Medical Surgical - Lecture NUR 155

Professor: Ms. Mary Mar N. Espital 3BSN3

Transcribed by: Dawn Aquino

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1) body → 2) inferior/superior vena cava → 3) right

atrium → 4) tricuspid valve → 5) right ventricle →
6) pulmonic valve → 7) pulmonary arteries →  8)
lungs → 9) pulmonary veins → 10) left atrium → 11)
mitral or bicuspid valve → 12) left ventricle → 13)
aortic valve → 14) aorta → 15) body (systemic
circulation)
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART:
HEART ATRIA – the upper collecting chambers separated by the
- hollow muscular organ about the size of a closed fist inter-atrial septum; receives blood returning to the heart
which weighs approximately 300 grams and pumps blood into the ventricles
- Located at the center of the thorax, where it occupies the  Right atrium – receives unoxygenated blood from
space between the lungs (mediastinum) superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
- Lies obliquely where the base is at the upper right and  Left atrium – receives oxygenated blood from the
the apex is at the lower left lungs via the four pulmonary Veins

VENTRICLES – the inferior pumping chambers of the

heart separated by interventricular septum; receives blood
from the atria and pumps blood into the circulation
(pulmonary and systemic)
 Right ventricle – receives unoxygenated blood from
right atrium and ejects blood into the lungs for
oxygenation
 Left ventricle – receives oxygenated blood from left
atrium and ejects blood into the systemic circulation

VALVES OF THE HEART:

- Permits unidirectional flow of blood in the heart and
allows forward flow and prevents backward flow of blood.
LAYERS OF THE HEART
1. Endocardium – inner layer consists of endothelial
1. ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES (AV
VALVES)
tissues that lines the inside of the heart and valves
- Separates the atria from the ventricles and prevents
backflow of blood from the ventricles
2. Myocardium – middle layer that forms most of the
a. Mitral (Bicuspid) valve
heart wall. It is composed of striated involuntary
b. Tricuspid valve
muscle fibers that cause the heart to contract

3. Epicardium – outer layer made up of squamous

epithelial cells overlying connective tissues

PERICARDIUM
- Fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the
great vessels
- Consists of two layers
1. Parietal Pericardium
2. Visceral Pericardium

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Medical Surgical - Lecture NUR 155
Professor: Ms. Mary Mar N. Espital 3BSN3
Transcribed by: Dawn Aquino

- Oxygenates and nourishes the heart especially the

myocardium;
- arises at the beginning of the aorta just above the aortic
valve

2 Major Coronary Arteries

1. Left Coronary Artery
a. Left Anterior Descending Artery
- Supplies blood to the septum and anterior part of the
heart
b. Left Circumflex Artery
- - Supplies blood to the Left Ventricle

2. Right Coronary Artery

- Supplies blood to most areas of the right side of the heart

2. SEMILUNAR VALVES (SL VALVES)

- Prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary arteries and
aorta back into the ventricles
a. Pulmonic valve
b. Aortic valve Coronary Vein
- collects unoxygenated blood from the myocardium and
drains it into the Coronary Sinus.

Great Vessels of the Heart:

1. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
2. Pulmonary Arteries
3. Pulmonary Veins
4. Aorta

CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART

- controlled by the heart itself

SA Node → AV Node → Bundle of His → Bundle

Branches → Purkinje Fibers

Vascular System
Aorta → Systemic Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries
→Venules → Veins

Coronary Arteries

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Medical Surgical - Lecture NUR 155
Professor: Ms. Mary Mar N. Espital 3BSN3
Transcribed by: Dawn Aquino

Starling’s Law of Heart – the further the heart is

stretched, the stronger it springs back to normal

Factors that Influence Stroke Volume

1. Preload
2. Afterload
3. Contractility

* Systemic Problem - affected (right)

* Lung Problem - affected (left; e.g, coughing,
hemoptisis, ↑RR, Pulmonary Edema
Properties of Cardiac Conduction * Bicuspid/Mitral valve - affected (left atrium & right
5. Automaticity ventricle)
6. Excitability
7. Conductivity ↓Cardiac Output and BP & HR - Hemoptisis
8. Contractility
9. Refractoriness Function of the heart:
 Circulation
Repolarization – occurs when the cardiac cells return to  Removes waste
its baseline or resting state
Normal ECG - Sinus
Depolarization – rapid reversal of membrane potential or
electrical activation of the cell caused by the influx of R & L Bundle of His - 120 milliseconds
sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
* Ascites - abnormal accumulation of fluids in the
CARDIAC CYCLE abdomen
- Refers to one complete cycle of the heart’s contraction
and relaxation

Systole – portion of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles

depolarize and contract to pump blood into the pulmonary
and systemic circulation
 Atrial Systole
 Ventricular Systole

Diastole – portion of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles

repolarize and refill with blood
 Ventricular Diastole

Cardiac Output – amount of blood (in liters) ejected by

each ventricle in every minute

CO = Heart Rate x Stoke Volume

Heart Rate = number of complete cardiac cycles per

minute (Ave. = 75 beats/min)

Stroke Volume – volume of blood ejected in each

ventricle per heartbeat (Ave – 70 mL/beat)