BSTM TOUR 5O: REVIEWER pleasure rather than for business while visitor is someone who visits someone

pleasure rather than for business while visitor is someone who visits someone else for any
“INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY” . reason it may be personal or business visit.
• Hospitality
• Definition of Tourism
- hospitality is friendly welcoming behavior towards guests or people you have just met.
- According to Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University, Switzerland, it is “The sum of the
- According to Collins Dictionary, hospitality is the food, drinks, and other privileges which
phenomena and relationships arising from the Travel and Stay of non-residents, in so far as they
some companies provide for their visitors or clients at major sporting or other public events.
do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity”.
• Difference between tourism and hospitality
- According to UNWTO, “It comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in
- Tourism entails the movement of people to places outside their usual environment.
places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure
Hospitality entails the comfort and wellbeing of guests at a variety of event and establishments.
business and other purposes”.
• The relationship between tourism and hospitality
• Tourist
- the hospitality industry is an industry that offers services that usually cost extra income to
- is a temporary visitor that remain at least 24 hours in the visited country and whose purpose
enjoy and include things like hotels, restaurants, transportation, and leisure activities. Tourism is
can be classified according to the heading of
the act of traveling and to a destination for pleasure purposes.
(a) Leisure (recreation, holidays, health, study, religion and sport) or
• Components of tourism & hospitality industry
(b) Business, family, mission, meeting.
- Food & Beverage
• Tourist as per WTO
(e.g Restaurants, Coffee shop, Cafeteria)
1. Person travel for pleasure, domestic reasons, health, etc.
- Lodging
2. Person travelling for meetings or in a representative capacity of any kind (scientific,
(e.g Hotel, Hostel, Inn, Transient)
administrative, religious, etc).
- Recreation and Entertainment
3. Persons travelling for business purposes.
(e.g Mountain Climbing, Skiing)
4. Persons arriving during sea cruises, even when they stay for less than 24 hours (in respect of
- Travel and Tourism
this category of persons the condition of usual place of residence is waived off).
(e.g Holiday Vacation, Leisure)
• Excursionist
- Transportation
- temporary visitor that remain at least 24 hours in the visited country and whose purpose can
(e.g Land, Air, Sea)
be classified according to the headings of
- Travel Agencies and Tour Operators
(a) Leisure (recreation, holidays, health, study, religion and sport) or
(e.g Expedia, Agoda, Booking.com, klook)
(b) Business, family, mission, meeting.
• Nature of Tour
• Traveler or Traveller
- Tour, it is a visit to a place or area, especially one during which you look and around the place
- commonly refers to one who travels, especially to distant lands.
or area and learn about it.
• Visitor
- According to Cambridge dictionary, it is also a trip made for pleasure, especially as a vacation,
- it is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less
visiting several different places in an area.
than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be
• The Tourism product
employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited.
- In a narrow sense, the tourist product consists of what the tourist buys.
• Difference between a tourist and a visitor
- In a broader sense, the tourist product is a combination of what the tourist does at the
- The difference between tourist and visitor is that the tourist is someone who travels just for
destination and the services s/he uses his/her stay.

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• Characteristics of a Tourism Product: 5. Tourism and hospitality is a multidimensional phenomenon. It is dependent on many and
1. It is a service. varied activities which are separate but interdependent.
2. It is largely psychological in attraction. • Importance of Tourism and Hospitality
3. It tends to vary in standard and quality over time. - Tourism and Hospitality has become one of the world’s major industries. Both developing and
4. The supply of the product is fixed. highly developed nations are now taking a closer look at the following potential benefits.
• What is a Tourism Product? 1. Contribution to the balance of payments
- As defined by UNWTO, a Tourism Product is “a combination of tangible and intangible 2. Dispersion of development
elements, such as natural, cultural and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and 3. Effect on genera; economic development
activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination 4. Employment opportunities
marketing mix and creates an overall visitor. 5. Social benefits
• Tourist Destination: 6. Cultural enrichment
- the tourist destination is a geographical unit where the tourist visits and stays. 7. Educational significance
- it may be a village, a city, a district, a region, an island, a country or a continent. 8. A vital force for peace
- the success of a tourist destination depends upon the interrelationship of three (3) basic
factors: Attractions, Amenities or Facilities, & Accessibility
“THE HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY”..
• A. Attractions
* HISTORY OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
- Natural
(LAND: chocolate hills, bohol / SEA: coron island, palawan) • EARLY TOURISM
- Man – Made - Man has traveled since the earliest times, although the term “tourism was used in the 19th
(Igorot Stone Kingdom, Baguio City and Banaue Rice terraces) century”.
• B. Facilities or Amenities - The book of Ezekiel describes trade and commerce in ancient Tyre and recount the travels
- Hotels, Pool, Sauna abroad made by merchants.
• C. Accessibility - Early tourism has 2 forms:
- this means having a regular and convenient transportation in terms or time/distance to the 1. Travel for Business as Trading
destination from the originating country at a reasonable price. 2. Religious Travel
- if private transport is to be the means of access, tourism flow will depend upon adequate - Merchants have travelled extensively in order to trade with nations and tribes.
roads, gasoline stations and the like. - Invention of money, writing and wheel by the Summerians facilitated travel and exchange of
- good railways and coach services, airports and sea ports are designed to facilitate accessibility. goods. The early Phoenecians toured the Mediterranean as traders.
• Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality: - Both Greeks and Romans were well – known traders.
1. The product is not brought to the customer; rather, the customer must travel and go to the - Olympic Games were held in 776 BC by the Greeks
product to purchase it. - Romans improved roads, inns and communication, and stables where horses can be changed.
2. The products of tourism are not used up; this, they do not exhaust the country’s natural - Travel for religious reasons took the form of pilgrimages to places of worships such as
resources. Chaucer’s tale of the pilgrimage to canterbury.
3. Tourism and hospitality is a labor – intensive industry. - In the year 1388, English pilgrims were required to obtain and carry permits, the forerunner
4. It is also people – oriented. of the modern passport.

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• TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
- Travel declined
- travel, derived from the word “travail”, become burdensome, dangerous and demanding.
- After the decline of the Roman empire in the 5th century, roads were not maintained and
became unsafe.
- No one dared to travel for leisure due to thievery.
- Crusader and Pilgrims were the only one who traveled.
• RENAISSANCE AND ELIZABETHAN ERA
- With the Renaissance, travel for education was introduced largely by the British.
- In the 16th century, travel for education became popular.
- Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions in court were encouraged to travel to the
continent to widen their education.
- Education of a gentleman should be completed by a “Grand Tour” of the cultural centers of
the continent which lasted for 3 years.
- By the end of the 18th century, the practice had become institutionalized by the upper class of
society.
-Young men sought intellectual improvement in the continent while the sick sought a remedy
for their illnesses in “spa” or medicinal baths.
- The term “spa” is derived form the Walloon work espa meaning “fountain”.
- In 1660, Turnbridge Wells in Kent (near London) became a famous spa.
- Entertainment was added, and dozens of watering places became resort hotels.
- In the 18th and 19th centuries, bath in England, Baden – Baden in Germany, Baden in Austria,
Bainesles – Basin in France, Luca in Italy, and Karslbad and Marienbad in Bohemia became
fashionable.
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Brought about major changes in the scale and types of tourism development.
- It brought about not only technological changes, but also essential social changes that made
travel desirable as recreational activity.
- Increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing urbanization gave more people
the motivation and opportunity to go on a holiday.
- Led to the creation of working – class resorts near major industrial centers.
• MODERN TOURISM 19TH CENTURY
- Two technological developments in the early part of the 19th century, introduction of the
railway and development of steam power.
- railroad created more business by providing reliable and cheap transportation.
- Tourism was transformed from a small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass
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market that is, travel by a large number of individuals.
- Use of the steam power provided the increased mobility needed by the tourism business.
- Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive transportation that led to the
popular day – trip cruises and the growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns.
• THOMAS COOK
- Born November 22, 1808, Melbourne, England.
- Died July 18, 1892 (aged 83) Leicester, England.
- Thomas Cook, an English innovator of the conducted tour and founder of Thomas Cook and
Son, a worldwide travel agency.
- Father of Modern Tourism.
- In 1841, persuaded the Midland Countries Railway Company to run a special train between
Leicester and Loughborough for a temperance meeting on July 5th.
- It was believed to have been the first publicly advertised excursion train in England.
- During the Paris Exposition of 1855, Cook conducted excursions from Leicester to Calais,
France. The next year he led his first Grand Tour of Europe.
- In the early 1860’s, he ceases to conduct personal tours and became an agent for the sale of
domestic and overseas travel tickets.
- His firm took on military transport and postal services for England and Egypt during the
1880’s.
- On his dead the business passed to his only son. John Mason Cook (1834 – 99), who had been
his father’s partner since 1864.
- The company passed to Cook’s grandsons in 1899 and remained in the family until 1928.
- In 1972 the company was renamed Thomas Cook, and in 2001 it was wholly owned Thomas
Cook AG, one of the largest travel groups in the world.
• MODERN TOURISM 20TH CENTURY
- At the beginning of the 20th, century pleasure travel continued to expand encouraged by the
increasing wealth, curiosity, and outgoing attitudes of the people, as well as the increasing
ease of such movement.
- After World War 1, forms of travel began to change radically.
- the railways as a means of transportation declined with the introduction of the motor car.
- Motorized public road transport and improved road conditions led to the popularity of
seaside tours.
- World War II also led to an increased interest in travel. An outcome of war was the progress
of an aircraft technology.
Air travel became comfortable most especially with the introduction of Boeing 707 jets in
1958.
 - Travelers switched to the use of private cars and this change affected both coach and rail Alps, 8,110 feet above sea level.
services. - Travelers were not charged for lodging, but donations were expected from those who are
- Business travel also flourished leading to the demand not only for individual travel, but also able to pay.
for conference and incentive travel on a worldwide scale. - In Europe, Charlemagne established rest houses for pilgrims to protect them and provide
- Prospects for the continued growth of world tourism in the 20th century appear to ve the hospitality on their routes.
most promising. - The Abby at Roncesvalles is an example that provided services such as a warm welcome, free
bread, cellars full of fruits and almonds, two hospices with bed for the sick, and a burial
* HISTORY OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY ground.
- Medieval guilds help open houses for pilgrims and their accommodations are like
• ANCIENT PERIOD monasteries.
- Hospitality industry began with the Sumerians, a group of people who lived in Mesopotamia - The Steelyard in London that was operated by the Hanseatic League is an example.
near the Persian Gulf at about 4000 BC - Church continued to provide hospitality to the poor since Christian charity.
- The land was fertile, they became prosperous as farmers and cow breeders. Invented money - Gradually, some taverns, inns and wine shops began to give accommodation to middle – class
and writing to record and settle their business transactions. travelers.
- they were the first to developing trade. • MEDIEVAL PERIOD: RENAISSANCE 1350 AD TO 1600 AD
- growing and trading grain was converted it to alcoholic beverages or beers which became the - No restaurants or dining establishments. In England, taverns, inns, and pubs have no food.
most commonly consumed beverages in Sumerians society. - Upper class men preferred to dine at home.
- Sumerian traders required the services of travelers, namely food, drinks and shelter. - Concern about table manners increased during this period and rules to be observed at the
- Local Sumerian taverns were built making them the first hospitality business. this was 3000 dinner table developed.
BC. - People were instructed not to use their hands or fingers in putting food on their plates
• EARLY TRADERS because this was unpleasant. And burping at the dinner table was unacceptable.
- In 2000 BC, a considerable amount of trade had developed among the people of the Middle • EARLY MODERN PERIOD: 1600 AD TO 1800 AD
East. Many became traders of exotic goods. - In the 16th century, a type of eating place for commoners in England called an ordinary
- There is a need for hospitality services for their long journeys. appeared. During this era, coffee and tea began to influence the culinary habits of Western
- Caravanserai are inns that provided food and shelter to these travels. Their reputation was Europe.
like taverns of the same period. - During the next century, coffee houses were built all over Europe. This first English coffee
- EMPIRE 3200 BC To 476 AD house was St. Michael’s Alley, London in 1652.
Three Empires flourished; - Florian was a famous Café in Venice.
Egyptian Empire - In 1683, Kolschitsky café opened in Central Europe.
Greek Empire - Increase in the quality of inns, the application of English common law to the hospitality
Roman empire industry and in France, the reintroduction of restaurants for public dining.
• MEDIEVAL PERIOD: DARK AGES - Early common law required innkeepers to receive all travelers provided they have available
- After the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD, innkeeping almost disappeared. rooms, and the travelers were in fit condition.
- Roman Catholic Church took over the job of feeding and housing travelers – both religious - Paris, France in 1765, Boulanger operated a small business that sold soups and broths. These
and lay men. were later called restaurants from the French word “resteu”.
- The most famous of these monastery – shelters was the Hospice of St. Bernard located in the - Another type of food service establishment which developed France was the café.
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• INDUSTRIAL ERA FROM 1800
- The development of the railroad networks, first in England, then in other countries, had a
greater effect on the hospitality industry than any other development since the fall of the
Roman Empire.
- The establishment of railroad stations became excellent locations for new hospitality
businesses.
- In the U.S., Biltmore Hotel and the Commodore Hotel were built in New York City near the
Grand Central Station.
• MODERN PERIOD: 19TH CENTURY
- In the last quarter of the 1th century public dining was not popular. Many hotels were
constructed without dining facilities. Hotel guests eat their meals in their rooms.
- In 1875, a dining facility was opened in the Albernarle Hotel in London. By this time, the term
restaurant referred to the dining room of a hotel.
- In London, more luxurious hotels began to appear. Some were known for their excellent
guest accommodation and superior food.
- One of the best – known hotels was the Savoy which opened by Richard D’Oyly Carte in
1889.
- In Savoy, D’Oyly Carte employed two men who became famous throughout the world – Cesar
Ritz (General Manager) and Auguste Escoffier (Chef des Cuisines).
• MODERN PERIOD: 20TH CENTURY
- In the 1970’s, new establishments were introduced like Taco Bell, TGI Fridays, Houston’s and
Red Lobster in the restaurant industry, and Days Inn, Super 8 Motels, and Comfort Inns in the
lodging industry.
- 1990’s started with a recession due to the Gulf War and the hospitality industry experiences a
downturn.
- 1993, the economic recovery was very strong. Many corporations expanded overseas.
* THE ECONOMIC OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
• INTRODUCTION
- According to Halls and Coles, 2008, “Tourism is travel for relaxation, business purposes,
refreshment, family and spiritual, usually for limited period. It mainly related with travelling
internationally but may also bring up travelling within the same country or outside the state.
Tourism has turn out to be a prevalent worldwide relaxation activity. It can be local or global
and worldwide tourism has both in/out bound for several countries and touches the economy
of the source as well as host states, and in few case it shows a vibrant significance.
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- According to Halls and Coles, 2008, The World Tourism Organization (WTO) make an
assertion that tourism is now consider as the largest industry globally with yearly income of
over $3 Trillion Dollars.
- According to Agaraj and Murati, 2009, The activity of tourism in various countries is reflected
the most significant than creation concerning to the financial characteristics as well as social
impacts. For a growth of economy tourism is an exceptional facilitator that’s why it is a vital
part in macroeconomic level. This business is imperative to force labor and is essential cause of
government’s revenues.
• THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENY
- Several developing countries have used tourism as an alternative to help economic growth.
The reason for this are;
* First, there is a continuous demand for international travel in developed countries.
* Second, as income in developed countries increases, the demand for tourism also
increases at a faster rate.
* Third, developing countries need foreign exchange to aid their economic
development.
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TOURISM AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE
- In Tourism, the consumer collects the product form the exporting country, thereby
eliminating the freight costs for the exporter, except in cases in which the airline used are
those of the tourist receiving country.
The demand for pleasure travel is largely dependent in non – economic factors, such as local
disturbances, political unrest, etc,, at the same time, international tourism is both price –
elastic and income elastic.
By using specific fiscal measures, the exporting or tourist receiving country can manipulate
exchange rate so that those for tourist are higher or lower than those in other foreign trade
markets. Also, tourist are allowed to buy in domestic markets at the same price as the local
residents.
Tourism is multifaceted industry that directly affects several sectors in the economy, such as
hotels, shops, restaurants, local transport firms, entertainment establishment, and etc.
Tourism bring more non – monetary benefits and costs than other export industries, such as
social, cultural and environmental benefits, and costs.
• ECONOMIC IMPACT • BENEFIT-COST RATIO
TOURISM MULTIPLIER - Those concerned with developing the tourism
- The term multiplier is used to describe the total effect, industry, whether a government or a private
both direct and secondary, of an external source income individual, would like to know the extent of
introduced into the economy. Tourism multiplier or potential benefits and their costs.
multiplier effect is used to estimate direct and secondary
effects of tourist expenditures on the economy of the •
country.

• ECONOMIC IMPACT
- DIRECT EFFECTS are the changers in economic activity during the first round of spending. For
tourism, this involves the impacts on the tourism industries (businesses selling directly to
tourists) themselves.
SECONDARY EFFECTS are the changes in economic activity from subsequent rounds of re –
spending of tourism dollars.
There are 2 types of Secondary Effects:
1. INDERECT EFFECTS, are the changes in sales, income, or employment within the region in •
backward – linked industries supplying goods and services to tourism businesses.
2. INDUCED EFFECTS, are the increased sales within the region from household spending of the
income earned in tourism and supporting industries.

Leakage is the value of goods and services that must

be imported to service the needs of tourism
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• HOW TO MAXIMIZE THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF TOURISM . “THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENT” .
1. GROWTH THEORIES
- These theories are the theory of balanced growth and theory of unbalanced growth. • THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENT
Proponents of the theory of balanced growth suggest that tourism should be viewed as an A. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT
important part of a broad – based economy. To obtain maximum economic benefits, tourism - 1. Land
goods and services should be locally produced. 2. Body of water
2. ECONOMIC STRATEGIES B. INFRASTRUCTURE
- The key to maximizing the economic effects of tourism is to maximize the amount of - Consists of all the underground and surface developmental construction of a region,
revenue and jobs developed within the region. which is made up of water systems, communication networks, healthcare facilities,
Ex. Foreign Exchange transportation terminals, power sources, sewage/drainage areas/highways and security
3. IMPORT SUBSTITUTION systems.
- It imposes quotas or tariffs on the importation of goods which can be developed 1. Water system
locally, its objective is to minimize the leakage of money. 2. Communication Network
4. INCENTIVES 3. Healthcare Facilities
- It can encourage the influx of capital, both local and foreign, necessary to develop 4. Power
tourism supply. The most common forms of incentives are: 5. Highways
Tax exemptions/ reduction on imported machinery, materials, etc. 6. Transportation terminals
- Reduction in company taxation by means of favorable depreciation allowances on C. HOSPITALITY RESOURCES
investments, and other taxes; Tax Holidays (limited period); - Includes the cultural wealth of an area which makes a successful hosting of tourists.
> Guarantee of stabilization of tax condition (for up to 20 years); Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourists business employees, attitudes of the residents
> Grants; Subsidies; Loan at low rate of interest; toward visitors, courtesy, friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to serve and to get better
> Provision of land freehold at nominal or little cost or at low rents; acquainted with visitors, and other manifestations of warmth and friendliness.
> Free and unrestricted repatriation of all or part of invested capital profits, D. SUPERSTRUCTURE
dividends, and interest subject to tax provisions; and - Is the above ground facility services such as airport buildings, passenger traffic
> Guarantees against nationalization or appropriation. terminals, motels, resorts, hotels, restaurants, shopping centers, places of entertainment,
5. FOREIGN EXCHANGE museums, stores and similar structures.
- Many countries have placed restrictions on spending in order to maximize foreign 1. Hotels and restaurants
exchange earnings. 2. Airport terminals
They have limited the amount of their own currency that tourist can bring in and 3. Museums
take out of the destination to ensure that foreign currency is used to pay bills in the host E. TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
region. Visitors may be required to show that they have enough money for their stay before - Include items such as ships, airplanes, trains, automobiles, railways, aerial tramways,
they are permitted to enter the country. and similar passenger transportation facilities.
1. Airplanes; and;
2. Trains
3. Ships

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• ACCOMMODATION - appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles’ (RVs’)
- A building that provide lodging, meals and other services to the travelling public on a 11. HEALTH SPAS
commercial basis. - are the hotels and resorts, which cater to individuals who go to spas or mineral springs for
• TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION . weight reduction or medical treatment; and
1. HOTELS 12. PRIVATE HOMES
- provide accommodation, meals, and refreshments for those who may reserve their - private lodging to tourists when accommodation are not available during peak periods.
accommodations in advance but need not to do so. In board terms, they provide facilities that
meet the needs of the modern traveler.
2. CONDOMINIUM
- an apartment or individual dwelling unit, owned by an individual but the management and I. MULTIPLE CHOICE | 20 ITEMS
services such as maintenance and security are handled by an independent company.
➢ LECTURES 1-4 (DEFINITION OF TERMS)
3. MOTELS OR MOTOR HOTELS
- provide bedroom, bath and parking to motorists; rooms are usually accessible from the II. MATCHING TYPE | 20 ITEMS

parking lot. They are usually near the highways.

➢ INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (DEFINITION OF TERMS)
4. INNS ➢ HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

- are lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the minimum III. IDENTIFICATION | 20 ITEMS
requirements catering to transients which do not meet the minimum requirement of an
➢ HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY (8 ITEMS)
economy hotel.
5. APARTMENTS ➢ TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION (12 ITEMS)

-are hotel (apartel), buildings, or edifices containing several independent and furnished or IV. ENUMERATION | 20 ITEMS
semi furnished apartments, regularly leased to tourists and travelers for dwelling, on a more or
➢ IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (6 ITEMS)
less long – term basis and offering basic services to its tenants similar to hotels.
➢ CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM PRODUCTS (4 ITEMS)
6. PARADORES
- are old convents, monasteries, castles, fortresses converted into hotels by the government ➢ FACTORS THAT MAXIMIZE THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF TOURISM (5 ITEMS) ➢
TOURISM & HOSPITALITY SUPPLY COMPONENTS (5 ITEMS)
and operated by a national tourism office, first class paradores are found in Spain and Ireland.
V. ESSAY (10 PTS)
7. PENSIONS
- are private of family operated tourist accommodations similar to boarding houses or guest RELATED TO:

houses. They offer food and lodging to tourists and are well known for their informal family ➢ TOURISM & HOSPITALITY

atmosphere. ➢ HISTORY OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

8. BED AND BREAKFAST

- provide a room, bath, and a heavy breakfast to tourists and/or travelers. They are known as VI. COMPUTATION (10PTS)

B&B’s and are popular in Britain, Ireland, and the United. ➢ BENEFIT-COST RATIO
9. HOSTELS
- provide minimal amenities such as bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and bathroom. ____________ matching type

The traveler provides his or her own bedding. They appeal mostly to young travelers. ____________ identification

10. CAMPGROUNDS ____________ enumeration

____________ essay
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____________ computation