The Concept of Tourism and Hospitality
Essential elements must be to and
Definition of Tourism
• A phenomenon unique to modern
time which is dependent on the
people’s increasing need for a change
and relaxing, the wish of recognizing
the beauties of nature and art and
the belief that nature gives happiness
to human beings and which helps
nations and communities’
approaching to each other thanks to
the development in commerce and
industry and the communication and
transportation tools’ becoming
excellent”
• Tourism is the temporary, short-term
movement of people to destination
outside the places where they
normally live and work and their
activities during the stay at each
destination. It includes “movement
for all purposes”
• One must travel and remain in a place
outside of their usual residential
environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business
or other purposes” (UNWTO,1994)
• Tourism is a social, cultural and
economic phenomenon which entails
the movement of people to countries
or places outside their usual
environment for personal or
business/professional purposes.
These people are called visitors which
may be either tourists or
excursionists; residents or non-
residents and tourism has to do with
their activities, some of which imply
tourism expenditure” (UNWTO, 2008)
Characteristics of Tourism
1. Combination of phenomena and
relationship
2. Essential elements: Dynamic (the
Journey) and Static (the stay)
3.
from destinations outside the place
of residence
4. Duration of stay is temporary and
short-term, with intention of
returning to the place of residence
5. For purposes of recreation and
leisure
Forms of Tourism
• Domestic Tourism
- Comprises the activities of a
resident visitor within the
country of reference either as
part of a domestic tourism
trip or part of an outbound
tourism trip
• Inbound Tourism
- Comprises the activities of a
non-resident visitor within
the country of reference on
an inbound tourism
• Outbound tourism
- Comprises the activities of a
resident visitor outside the
country of reference, either
as part of an outbound
tourism trips or as part of a
domestic tourism
• Internal Tourism
- Domestic tourism + inbound
tourism
• National Tourism
- Domestic tourism +
outbound tourism
• International Tourism
- Inbound tourism + outbound
tourism
Five A’s of Tourism
• Attractions
• Amenities
• Accessibility
• Activities
• Accommodation
Definition of Tourist
• Tourists is a word related to “tour”
which is derived from the Latin word
“tornus” a circle-or turner’s wheel.
• Visitors are any person visiting a
country for reasons other than of
earning money
Tourist vs Excursionist
• Tourist
- (Overnight Visitor) refers to a
visitor (domestic, inbound, or
outbound) whose trip
includes overnight stay
(IRTS,2008)
• Excursionist
- (Same-Day Visitor) - refers to
a visitor (domestic, inbound,
or outbound) who does not
include an overnight stay
(IRTS,2008)
Motivations for Travel
• Travel refers to the movement of
people from one location to another.
A traveler is someone who moves
between different geographic
locations, for any purpose and any
duration (UNWTO,2010).
• There are three main reasons why
people travel
• Business
• Leisure
• Bleasure
Elements of Travel
1. Reason for Journey
2. Distance to travel
3. Length of stay at the destination
4. Residence of the tourist
5. Forms of travel
Definition of Hospitality
• The word hospitality comes from the
Latin word “hospitare” which means
“to receive as guest”.
• Hospitality refers to the tradition that
a host is ready to provide food,
beverage and lodging for someone
away from home.
• Hospitality includes the “reception
and entertainment of travelers, the
way they are treated by the industry
employees and an overall concern for
their well-being and satisfaction.
SYMBOL OF HOSPITALITY
• The Pineapple Story begins when
Christopher Columbus returned to
Europe with the pineapple, which
originated in South America, as one of
the prizes obtained in the New World.
• The Pineapple tradition welcome
friendship hospitality.
THREE PERSPECTIVE OF HOSPITALITY
• Guest Perspective (The recipient of
hospitality)
• Operator Perspective (The deliver of
hospitality)
• Tech Perspective (The platform to
help operators better deliver)
Components of Tourism and Hospitality
1. Food and Beverage Services
Component
2. Accommodation or Lodging Services
Component
 3. Recreation and Leisure Services
Component
4. Travel Services Component
Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality
1. The tourism and hospitality are
dynamic
2. The tourism and hospitality industry
are seasonal.
3. Tourism and hospitality are a labor-
extensive industry.
4. Tourism and Hospitality is people-
oriented.
5. Tourism and hospitality are a multi-
dimensional phenomenon.
6. Tourism and hospitality products are
unlimited.
7. Tourism and hospitality products are
purchased without even insisting the
people to buy them.
Importance of Tourism and Hospitality
1. Economic Progression.
2. Generation of employment.
3. Promotion of culture and cultural
heritage.
4. Societal progress.
5. Significance to education.
6. Dispersion of development.
7. Environment and Culture
preservation.
8. Build strong relationship between
countries
9. Better planning strategies for
infrastructure development
10. World’s peace industry
11. Foreign Exchange Earnings
THE HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
EARLY TOURISM
• Tourism comes from the Hebrew word
"torah," which meaning "education, teaching,
or law."
• Tourism is derived from the Old Saxon term
"torn," which means "leave with the aim of
returning" in certain books.
• Travel (from the word "Travail") has evolved
from something that only a few people (the
wealthy) could do to something that anybody
can do.
The two reasons why people travel is
• for Business
• for Religious
The Sumerians
• invented money and wheels
• The Greeks' creation of the Olympic
Games in 776 B.C. led to the
development of another type of travel
for entertainment.
• They built horse stables every 6 miles,
and these specific sites can be used to
replace fatigued horses or get new
hose to travel faster - Petrol stations.
• One of the most important pilgrimage
destinations in the 14th century was
St. Jame of Galicia, which is located in
Spain.
• The word “Holiday” was derived from
an Old English phrase hāligdæg (holy
day).
• For English pilgrims had to obtain and
carry permits – passports
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• The decline of the travel declined.
• Religious travels were the only one who
traveled during the period.
RENAISSANCE
• Educational travel was offered as a new type
of travel.
• Young men's educational journey became
known as the "Grand Tour."
• The practice had become institutionalized
for the top class of society by the 18th
century.
RENAISSANCE
• Another purpose of regular travel:
health and culture. People who are
sick look for cures, while others seek
out culture.
• Spas or medical baths.
• Sanitas Per Aquas – “health through
waters”
• • The term spa comes from the
Spanish word espa - "fountain."
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• Travel grew in popularity.
• Technological advancements and
• Societal changes
• Enjoyment (Leisure Travel)
• People's increased productivity and
urbanization provided them with the chance
and financial means to take a vacation
(“Staycation”)
MODERN TOURISM (19TH Century)
• The development of two technological
developments:
• the building of a railway system
• the creation of steam power.
• Low-cost commercial aircraft
• The invention of steam power which led to
the popularity of day cruises and the
development of resorts along the coasts of
major cities throughout the world.
Thomas Cook
• First travel organizers to plan a railway
journey between Leicester and
Loughborough, England.
• In 1866, he organized an American Tour.
• "Cook's Circular Notes" - traveler's check.
The Baedeker
• Most popular guide book of the century,
• Main book for Europeans.
MODERN TOURISM (20TH Century)
• The growth of income, curiosity, and
adventure attitudes among people at the turn
of the twentieth century, as well as the
development of more accessible, safe, and
convenient transportation, propelled the
leisure travel sector forward.
• The development of motor cars – motorized
public road transport boosted popularity of
seaside tours.
• Another is the interest in international
travel.
• The Tourism and Hospitality industry
remains to be one of the major contributors
to economic diversification and source of
foreign exchange.
HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Ancient period
Sumerians:
• They are the earliest recorded hospitality
industry.
• They also introduced money and writing
• Alcoholic beverages – the Beer which were
considered to be safest drink than their water.
• Taverns the very first hospitality business
Early Traders
• Establishment of caravanserai along the Silk
Road.
• Caravanserais were classified as "guest
homes" or "roadside inns" that were built to
accommodate visitors and traders for the
night.
Empires: 3200 BC to 476 AD
Egyptian Empire:
• Egyptian hospitality is well-known - large
feast held in honor of their distinguished
visitors and dignitaries.
• Egyptians were the first to start the tourism
and hospitality industry
• Famous pyramids
Greek Empire:
• The emergence of inns and taverns in
ancient Greece.
• Inns and taverns were highly regarded and
provided excellent meals to travelers.
• One of the many reasons they were
regarded as one of the most hospitable
empires of their time was because of this.
Roman Empire:
• Trade, interchange of products, battles, road
networks, religious activities, sports, and
tourist sites are all possible contributors to
the growth of travel and tourism.
• Roman technologies such as Roman law,
cement, concrete, and army, wild cuisine,
animal fat candles, and roman numerals may
have aided travel and tourism both directly
and indirectly.
Khans
• which were a combination of stables,
sleeping quarters, and castles, were built.
These were basic structures that provided
protection not just from the elements, but
also from foes and robbers.
Medieval Period (Dark Ages)
• Innkeeping practically vanished after the fall
of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
• Christians had a responsibility to provide
hospitality to tourists and pilgrims.
• “Xenodocheions” Greek word that means
“inns or resting places”
• The Hospice of St. Bernard was the most
famous of these monastery-shelters.
• The Roman roads became known as post
roads were relay stations converted to “post
houses” or “posting houses” – which served
as a lodging facility
• In Europe, rest houses for pilgrims were
established by Charlemagne
Renaissance: 1350 AD to 1600 AD
• There was a decrease in the number of
available restaurants or dining establishments
throughout this time.
• In England, taverns, pubs, and inns did not
serve food or drink, and the higher class
disregarded these establishments
Early Modern Period: 1600AD to 1800AD
• The stagecoach was the most popular
means of transportation.
• In the 1600s, a rule requiring innkeepers to
acquire licenses.
• Innkeepers are obligated to accept all
travelers under the common law.
• The common law created two principles that
are still followed in our hospitality business
law today:
• innkeepers must insure (insurance) their
guests' property and
• ensure their safety.
Early Modern Period: 1600AD to 1800AD
• A type of eating place for commoners was
introduced at England in the 16TH century
which is called ordinary.
• Boulanger
• Restaurants, a French word that means
"restoratives," were the name for these
establishments.
• A dish composed of sheep's feet with a
sauce was one of the items on his menu.
• France - Café. Café is the French word for
“coffee”.
• Café Procope
The Industrial Era: 1800s
• The Industrial Revolution
• It is a time marked by the industrialization of
society and economies,
• the invention and mechanization of various
kinds of transportation, including railways.
Modern Period
Nineteenth Century
• The evolution of the hotel business.
• Hotel began serving food and beverages to
the travelers.
• Sophisticated facilities that supplied
superior rooms and dining areas to the
general public
• The creation of various hotel selling facilities
such as hotel bars, hotel pools, and hotel
architectural improvements.
• The term "restaurant" was then used to
refer to a hotel's dining room
Twentieth Century
• The development of a hospitality culture
among people, presented a major financial
opportunity.
• Many large hotel chains began operating in
the mid-twentieth century.
• Automobiles became immensely popular.
• The rise of motels, which are
accommodation facilities erected beside
major highways
• In the year 1980, the United Nations World
Tourism Organization (UNWTO) announced
the 27TH day of September as “World
Tourism Day”.
Twenty-First Century
• The integration of technological
advancements into the hospitality industry
• Engineering advancements enabled the
construction of taller and more technological
hotels.
THE ECONOMICS OF TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Economics
• This refers to the study of the laws of supply
and demand.
• It discusses the production, allocation and
distribution of resources.
• Economic also deals with the optimal use of
scarce resources to match available resources
with the needs and wants of individuals and
communities.
• It is concerned with issues arising from
scarcity
Tourism Demand
• It is defining are “the total number of
persons who travel, or wish to travel, to use
tourist facilities and services at places away
from their places of work or residence”.
▪ Demand Substitution
▪ Demand Redirection
▪ Demand Generation
Factors Affecting Tourism Demand
Economic
• Cost of travel
• Prices of goods and services
• Foreign exchange rates
Geographic
• Accessibility of the destination
• Seasonality of the available
attractions and recreational activity
• Location
Political
• Government laws on visas
• Immigration
• Customs
• Taxes
• Health policies
Perception of the Destination
• Image
• Credibility
• Branding
• Safety and security issues
Tourism Supply
• It is consisting of the possible products and
services to satisfy and exceed the demand of
travelers.
• It represents the quantity and range of
products and services that the destination or
host community can offer at a given price
Components of Tourism Supply
• DIRECT PROVIDERS
• SUPPORT SERVICES
• TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
ORGANIZATIONS
Factors Affecting Tourism Supply
Political
• Government support for tourism
investment such as tax holidays
• Export and Import regulations
Technological
• Availability of equipment
• Innovative techniques
Geographical
• Accessibility of destination
• Climate
• Natural environment
Social
• Hospitality
• Communication skills
• Showcase of traditions and culture
Legal
• Laws and regulations
• Policies and procedures
Role of Tourism and Hospitality in Economic
Development
• The tourism and hospitality industry are one
of the most important sectors of the global
economy.
• The tourism and hospitality industry are a
driving force in expanding economic
opportunity, particularly in developing
countries, by allowing people to manage their
assets in ways that generate income and
options.
Economic Impact Direct Effects
• These are the wages and earnings of those
who work directly in the sector as workers or
entrepreneurs and receive direct payment or
income from tourist expenditures. Indirect
Effects
• Occur along the value chain. The funds
raised from tourist expenditures will be used
to purchase supplies such as ingredients for a
restaurant menu, among other things.
• This is also referred to as a secondary effect.
Dynamic Effects
• Tourism and hospitality can have an impact
on local households' livelihood strategies, the
business climate for small business SCOPE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
development, patterns of growth in the local
TOURISM STAKEHOLDERS
or national economy, and the destination's
infrastructure or natural resource base. • It Is described as an individual, organization
and/or community who has an interest in the
TOURISM MULTIPLIER
success of the industry.
• This simply refers to how many times a
Demand Side are classified based on origin
tourist's money circulates through a country's
economy. Money spent in a hotel or • Domestic Tourists
restaurant directly contributes to the creation • International Tourist
of jobs on the hotel grounds.
Supply Side
• The multiplier effects continue or have
ripple effect until the money in due course • Resource Providers
‘leaks’ from the economy through imports or
other methods. - These include government
agencies, parks, museums,
• “Leakage” is the value of goods and services heritage and traditional
imported to service the needs of tourism and landowners
hospitality

Undesirable Impact of Tourism • Tourism Operators

• Negative Environmental Effects of Tourism - These are the private

and Hospitality companies running tourism-
related businesses such as
• Negative Economic Effects of Tourism and
airlines, hotels, restaurants,
Hospitality (Economic Instability)
transport and attractions.
• Foreign Poaching
• Tourism Managers
• Tourism Dependence

• Negative Social Effects of Tourism and - These refer to tourism

Hospitality commissions and other
organizations involved in
Strategies to Maximize the Positive Economic
planning policy formulation,
Effect of Tourism and Hospitality
implementation and
Growth Theories monitoring of tourism
activities.
• Theory of Balanced Growth
• Theory of Unbalanced Growth • Infrastructure and Support Services
Economic Strategies
- These refer to private and
• Foreign Exchange public agencies that are
• Import Substitution primarily involved in road,
• Economic Development Incentives bridge and highway
construction and
maintenance; the design,
building and upkeep of
 airport, pier, terminals and
other similar structures.
TOURISM SECTORS
• Accommodations
- These refers to various types
of lodging facilities that
provide rest and relaxation
such hotels, resorts, villas,
pension houses and hotels.
• Attractions
- These are considered as the
major reasons for visiting a
Pioneers in the Tourism and Hospitality
destination.
Industry
• Food and Beverage Services
- These refers to providing food
and beverage to guests
• Gaming and Entertainment
- These refers to casinos and
integrated resorts.
• MICE and Special Events
- It is an acronym that means
Meetings, Incentives,
Conventions and Exhibitions.
It is generally referred to as
business tourism or meeting
industry
• Transportation
- This sector facilitates travel
from one place to another
using one or a combination of
the different modes of
transport
• Travel Trade
- This sector is composed of
intermediaries such as travel
agents, tour operators,
consolidators and wholesalers
• Tourism Support Services
- These are provided by the
Department of Tourism; other
pertinent government
agencies; private
organizations; education
sector and civic action groups
• Cesar Ritz (The Hotelier of Kings and
King of Hoteliers)
- The General Hotel of Savoy
Hotel in London which is
considered as one of the
famous luxurious hotels in the
world. He popularize the
phrase – “le clienten’a jamais
tort” – “the customer is
always right”
• Ellsworth Milton Statler (Hotel Man
of the Half Century)
- Mr. Satler provided high
standards and comfort and
convenience in an affordable
price for middle-class
travelers. He was the first to
who place telephones, radios
and other amenities in the
guestrooms such as mirrors,
closets and faucets for ice
water.
• Conrad Hilton (The Biggest Hotel
Man in the World”
- Mr. C. Hilton eventually
created the largest and most
profitable international hotel
empire of his era. He
purchased his first hotel in
Cisco, Texas, upon learning
that room occupancy turned
over three times a day.
• Thomas Cook (The Father of Modern
Tourism)
- He is considered as the first
professional travel agent and
founded the first travel
agency. The phrase “Cook’s
Tour” which means touring to
many places and briefly stops
at each place for period of
time
• Howard Dearing Johnson (The
Pioneer of Restaurant Franchising)
- Howard Johnson is widely
regarded as one of the first to
pioneer restaurant
franchising. Johnson also
devised the concept of a
standardized system of
operations, which enabled
him to maintain consistency
in the rapid expansion of his
ice cream shops, restaurants,
and lodging properties.
• John Willard Marriott (Founder of
Marriott Corporation)
- He quoted "Take care of your
employees, they'll take care
of your customers and the
customers will keep coming
back again and again."
• Ray Kroc
- He founded McDonald's
System, Inc. (later McDonald’s
Corporation), and opened its
first new restaurant in Des
Plaines, Illinois.
• Isadore Sharp (Man for All Seasons)
- He is the creator of the Four
Seasons Hotel Group. Starting
with just one hotel in Toronto
in 1960, he grew his company
to 99 hotels in 33 countries
with annual revenues of more
than $4 billion (£3.1 billion).
Moreover, despite being in his
ninth decade, Mr Sharp
remains the company's
hands-on chairman. Four
Seasons was one of the first
hotel groups to introduce 24-
hours room service.
• Ruth Fertel
- One of the most successful
woman restaurateur who
founded the Chris Steak
House considered as the
largest upscale restaurant
chain in the United States.