target object; If not, that causes
differences between theoretical and experimental values. During the Experiment, there are several
factors that should concern. Spring length is measured and taken down at the begging of the
experiment and it is also able to be taken down while during the experiment. At the begging, get a
high flow rate and respectively reduce the flow rate for the next steps. After setting up the nozzle
Make sure the system is tightened enough to avoid water leakage.

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