Introduction

to Tourism
MR. JOSE RIZALITO B. CABAYAN JR, MBA, CGSP

Miguel Angelo Perez, MBA, CHIA

Tourism is defined as…

• “The sum of phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay
of non-residents, in so far they do not lead to permanent residence and are
not connected in earning activity”- Prof.Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University, Switzerland

• “Tourism is a temporary short- term movement of people to destination

outside the places where normally live and work and their activities during
their stay at these destinations” – Tourism Society in Britain
• “ Tourism may be defined in terms of particular activities selected by
choice and undertaken outside the home environment” -Tourism Society in Cardiff

• “Tourism is comprised of activities of persons traveling to and staying in

places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and other purposes” –World Tourism Organization,1993
Tourism
Terminologies:
• Travelers- are people on a trip between two or more places
• Visitors- Are people who engage in tourism. Visitors are
different from other travelers because of the following criteria.
• • The trip should be to a place other than that of their
usual environment
• • The stay in the place visited should not last more than
12 consecutive months
• • The main purpose of the trip should be other than the
exercise of activity remunerated from
• within places visitor
 • Overnight Visitor (tourist) – refers to a visitor who spends his/her
night away from home
• Same-day visitor (excursionist) –refers to any visitor who does not
spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the
place visited
• International Visitor- Refers to any person who travels to a country
outside his/her usual environment and other than the one in which

Types of Visitors he/she has his/her usual residence, but for less than 12 consecutive
months and whose main purpose is other than the exercise of an activity
remunerated from within the place visited
• Domestic Visitor- Refers to any person who travels to a place other
than that of his/her usual environment but still within his/her country of
residence for less than 12 consecutive months and whose main purpose
of trip is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within
place visited
 • 1. Distance
• • excludes commuting to and from work and change in
resident
• • a measure that has been used to distinguish travel away
from home is the distance traveled on a trip
• • a trip is when a person goes to a place at least 100 miles
away from home and return to his/her place of residence ”

Elements
•

• 2. Length of Stay at the Destination

of Travel •

• •The definition of a tourists and excursionists as proposed

by WTO is largely based on the length of stay.
• •Tourists are temporary visitors who make at least one
overnight stay, while excursionists are temporary visitors who
do not stay overnight in the place they visit.
•
• 3. Residence of the Traveler
•

• •For business and research purposes, it is important to know

where people live.
•

• 4. Purpose of Travel
•

• •Visiting friends and relatives

• •Conventions, seminars, and meetings
• •Business
• •Outdoor recreation- hunting, fishing, boating, and camping
• •Entertainment- sightseeing, theater, sports
• •Personal – family, medical, funeral, wedding
 The Nature of a Tour
• Domestic Tourism

• •Refers to travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of traveler’s country.
• •People find it easy to do so because there are no language, currency, nor
documentation barriers.
•

• International Tourism

• •Involves the movement of people across international boundaries of traveler’s

country.
• •It is more difficult to travel outside one’s country because the country visited has a
different language, currency, and documentation requirements, such as passports, visas,
and other conditions of entry to be met by the tourists.
•
 PACKAGE TOUR •SOMETIMES CALLED •IT IS AN ARRANGEMENT IN
INCLUSIVE TOUR WHICH TRANSPORT AND
ACCOMMODATION IS
BOUGHT BY THE TOURIST
AT AN ALL-INCLUSIVE
PRICE.

•THE PRICE OF AN INDEPENDENT TOUR •IS AN ARRANGEMENT IN

INDIVIDUAL ELEMENT WHICH THE TOURIST BUYS
CANNOT BE DETERMINED THE FACILITIES
BY THE PURCHASER SEPARATELY, EITHER
HIMSELF. MAKING RESERVATIONS IN
ADVANCE THROUGH A
TRAVEL AGENT.
 The Tourist Product

1. The Tourist Products

• Service
• · It is an intangible item.
• · It cannot be inspected by prospective purchasers before they buy as they
can with washing
• machine, gadgets, and other consumer goods.
• · The purchase of package tour involves a high degree of trust on the part of
the buyer

2. Largely Psychological in its Attraction

• · It is more than collection of services such as an aircraft seat and a hotel
room.
• · It is temporary use of a strange environment plus the culture and
heritage of the region
• and other intangible benefits such as atmosphere and hospitality.
3. Standard and Quality overtime
• A package tour cannot be consistently of equal
standard.
• A bumpy flight can change an enjoyable experience
into nightmare;
• A good room in hotel maybe spoiled by poor food;
• A holiday can be destroyed by prolonged rainy spell.

4. Fixed
· The number of hotel rooms available at a particular
resort cannot be varied to meet
changing demands of tourists during a particular
season.
· The unsold hotel room or aircraft seat cannot be
stored for rarer sale as is the case of
tangible products.
· Thus, the great efforts are made to fill hotel rooms
and aircraft by discounting the prices
of these products at the last minute.
Characteristics of
Tourism
• In tourism the product is not brought to the
consumer; rather, the consumer has to travel
to the product to purchase it.
· The products of tourism are not used up; thus, they
do not exhaust the country’s natural
resources.
· Tourism is a labor-intensive industry.
· Tourism is people oriented
· Tourism is a multi-dimensional phenomenon.
· The tourist industry is seasonal.
· The industry is dynamic
The Evolution of Tourism
Early Tourism (500 B.C- 300 A.D)
• Travel Exploration are basic to human nature
• The term tourism derived from the hebrew word
‘torah’ w/c means studying, learning,
and searching
• The term tourism was used only in the
19th Century.
• Tourism can trace its ancestry in the old
testament. Noah with his Ark must have been the
first large-scale operator
• Early tourism has two forms of travel: business
and religious travel.
Tourism in Medieval Period/ Middle Ages
(5-14th Century)

• Fall of the Roman Empire

• In this period, the travel has declined
• Travel derived from the word travail, became
burdensome, dangerous, and demanding during
this time
• No one travel this time for pleasure
• Crusaders and Pilgrims were the only one who
travel.
Tourism During Renaissance and Elizabeth Eras
(14th-17th Century)

• In this period, a few renowned universities developed so that travel for education was
introduced.
• Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking position in court were encourage to travel to
continent to widen their education.

• As young men sought intellectual improvement in the continent, the sick sought a
remedy for their illness in “spas” or medicinal bath. The term “spa” is derived from
Walloon word espa meaning “fountain”.

• Soon, entertainment was added and dozens of watering places became resort hotels.
Tourism during Industrial Revolution
(1750-1850)

• This period brought about major changes

in the scale and type of tourism development.
• It brought about not only technological
changes that made travel desirable as a
recreational activity.
• The increase in productivity, regular
employment, and growing urbanization gave
more
people the opportunity to go on holiday.
The Modern Tourism 19th
and 20th Century
• 19th century
• • Two technological developments in early part in this
century had a great effect in tourism.
• • These were the introduction of railway and development
of steam power.
• • In latter part of this century, travel organizers emerged.
Thomas Cook is the first and
• famous organizer.
20th Century
• At the beginning of this century, pleasure travel
continued to expand.
• After world war 1, forms of travel began to change
radically. The railways as means of
travel declined with the introduction of motor car.
• Another progress of after war was the aircraft
technology.
• After post war recovery years, there was an increase
of private car ownership.
The Modern Tourism
19th and 20th Century
 • Tourism in the Philippines began when the original inhabitants search for food.
• • A more recognizable tourism appeared when the country was discovered
by Ferdinand
• Magellan.

Origin of
• • During American occupation in the Philippines, Americans were able to
reach Manila after
• two weeks on board of Pan American Airways.

Tourism in the • • Although there were already visitor arrivals from other countries, there
were no tour

Philippines
• operators.
• • There were only few tourist attractions and destinations in the Philippines.
• • It was difficult to measure tourist activities before WWII since there were
no statistical
• records.
• • In 1952, the first tourism association in the Philippines was organized.
 SUMMARY
ON MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN
THE HISTORY OF TOURISM