Drilling Dynamics

Webinar Part -1
- By Nitin Kulkarni
0
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 Agenda – Part 1

• Introduction to Drilling and Wellbore

Pressures
• HPHT Environment
• Directional drilling/Wellbore surveying
• Drilling Motors & Rotary Steerable Systems

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 Well Bore Pressure

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Well Bore Pressure
What pressures can we Manage?
Formations Pressures
- Pore Pressure
- Fracture Pressure
- Collapse Pressure

Cannot be controlled

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 Well Bore Pressure
What Pressures can we Manage?
Wellbore Pressures
- Hydrostatic Pressure
- Friction Pressure
- Surface Back Pressure (MPD)

Can be controlled

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 What is a Drilling Window ?

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 What is a Drilling Window ?

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 What did you notice ?
This plot shows three different predictions for the expected pressure
profile along the drilling interval.

Uncertainty Window at 2500 m (8202 ft)

• PP Low Case = 12.8 ppg

• PP High Case = 15 ppg
• Uncertainty = 2.2 ppg
• FG Low case = 17 ppg
1
• FG High Case = 18 ppg
• Uncertainty = 1 ppg

Drilling Window ( PP-FG ) uncertainty = 5.2ppg – 2 ppg = 3.2 ppg.

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 HPHT Environment

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 HPHT Definition have varied.
• Over the years and across companies, definitions of
HPHT have varied.
• In 2012, the American Petroleum Institute (API)
attempted to harmonize accepted terminology and
classifications by publishing guidelines for equipment
used in HPHT operations.
• The API Technical Report 1PER15K-1 Protocol for
Verification and Validation of High-Pressure High-
Temperature Equipment

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 HPHT environments
HPHT environments are intended to mean that one or more of
the following well conditions exist:
1. The well requires completion equipment or well control
equipment assigned a temperature rating greater than 350
°F or a pressure rating greater than 15,000 psig.
2. The maximum anticipated surface pressure or shut-in tubing
pressure is greater than 15,000 psig on the seafloor for a
subsea wells or at the surface for a well with a surface
wellhead.
3. The flowing temperature is greater than 350 °F on the
seafloor for a subsea wells or at surface for a well with a
surface wellhead.

Source IADC
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 HPHT Matrix – Schlumberger Classification

• HPHT-hc is operating environments unlikely to be seen in

oil and gas wells.
• Geothermal wells may have up to 500 F

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 Gradients

•Geothermal Gradient
•Earths Normal Temperature Gradient
•Pressure Gradients
•Abnormal Pressures

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 Components in devices

Components to look for with temperature

and pressure limits.
• Electronics
• Sealing Elements
• Other Hardware

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Defining Directional Drilling
• Science of deviating a wellbore along a
planned course from a start point to a
target location as defined by a coordinate
system.
• Directional Drilling aids in the
production of subsurface deposits that
could never be reached by any other
means.

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 Basic Directional Well
Terminology

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 Basic Directional Well Terminology

• Kickoff point (KOP)

• Build up section
• End of Build section
• Tangent section
• Start of drop
• Drop section
• End of drop
• Hold
• Target depth

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 Basic Directional Well Terminology
• True vertical depth (TVD)
• Measured depth (MD)
• Turn rate (TR)
• Build up rate (BUR)
• Inclination (INC)
• Azimuth (AZI)

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Basic Directional Well Terminology
Features of a Directional Drill Profile Azimuth Quadrant

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 Why drill Directional Wells?

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Side tracking
• Sidetracks are performed in situations where drilling
cannot continue due to a fish in hole.

• or to explore a different area.

• or to make multiple producing wells from the main

wellbore.

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Inaccessible locations
Urban areas, rivers, railways or difficult terrain may
all be reasons to drill a deviated wellbore into a
target reservoir

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Salt Domes
• Salt Domes contain hydrocarbon traps that have
accumulated beneath the cap rock.
• Salt formations are difficult to drill, so a directional wells
are drilled to avoid the salt dome.

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Fault Control
• Enables drilling into a faulted subsurface
without crossing the faults.
• Faults can cause huge problems.

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Onshore to Sea
• This is a cost-saving technique to reach reservoirs
under the sea,
• This is possible only a few thousand feet from land.

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Multi-lateral Wells
Enables numerous legs to be drilled into
productive zones through one mother bore.

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Multi-slot wells
• Enables many wells to be drilled from one platform. This type of
application is commonly seen offshore.

• The economy of scale necessitates platform wells to extend out as far

as possible to maximize the reservoir contact area

• Ant-collision is the main challenge. Several application are available to

determine and avoid collision.

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 Relief Well

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 SAGD Wells

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 Types of Directional Wells?

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Common Directional Well
Profiles
• Build and hold
• Build, hold, & drop (S-Shape)
• Continuous build
• Horizontal wells

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 Requirements for Directional
Well Drilling

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 Deflection Tools in
Directional Drilling

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Deflection Tools in Directional
Drilling
Deflection tools are devices that are used to cause
a drill bit to deviate and follow preselected
trajectory of a well.
The tools that are currently available and are in use
include:
• Whipstocks
• Jet bits with Oriented Nozzles
• Downhole Steerable Systems
Turbines
• Conventional BHA Hookups
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 Whipstocks

• Can be used in open hole as well as

cased hole
• Mainly used for cased hole side track.

• Retrievable whipstocks are ideal for

drilling multiple laterals from a single
wellbore.

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 Jet Bits

• Applicable in soft formations.

• The jet is oriented in the
direction desired, and mud flow
is initiated to erode
approximately few feet pilot hole
• Conventional rotary drilling is
initiated to open the hole.
• The advantage is that tripping is
not needed.

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 Downhole Steerable Systems
There are two types of downhole motors
• Positive displacement motors (PDMs)

• Turbine mud motors

There are advanced systems

• Rotary steearable systems (RSS)
• RSS cause a deviating force against the side of
the wellbore to push the drill bit inward along the
preselected well path.

• Their main advantage is that the drilling is

always in rotary mode
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 Positive displacement motors (PDMs)

Mud Motors
Complete PDM

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Requirements for Directional Well
Drilling
• Use of downhole steerable systems and measuring while drilling (MWD)
tools
• Deflection tools
• Use of higher hydraulics for effective annular hole cleaning Use of articulated
drill pipe in short-radius drilling
• Engineering calculations for directional plans for the preselected wellbore
trajectory
• Unique makeup of bottom hole assemblies (BHAs) for maintaining on course
trajectory and effective transfer of weight to the drill bit
• Special steering tools to direct drill bit along preselected paths
• Use of rubber protectors on drill string to protect pipe/casing wear in highly
deviated wells
• Use of special lubricating additives in drilling muds to reduce torque and drag
requirements
• More centralization of casing string
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Directional Well Terms

• A point below the surface at which the

direction of the hole is changed.
• Hole direction - an azimuth angle that is
measured clockwise from north.
• The difference between magnetic and
true north - the magnetic declination

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 Directional Well Profiles
BUR

The BUR is an incremental increase of the hole

inclination angle, as measured from the vertical. This rate
is specified in degrees per 100 feet of hole section.
The range of BUR can be subdivided into three
categories:

• Long-radius drilling

• Medium-radius drilling

• Short-radius drilling
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 Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)

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 Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)

• Drill Bit
• Subs (Crossover Subs, Bit Sub, etc)
• Drill Collar (DC)
• Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)
• Stabilizers
• MWD
• LWD
• PDM
• Drilling Jars
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 MEASUREMENT WHILE DRILLING

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 Survey Tools in Directional
Well Drilling
Directional surveys must be conducted, and
calculations are performed.
The measuring instruments available may be
categorized as:

• Gyroscopic survey
• Magnetic survey

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Gyroscopic Survey
Generally used when the accuracy of the magnetic survey
system could be affected by the presence of magnetic objects
or geographic location.

• Such as in cased hole

• Proximity to other well

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 Wellbore Trajectory Calculations
To plot the actual trajectory, coordinates need to be calculated

There are four common methods that may be used to

accomplished this task:

• Angle averaging method

• Radius of curvature method
• Minimum curvature method
• Constant Build and Turn
method

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 Thank You

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