ROTORCRAFT AERODYNAMICS

ASSIGNMENT 3

Submitted by
Muhammad Abdullah Tahir
180101034
Aero 17 (A)

Submitted to
Dr. Jamshed Riaz

Supervised by
Ms. Surrayya Mobeen

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Institute of Space Technology
Islamabad
2021

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Copyright © 2021

This document is jointly copyrighted by the authors and the Institute of Space Technology

(IST). The author and IST can use, publish, or reproduce this document in any form. Under

the copyright law no part of this document can be reproduced by anyone, except copyright

holders, without the permission of the authors.

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Table of Contents
1 Reproducing the figure in Leishman chapter 2. .........................................................4
1.1 Figure 2.7 ..........................................................................................................4
1.2 Figure 2.8 ..........................................................................................................5
1.3 Figure 2.13 ........................................................................................................6
1.4 Figure 2.14 ........................................................................................................7
1.5 Figure 2.16 ........................................................................................................8
2 Deviation between experimental and theoretical data. ...............................................8
3 Solve chapter problems.............................................................................................9
3.1 Question 2.7 ......................................................................................................9
3.2 Question 2.8 .................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Question 2.9 .................................................................................................... 11
4 MATLAB Code: .................................................................................................... 12
4.1 Reproducing figure 2.7, 2.8, 2.13, 2.14, 2.16: .................................................. 12
4.2 For Question 2.7: ............................................................................................. 14
5 Reference: .............................................................................................................. 15

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1 Reproducing the figure in Leishman chapter 2.

1.1 Figure 2.7

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1.2 Figure 2.8

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1.3 Figure 2.13

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1.4 Figure 2.14

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1.5 Figure 2.16

2 Deviation between experimental and theoretical data.

It is due to the assumptions taken during the calculation of the data from the equation
whereas in practical situation this assumption has some effects even if negligible and
when all of these adds up it make a significant change in the experimental and
theoretical data.

Following below are the assumptions taken for the calculation:

• Rotor is assumed as an actuator disk which add momentum to the flow.

• Flow is incompressible.
• Flow is steady, inviscid, irrotational.
• Flow is one dimensional, and uniform through the rotor disk, and in the far
wake.
• There is no swirl wake.
• The slipstream of the rotor is a clearly defined mass of moving air, outside
which, the air is practically undisturbed.

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3 Solve chapter problems.

3.1 Question 2.7

At hover,
1 𝑇
𝑣ℎ = √ ( ) 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2𝜌 𝐴

𝑇 𝐹. 𝑀 ∗ 38
=
𝑃
√𝑇
𝐴
𝑇 0.75 ∗ 38 𝑙𝑏
= (𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
𝑃 𝑇 ℎ𝑝
√
𝐴

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3.2 Question 2.8

At hover,
Weight = Thrust = 3000 lb; Main rotor radius =13.2 ft
Tip speed =680 ft/s; P = 275 hp
a) Rotor Disk Loading, T/A = 3000/(π*13.22) = 5.48 lb/ft2
b) Ideal Power Loading,
𝑇 2𝜌𝐴
=√ = 0.02946 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑝
𝑃 𝑇
c) Thrust Coefficient, CT
𝑇
=
𝜌𝐴(Ω𝑅)2
3000
=
0.002378 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ (13.2 ∗ 680)2
= 4.98 ∗ 10−3

Torque Coefficient, CQ
𝑄
=
𝜌𝐴𝑅(Ω𝑅)2

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 𝑃
= Ω
𝜌𝐴𝑅(Ω𝑅)2
13.2
275 ∗ 550 ∗ 680
=
0.002378 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ (13.2 ∗ 680)2

= 3.695 ∗ 10−4
d) Figure of Merit = Ideal Power / Actual Power,
𝑇
𝑇√2𝜌𝐴
=
275 ∗ 550

= 0.673
Actual Power Loading, T/P
3000
=
275 ∗ 550
= 0.0198 lb/hp

3.3 Question 2.9

680 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Ω of main Rotor = = 51.52
13.2 𝑠
distance of tail rotor from main, d = 15.3 ft
𝑇
𝜐ℎ = √
2𝜌𝐴
𝑃
𝑄= = 2936 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
Ω
𝑇 ∗ 𝑑 = 2936 𝑙𝑏. 𝑓𝑡
2936
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 192 𝑙𝑏𝑠
15.3
𝑇 𝑓𝑡
𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝑇 ∗ √ = 9455.4 𝑙𝑏. = 17.2 ℎ𝑝
2𝜌𝐴 𝑠
F.M = Ideal Power / Actual Power

17.2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 24.56 ℎ𝑝
0.7

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4 MATLAB Code:

4.1 Reproducing figure 2.7, 2.8, 2.13, 2.14, 2.16:

clear
clc
% figure 2.7
C_T = 0:0.0005:0.01;
C_d0 = 0.01;
k=1;
sol= 0.1;
C_P = k.*((C_T.^1.5)./sqrt(2))+ sol*(C_d0/8);
C1=C_P;
plot(C_T,C_P,'k--','linewidth',1.5)
ylim([0 0.001])
ylabel('Coefficient of Power,C_P')
xlabel('Coefficient of Thrust,C_T')
title('Figure 2.7')
hold on
k= 1.15;
C_P = k.*((C_T.^1.5)./sqrt(2))+ sol*(C_d0/8);
plot(C_T,C_P,'r-','linewidth',1.5)
ylim([0 0.001])
C2 =C_P;
hold on
C_P = ((C_T).^1.5/sqrt(2));
plot(C_T,C_P,'c:','linewidth',1.5)
ylim([0 0.001])
legend('k=1','k=1.15','Simple')
legend('location','best')
C_TP = C_T./ C_P;

% figure 2.8
figure()
FM = (((C_T.^1.5)/sqrt(2))./C2);
plot(C_T,FM,'k-','linewidth',1.5);
ylim([0 1])

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 title('Figure 2.8')
ylabel('Figure of Merit,FM')
xlabel('Coefficent of Thrust,C_T')
hold on
FM = (((C_T.^1.5)/sqrt(2))./C1);
plot(C_T,FM,'r--','linewidth',1.5);
ylim([0 1])
legend('k=1.15','k=1')
legend('location','best')

% figure 2.13
figure()
sol = [0.042,0.064,0.085,0.106];
c=["r-","k--","g:","b-+"];
for i = 1:1:4
k=1.25;
C_d0 =0.011;
C_P = k.*((C_T.^1.5)./sqrt(2))+ sol(i)*(C_d0/8);
FM = (((C_T.^1.5)/sqrt(2))./C_P);
plot(C_T,FM,c(i),'linewidth',1.5)
title('Figure 2.13');
xlabel('Thrust Coefficent,C_T')
ylabel('Figure of Merit,FM')
grid minor;
hold on
end
legend('solidity=0.042','solidity=0.064','solidity=0.085','solidity=0.106')
legend('location','best')

% figure 2.14
figure()
for i= 1:1:4
C_TS = C_T./sol(i);
k=1.25;
C_d0 =0.011;
C_P = k.*((C_T.^1.5)./sqrt(2))+ sol(i)*(C_d0/8);
FM = (((C_T.^1.5)/sqrt(2))./C_P);
plot(C_TS,FM,c(i),'linewidth',1.5)
title('Figure 2.14');
xlabel('Blade Loading Coefficent')
ylabel('Figure of Merit,FM')
xlim([0 0.12])

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 grid on;
hold on
end
legend('solidity=0.042','solidity=0.064','solidity=0.085','solidity=0.106')
legend('location','best')
% figure 2.16
figure()
plot(C_T,C_TP,'k-','linewidth',1.5)
for i= 1:1:4
grid on;grid minor;
hold on
k=1.25;
C_d0 =0.011;
C_P = k.*((C_T.^1.5)./sqrt(2))+ sol(i)*(C_d0/8);
C_TP = C_T./ C_P;
plot(C_T,C_TP,c(i),'linewidth',1.5)
title('Figure 2.16');
ylabel('Thrust Coefficent/ Power Coefficent')
xlabel('Thrust Coefficent,C_P')
ylim([0 30])
end
legend('Ideal','solidity=0.042','solidity=0.064','solidity=0.085','solidity=0.106')
legend('location','best')

4.2 For Question 2.7:

clc
clear
T_A = 1:0.5:10;
v_h = ((0.5/0.002378).*(T_A)).^0.5;
T_P = 28.5./(T_A).^0.5;
plot(T_A,v_h,'linewidth',1.5)
title('Induced Velocity vs Disc Loading')
xlabel('Disc Loading,T/A')
ylabel('Induced Velocity,v')
figure()
plot(T_A,T_P,'r-','linewidth',1.5)
title('Power Loading vs Disc Loading')
xlabel('Disc Loading,T/A')
ylabel('Power Loading,T/P')

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5 Reference:

[1] J. Leishman, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, 2nd ed., 2006, p. 864.

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