Macro Perspective Lecture Notes

Lecture Notes
in
HTM1-1
MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM
AND HOSPITALITY
Compiled by:
Faculty of College of Hospitality and Tourism Management
(for exclusive use of PDM students)

THC1 – MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
WEEK 1
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

TOURISM
 Professors Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University, Switzerland defined tourism as
the “sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of
non-residents, in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not
connected to any earning activity.”
 The definition of the Tourism Society in Britain was: “Tourism is the temporary
short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they
normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these
destinations.”
 This definition was reformulated by the Tourism Society in Cardiff: “Tourism may
be defined in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken
outside the home environment.”
 Tourism refers to the activity of visitors (UNWTO IRTS 2008, 2.9).
MEANING OF TOURIST
In 1963, a United Nations Conference on International Travel and Tourism
recommended a definition of a “visitor” as “any person visiting a country other than that of
earning money.”
2 Classifications of visitors
1. Tourists: Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours, whose purpose could be
classified as:
a. Leisure such as recreation, holiday, health, study, religion or sport or
b. Business
c. Family
d. Mission
e. Meeting
2. Excursionists: Temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in the destination
visited and not making an overnight stay, including cruise travelers in transit.
Reference:
Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D., (2013)Principles of Tourism (Rex Book Store, Inc., C.M. Recto Avenue,
Manila, Philippines.
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WEEK 2
ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
1. Distance
It is the difference between local travel or traveling within a person’s home
community and non-local or traveling away from home.
2. Length of stay at destination
Tourists are temporary visitors staying at least one overnight. Excursionists are
temporary visitors who do not stay at least overnight in the country that they visit.
3. Residence of the traveler
For business and research purposes, it is important to know where people live.
4. Purpose of travel –
a. Visiting friends and relatives
b. Conventions, seminars, and meetings
c. Business
d. Outdoor recreation – hunting, fishing, boating and camping.
e. Entertainment – sightseeing, theater, sports
f. Personal – family, medicinal, funeral, wedding
THE NATURE OF A TOUR

Domestic tourism
 It is a travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of the traveler’s
country.
International tourism
 It involves the movement of people across international boundaries. It is more
difficult to travel outside one’s own country because of the language barriers, and
the currency and documentation requirements such as passports and visas.
Package tour
 A package tour (also called as inclusive tour) is an arrangement in which transport
and accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price and the price
of the individual elements cannot be determined by the purchaser himself.
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Independent tour
 An independent tour is one in which the tourist buys these facilities separately,
either making reservations in advance through a travel agent or en route during his
tour.
THE TOURIST PRODUCT

It is a combination of what the tourist does at the destination and the services he
uses during his stay.
Characteristics of a Tourist Product:
1. It is a service
2. It is largely psychological in its attraction.
3. It tends to vary in standard and quality over time.
4. The supply of the product is fixed.
THE TOURIST DESTINATION

It is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he stays. It may be a
village, a town, a city, a district, a region, an island, a country or a continent. The success of a
tourist destination depends upon the interrelationship of the three basic factors.
3 Basic Factors
1. Attraction
a. Site and Event attractions
A site attraction (e.g. a country, a city, a resort) is one in which the destination itself
has appeal while an event attraction (eg. Festivals, sports, exhibitions) is one which tourists
are drawn to the destination solely because of what is taking place there.
b. Natural or Man-made attractions
Natural attractions include mountains, beaches, climatic feature such as sunshine and pure
air. Man-made attractions include buildings of historical or architectural interest such as Fort
Santiago, holiday camps or theme parks such as Disneyland.
2. Amenities or Facilities
Includes accommodation, food, local transport and communications and entertainment
at the site
3. Accessibility
It means having regular and convenience of transport in terms of time/distance to the
destination from the originating country at a reasonable price.
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TOURIST SERVICES
1. Passenger Passport
Supplies principal tourist services. This provides the means to reach the destination
as well as the movement at the destination. Distinctions in transport are between public
and private, domestic and international and among the various modes – land, sea, and
air.
2. Accommodation, food and beverage and entertainment
Hotels are vital concern to a large proportion of tourists. However, many stay with
friends and relatives while others provide their own caravans and tents.
3. Travel Agent and Tour operator
The travel agent is the distributor of the product while the tour operator is the
manufacturer of the product.
4. Others- currency, documentation information, sightseeing, and shopping.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
Tourism has special characteristics which make it different from other industries.
1. In tourism the product is not brought to the consumer.
2. The products of tourism are not used up; thus, they do not exhaust the country’s
natural resources.
3. Tourism is a labor-intensive industry.
4. Tourism is people-oriented.
5. The tourist industry is seasonal.
6. The industry is dynamic.
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
1. Contribution to the balance of payments
2. Dispersion of development
3. Effect on general economic development
4. Employment opportunities
5. Social benefits
6. Cultural enrichment
7. Educational significance
8. A vital force for peace
Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D. (2013). Principles of Tourism. Rex Book Store, Inc., C.M. Recto
Avenue, Manila, Philippines
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WEEK 3
DEFINITION, NATURE AND SCOPE

DEFINITION OF HOSPITALITY
 The Hospitality Industry is the largest and fastest growing industry in
the world thus it is a great time to be considering a career in this field
because thousands of hospitality workers are needed for this dynamic
industry. It is made up of so many different professions.
 Hospitality Industry comprises of business that provide
accommodations, travel, food and beverage and entertainment to the
traveling public.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

1. Hospitality businesses are open 365 days a year and twenty-four hours
a day.
2. The hospitality industry depends heavily on shift work (morning shift
and afternoon shift).
3. There is a graveyard shift (which usually starts from 10:00 PM and last
6:00 AM)
4. The hospitality businesses produce guest satisfaction which is different
from other business sectors.
5. Products of the hospitality business are intangible and perishable.
SCOPE OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY

 Lodging Statement
- Hotel
- Motel
- Inns
- Resorts
- Pensions
 Meetings, Conventions, and Expositions
 Food and Beverage Segment
- Restaurants
- Fastfood
- Catering
 Managed Services
 Travel and Tourism
- Transportation
- Travel Agencies
- Tour operators
 Entertainment and Recreation
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- Attractions
- Gaming
- Parks
- Clubs
CORPORATE PHILOSOPHY
Corporate Philosophy embraces the values of the organization, including ethics, morals,
fairness, and equality. Successful organizations are those that are able to impart corporate
philosophies to employees and guests alike.
Corporate Culture is the overall style or feel of a company. A company’s culture governs how
people relate to one another and their jobs.
A Mission Statement is a short statement of the central purposes, strategies, and values of a
company.
A Goal is a broad statement of what a company or department wishes to accomplish.
An Objective is a qualification of the goals in measurable terms.
Strategy/Tactics are the actions that are needed to accomplish the goal.
Once the corporate philosophy, culture, mission, goals, objectives and strategies are
finalized, the management functions will have guidance and direction to
help steer the organization to success.
RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SECTORS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY – Identify the factors that affect the growth and change in
hospitality
Industry establishments.
 Globalization
 Safety and security
 Diversity
 Service
 Technology
 Legal issues
 Changing demographics
 Price-value
 Sanitation
 Security
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WEEK 4
THE TOURISM NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENTS
Travel Components
Travel Industry is a tourism network which includes the organizations, both public
and private sectors, that are involved in the development, production and marketing of
products and services to serve the needs of the travelers.
Classifications of the components of the Travel Industry:

1. Direct Providers
These businesses provide services, activities and products that are consumed and, or
purchased directly by travelers.
2. Support Services
lends support to direct providers. It includes specialized services such as tour
organizers, travel and trade publications, hotel management firms, basic supplies and services
such as laundry and contract food services.
3. Developmental organization
these organizations deal with tourism development which tends to be more complex
and broader in scope than the production of daily travel services. It includes government
agencies, financial institutions, real estate developers and educational and vocational training
institutions.
Main Categories of Tourism Supply Components

1. Natural Resources
Includes elements in an area for the use and enjoyment of visitors such as climate,
landforms, flora, bodies of water. The greater the variety and uniqueness of the scenery, the
more appealing it is.
2. Infrastructure
Consists of all underground and surface developmental construction of a region such
as water supply system, power supply, gas lines, electrical and communication systems,
sewage/drainage, areas, streets/highways, and transportation terminals.
General problems in terminal facilities and public transportations:

Air- long walks are required in many terminals
THC1- Macro Perspective of Tourism and Hospitality_________________________________
Rail- parking is inconvenient and inadequate, inadequate cleaning procedures in

waiting areas and rest rooms, lack of security to prevent thefts, information and directional
maps are not provided.
Bus- terminals are dirty and crowded, boarding gates lack a system of orderly
procedures resulting in crowding when passengers are boarding, inadequate protection to
passengers against traffic.
The following suggestions with regard to terminal and ground facilities may serve as
a guide in providing adequate services:
1. Full information about facilities.
2. A security system.
3. The information system should provide data on connecting or alternative rail and bus
service.
4. A system of standard signs and symbols.
5. Rapid updated arrival and departure information.
6. Personnel should always be available to assist passengers, esp the elderly, pregnant,
handicapped and non-English speaking.
7. Complete information on the location, fares, schedules, and routes of local
transportation services.
8. City Maps should be available to tourists.
Security – it is necessary that the basic need for security and safety be considered and
assumed to make the potential tourist feel secure before and during the vacation.
3. Superstructure
Facilities and services that are above the ground such as hotels, motels, resorts,
restaurants, shopping centers, airport buildings, and museums.
A. Accommodation
Types of Accommodations:
1. Hotels
Provide accommodation, meals and refreshments for those who may reserve their
accommodations. They provide facilities that meet the needs of modern traveler.
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2. Condominium
An apartment or individual dwelling unit owned by an individual but the
management and services such as maintenance and security are handled by an
independent company.
3. Motels or Motor hotels

Provide bedroom bath and parking to motorists; rooms are usually accessible from
the parking lot.
4. Inns
Lodging establishments catering to transients which do not meet the minimum
requirements of an economy hotel.
5. Apartment
Apartels, buildings containing several independent and furnished or semi-furnished
apartments.
6. Paradores
Old convents, monasteries, castles, fortresses converted into hotels by the
government and operated by national tourism office.
7. Pensions
Private or family-operated tourist accommodations similar to boarding houses to
guest houses. They offer food and lodging to tourists.
8. Bed and breakfast accommodations

Provide a room, bath and a healthy breakfast to tourists. They are known as B and
B’s
9. Hostels
Provide minimal amenities such as bunk bed and a commonly shared toilet and
bathroom.
10. Camp Grounds

Appeal mostly to families who travel in recreational vehicles (RV’s).
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11. Health Spas

Hotels and resorts which cater to individuals who go to spas or mineral springs for
weight reduction or medical treatment
12. Private Homes

Provide lodging to tourists when accommodations are not available during peak
periods.
References:
Zenaida L. Cruz, Ph.D. (2013). Principles of Tourism. Rex Book Store, Inc., C.M. Recto Avenue,
Manila, Philippines
WEEK 5
Develop and update tourism industry knowledge

Tourism Industry- tourism involves all activities that take people away from their
usual place of residence for any reason, common reasons include holidays,
recreation, business and visiting family and friends.
It is important in the tourism industry to have up-to-date information so you can:

 Talk to customers about industry specific events, trends and happenings
 Plan your career
 Update your knowledge and skills
 Maintain a professional interest
 Communicate effectively
 Learn new techniques
There are number of sources that will be a great starting point to get an overview of
the industry as a whole.
 Colleagues, supervisor and managers
 Representatives
 Developing your own industry network
 Conference and seminars
 Product launches
 Internet
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WEEK 6- PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
WEEK 7
The History of Tourism
A. EARLY TOURISM
Travel and exploration are basic to human nature. Man has travelled since the
earliest times although the term tourism was used only in the early 19 th century.
Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word torah which means studying, learning,
searching.
Early tourism has two forms:
1. Travel for business

2. Religious travel
B. TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
C. TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND ELIZABETH ERAS
D. TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
E. MODERN TOURISM
Tourism in the 19th century

Tourism in the 20th century
F. ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
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G. FACTORS THAT FAVOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM
Some of the positive factors that hastened the growth of tourism are:
1. Rising disposable income for large sections of the population.
2. Growth in the number of retired persons who have the desire and the
energy to travel.
3. Increase in discretionary time.
4. Greater mobility of the population
5. Growth in the number of “singles”.
6. Greater credit availability through credit cards and bank loans.
7. Higher educational levels.
8. The growth of cities.
9. Simplification of travel through the package tour.
10. Growth of multinational business.
11. Modern transportation technology.
12. Shift in values.
13. Advances in communication.
14. Smaller families and changing roles.
References:
Manila, Philippines
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WEEK 8
Economics of Tourism
The Role of Tourism in Economic Development

1. There is a continuous demand for international travel in developed countries.
2. As income in developed countries increases, the demand for tourism also increases at a
faster rate.
3. Developing countries need foreign exchange to aid their economic development.
Economic Impact
When travelers outside the destination spend on goods and services within the
destination, tourism acts as an export industry by bringing in revenues from outside
sources.
Tourist expenditures also increase the level of economic activity in the host area directly.
Tourism’s economic impact on a destination area can be immense since it provides a
source of income, employment, and foreign exchange.
Direct and Secondary Effects

Direct effects – means that the income is received directly. Examples are local tour
operators, handicrafts, retail shops, car rentals, hotels and restaurants.
Indirect or Secondary effects – means that the money paid by tourists to businesses are in
turn used to pay for supplies, wages for workers and other items used in producing the
products or direct services bought by tourists.
Tourism Multiplier
The term Multiplier is used to describe the total effect, both direct and secondary, of an
external source of income introduced to the economy.
Tourism Multiplier or multiplier effect- is used to estimate the direct and secondary effects
of tourist expenditures on the economy of a country.
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Undesirable Economic Aspects of Tourism

1. Higher prices and economic instability.
Because of additional demand and/or increased imports, tourist purchases may result in
higher prices in a destination area. This would mean that local residents, too, would have
to pay more for products and services.
Since pleasure travel is a discretionary item, it is subject to changes in prices and income.
These fluctuations may result in economic instability.
How to Maximize the Economic Effect of Tourism

Growth Theories
Some economic growth theories have been proposed to maximize the economic
effect of tourism within a destination area.
-theory of balanced growth
-theory of unbalanced growth
The theory of balanced growth suggests that tourism should be viewed as an
important part of a broad-based economy. This theory stresses that tourism needs the
support of other industries. Its objective is to integrate tourism with other economic
activities.
Supporters of theory of unbalanced growth see tourism as the spark to economic
growth. It emphasizes the need to expand demand. As demand increased through the
vigorous development of tourism, other industries will move to provide products and services
locally.
References:
Manila, Philippines
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WEEK 9
Sociology of Tourism
The Social Nature of Travel

Tourism evolves a mutual trust and respect for one another and dignity of life on
earth. According to Pope John Paul II, “The world is becoming a global village in which people
from different continents are made to feel like next door neighbours.
The Social Effects of Tourism

1. Social relations between people who would not normally meet.
2. The confrontation of different cultures, ethnic groups, lifestyles, languages, levels of
prosperity, and the like.
3. The behaviour of people released from many of the social and economic constraints of
everyday life.
4. The behaviour of the host population, which has to reconcile economic gain and benefits
with the costs of living with strangers.
The degree to which conflict will occur between host and guest depends upon the
similarity in their standards of living, the number of tourists at any time, and the extent to
which the tourists adapt to local norms.
Socio-economic Variables and Their Effect on Travel

AGE
Younger People tend to select more active recreational activities than older people.
The elderly (late sixties and upward) prefer more passive forms of recreation such as
visiting friends and relatives, fishing, sight-seeing and playing golf.
Older tourists tend to travel to farther destinations, prefer ship travel, travel more in
spring than do younger tourists and spend less than middle age tourists but more than
younger tourists.
INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS

Rich persons as well as persons with higher social status travel more than those with
lower income and social class status.
Higher income tourists stay longer and spend more.
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EDUCATION
The better educated member of the population have greater desire to travel. They prefer
activities which require the development of interpretative and expressive skills such as
attending plays, concerts, art museums, reading books, playing golf, tennis, and skiing.
LIFE STAGES OF THE FAMILY

The presence of children in the family limits travel.
As the children grow up and leave home, the married couples renew interest in travel.
Couples in this life stages usually have more discretionary income and more financially
capable of travel.
The Rise of New Travel Pattern

Travel Clubs
In a travel club, a club member enjoys travel opportunities and vacation destination
facilities at a much cheaper price than that paid by a non-member.
The accommodations offered by the club range from deluxe to very modest. There is also
a wide choice of locations, climate and other vacation features.
Airline Group and Arrangements

Another development is the introduction of different types of tour fares promotes by airlines.
These are:
a. Groups of 15 or more are given reduced fares.
b. Charter service is given by some airlines to affinity group tours which are intended for
those affiliated group tours which are intended for those affiliated to a legitimate group
for a period of six months or longer.
c. Public charter in which an entire airplane is made available to a group of persons who
travel to the same destination.
d. Incentive tours are given by firms to employees as a reward for a special achievement or
as motivation.
Special Interest Tours

These tours are arranged for those who are interested in a particular activity such as bird
watching, festivals, fishing, hunting, scuba diving, photography, flower arrangement, golf,
skiing, mountain climbing, etc.
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4 Categories of Preferences of the International Tourist
1. Relaxation versus Activity

At present, the work week has been shortened and the annual holiday leave has
been lengthened. Work has become less tiresome and people have become used to greater
leisure. The demand for activity-oriented travel has greatly increased.
2. Familiarity versus Novelty

In general, on first trip abroad, tourists tend to seek for something that will remind
them of home, whether it be food, newspapers, living quarters or another person from
their own country. As soon as they find a place where they feel at home, these tourists will
go back to the same place for a number of times. Not until they have gained more
experience in travelling, they will want to go to a new environment.
3. Dependence versus Autonomy

In the past, tourists joined package tours. At present, tourists would like to travel on
their own and not part of a group. They would like to feel independent; in complete control
of what they do and how they do it.
4. Order versus Disorder

In the past, the tourists sought holidays which enforced the traditional concept of conformity.
Now, the tourists are not very much concerned about what to wear and how to behave when
on holiday.
Types of Tourist Roles

The Organized and the Individual Mass Tourist
They are dealt within a routine way the tourist establishment such as travel agencies,
hotel chains, which cater to the tourist trade.
The organized mass tourist is the least adventurous. He buys a package tour in which
itinerary of his trip is fixed in an advance and his stops are well-prepared and guided. He
seldom makes decisions for himself. He prefers a familiar environment rather than a new
environment.
The individual mass tourist has a certain degree of control over his time and itinerary and
is not bound to a group. However, all the major arrangements of his tour are still made
through a travel agency.
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The Explorer and the Drifter

They are called non-institutionalized tourist roles because they are loosely attached to
the tourist establishments.
The explorer arranges his trip by himself and looks for comfortable accommodations and
reliable means of transportation. He tries to associate with the people he visits and to
speak their language. The explorer dares to leave his country much more than the
previous two types, but goes back to it when the experience becomes too rough.
Although novelty dominates, the explorer does not adopt completely the lifestyle of the
host country.
The drifter goes farthest away from the accustomed ways of life of his own country. He is
almost totally immersed in host culture.
Social tourism
Social tourism is a subsidized system of travel through the intervention of the
government, employer or labor union to achieve social goals. The International Bureau of
Social Tourism was organized in 1963 to encourage the development of social tourism on an
international scale. It promotes social tourism by building and financing tourist facilities and
preserving local culture and environment.
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WEEK 10
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
Significant social and economic changes:
Early retirement
* the increasing number of people who retire early is beneficial for the tourism industry
because these use their time to travel and see the world.
* In some retirement programs, it is possible to work at 25 or 30 years and receive retirement
benefits at the age of 55 or younger.
Shorter work week

the resulting increase in leisure time, combined with faster and easier transportation
makes possible for many individuals to take weekend vacations and travel to a degree
they could not have made a few years ago.
Greater disposable income

the average family has more money to spend than before. This is due to higher wages
and two-earner households.
Greater mobility
improved roads and better transportation make it easier to travel every year.
Smaller families
the average family size has decreased.
Significant issues brought by social, economic, and technological changes:

1. Marketing
2. Changing Demographics
3. The population of developed countries is aging. Thus, the service providers will find it
necessary to adjust their service products to the changing preferences to the market.
4. The increase of the number of single-parent households.
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5. The continuing growth in the number of people for personal, rather than for
business purposes.
6. The growth in the number of international travelers. One primary reason is the
decreased cost of transportation relative to income, making travel more affordable
to everyone.
Changing Vacation Patterns

Citizens of industrialized countries are changing their vacation patterns. The traditional
once a year vacation of two weeks or more is declining in popularity.
Market Segmentation
in recent years, the success of the limited service properties has led to the development
of other properties intended to appeal to selected market segments.
Frequent Guest Programs

the increasing competition among operators(lodging, airlines), they have begun to
develop programs to gain repeat business.
Maturation in Segments of the Fast-Food Industry

* segments of the fast-food market are no longer expanding to the extent that was formerly
possible
* as public tastes continues to change, food service operators will have to develop specialty
products to retain an adequate share of the market.
Consolidation in the Commercial Lodging Industry

the trend toward consolidation will have a tremendous impact on all commercial lodging
operations. Both independent operation and owners of smaller chains will find it difficult
to complete with heavily advertised national and international brands.
Legal Issues
Liquor Liability
* As societal attitudes toward alcoholic drinks continue to change, it will be necessary for
food service and lodging operators to adjust.
Ethics in the Tourism Industry

-ethics - is an academic discipline that deals with the stidy of the codes of moral conduct
practiced by individuals or groups.
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-business ethics – refers to the application of a particular moral ode to relationships,

activities, and discussions made by individuals in business or industry. It is the code that
enables the individual in business to distinguish right from wrong.
- ethics in tourism industry has been the issue for the thousands of years.
Human Resources
Sexual Harassment-defined as unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and
other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that take place under any of the following
conditions:
Submission is made a condition of the person‘s employment.
Submission to or rejection of such conduct is used as a basis for employment discussions
affecting the person
It unreasonably interferes with the person’s work performance or creates an
intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.
Employee Turnover
With turnover rates averaging approximately 100% per year, managers are always faced
with the problem of losing experienced employees and hiring less experienced
employees as replacements.
Faced with inexperienced replacements, several managers believe they have to shoulder
the high training costs associated with developing new employees into efficient workers.
Employee Assistance Plans

* the tourism manager who establishes EAP’s to benefit employees will eventually develop
more loyal work force, one that is willing to make a great effort to attain the operational
goals of the enterprise. In addition, the manager who helps the employees will reduce
employee turnover.
* The problems of those employed in tourism industry include psychological problems, family
issues, financial problems, legal issues, health as well as educational issues.
Employee Empowerment
-Managers empower their employees to make decisions that will improve the quality of
service to guests without having a negative impact on operations. They have developed rules
and procedures that employees are directed to follow. These include directives such as
inflexible rules about check-out time; rule prohibiting free refills on coffee; strict limits on the
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number of hand towels per guest; or directives prohibiting substitutions on special dinner
menus.
Operations Issues
Automation-Is the process of using electronic and mechanical equipment and machinery to
complete some or all of the tasks associated with a given enterprise.
two primary reasons for automating an enterprise are:
1. To increase the speed of work
2. reduce the cost of work
Computerization will affect the industry principally in three areas namely:

Communication
Interactive CRT’s- interactive television
Elimination of Tickets
Smoking/No-Smoking Areas
The prohibition of smoking in tourism enterprises is an issue that is of increasing
importance to owners and manages in the coming years.
Sanitation and Public Health

* National and Local governments apply strict sanitary standards to food and beverage
operations. Some conduct regular inspections and apply sanctions on those found violating
the regulations.
*The sanctions range from imposing fines, publishing lists of violators in newspapers, and
closing the establishment of consistent violators.
* to ensure compliance with local sanitary codes, many food and beverage operators hire
consultants to conduct regular inspections and help immediate correction of any violation.
Recycling Solid Waste

* in previous years, there has been a gradual closing of the landfills that were used for
disposing solid wastes and a growing awareness of the harmful effects of either burning solid
waste or dumping it into the sea.
* This has resulted in major waste disposal problems in some places.
* in some cities, the cost of removing solid wastes is increasing to the extent that government
and citizens are unable to pay. In many of these areas, separating recyclable plastic, glass, and
other items from other solid wastes greatly decreases the quantities that require disposal.
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Consumer affairs
Fire and Safety

* a number of dangers associated with fire remains to be considered. In case of fire, guests in
hotels and other lodging operations may face danger from the toxic smoke resulting from
burning of furniture, fixtures, and fibers produced from man-made materials.
* In recent years, new buildings were well insulated to decrease heating, and cooling
expenses. In some buildings, windows were not designated to be opened. Temperature and
air were controlled by very complicated central systems. In case of fire in such buildings,
there is danger that smoke may spread rapidly throughout the buildings, there is a danger
that smoke may spread rapidly throughout the building.
Truth in Menus
* for food service operators, preparing truthful menus is an ethical practice that should never
be violated. However, a small minority have produced menus that are not accurate indicators
of the food served in their establishments.
* it is important that those in the tourism industry conduct their operations ethically in order
that consumers will have complete faith in the truth of their menus, the wholesomeness of
their food, and the honesty of their business practices.
Diet/Nutrition Health
*since the public is very much concerned about healthy diets containing less fat and lesser
calories, many food service operators and adjusting their menus to the changing public tastes.
THE FUTURE OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

1. Increased speed and shopping-use of the internet in developed countries.
2. Extended reach in less-developed countries.
3. Improved security of personal information
4. Robotic labor sources.
5. Reservation systems with more sophisticated, voice activated, artificial intelligence.
6. Improved navigational systems for rental cars.
7. Electronic entertainment venues in rental cars and on planes and cruise ships.
8. Upgraded Internet personal digital assistants for operations.
9. Marketing mass customization
PDM Page 24 of 36
10. Comprehensive branding campaigns for large and small operators.

11. Virtual online customer communication
12. Just-in-time seats/room/cars inventories
13. Electronic travel agents.
14. Blended hybrid accommodations
15. Global anti-terrorist microchip security systems
16. More nutritional Fast-food offerings
17. Emphasis on eco-tourism
18. Improved customer relationship marketing information
References:
Manila, Philippines
PDM Page 25 of 36
WEEK 11
Future World Tourism Issues
A. Safety and Security
 Safety and security in tourism will be the greatest challenge for tourism policy and
planning for many years to come (Edgell, 2008)
 Crimes against tourist such as robbery, murder and kidnapping are important
concerns for destination planner
 Travelers demand security measures. Safety and security must be included in the
destination development strategies especially in areas where terror and danger exists.
B. Managing Sustainable Tourism
 Measures to educate tourism agencies, the host communities, and travelers about
sustainable tourism must be continued as world population increase.
 Sustainable tourism has been a major concern for destination planning as well as
regional and national policy making in the last decade
C. E-commerce tools in tourism
 The occurrence of using e-commerce as tool in tourism is growing globally

 As internet access continues to increase in many countries, online travel revenues will
also increase.
 Large part of tourism is marketing; tourism promoters who are technically
knowledgeable about interactive marketing will have competitive advantage over less
skilled competitors.
D. Effects of Natural Disaster on tourism
 People avoid travel to affected areas. Once this occurs, there is limited opportunity to
use tourism (Edgell, 2008)
 Airline disruptions caused by storms result in delays and cancellations in weather
affected locations
 Because of the negative impacts of natural disasters, new public policy tools and best
practices need to be developed that respond to natural disasters.
PDM Page 26 of 36
 Travelers need transportation system and alternative accommodations, access to

telephones and other communication devices, and places to stay in case their present
lodging is destroyed or damaged.
 Safety concerns include drinking water and the physical safety of tourists.
WEEK 12-MIDTERM EXAMINATION
PDM Page 27 of 36
WEEK 13
Tourism Organizations
A. International Organizations
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
 UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible,
sustainable and universally accessible tourism.
 As the leading international organization in the field of tourism, UNWTO promotes

tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and environmental
sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge
and tourism policies worldwide.
 UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, to
maximize tourism’s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible
negative impacts, and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in
achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), geared
towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development.
 UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes competitive and sustainable tourism

policies and instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and works to make
tourism an effective tool for development through technical assistance projects in
over 100 countries around the world.
 UNWTO’s membership includes 156 countries, 6 Associate Members and over 400
Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism
associations and local tourism authorities
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

The ICAO is established for the purpose of promoting civil aviation on a worldwide
scale.
The objectives of the lCAO are to:
1. Adopt international standards and to recommend practices for regulating air
navigation.
2. Recommend installation of navigation facilities by member countries
3. Set forth proposals for the reduction of customs and immigration formalities
4. Plan for the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the
world
PDM Page 28 of 36
5. Encourage the improvement of the art of aircraft design and operation for peaceful
purposes
6. Seek the development of air ways, airports, and air navigation facilities for
international civil aviation
7. Provide for safe, regular, efficient, economical air transportation
8. Discourage unreasonable competition.
9. Insure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected, and that every
member has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines
10. Discourage discrimination between contracting countries
11. Promote the development of all aspects of air transportation
The International Air Transport Association (IATA)

 Is composed of airline operators attached to the national delegations of the ICAO
conference in Chicago.
 Objectives are to promote safe, regular, and economical air transport, faster air
commerce, and study problems connected with the industry.
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

 Promote policies designed to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and
employment and a rising standard of living in member countries, while maintaining
financial stability and contributing to the development of the world economy; to
contribute to sound economic expansion in economically, developing nonmember
countries; and to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral,
nondiscriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations.
The Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)

 Its purpose is to develop, promote, and facilitate travel in the Pacific area (including
Pakistan, the United States, and Canada).
The Caribbean Tourism Association (CTA)

 The Caribbean Tourism Association was founded in 1951 to encourage and assist in
the development of tourism throughout the Caribbean area. It provides an instrument
for dose collaboration among the various territories and countries concerned.
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

 APEC establishes coordination of natural economies for the benefit of countries in
Asia-Pacific region as a whole.
Organization of American States (OAS)
PDM Page 29 of 36
 The main objective of the Organization of American States is to strengthen relations

between American states by providing advisory services and training programs in
many fields including tourism.
The United States Travel Data Center (USTDC)

 The United States Travel Data Center is an independent, nonprofit research and
educational organization which aims to improve the quality and range of statistical
data describing travel and tourism.
The Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA)

 It is concerned with travel research, specifically in improving the quality and
effectiveness of research in the travel industry.
World Association for Professional Training in Tourism (WAPTT)

 It is concerned with vocational training.
Home Delight
B. Regional Organizations
C. Roles of National Organizations in Tourism Office (NTO)
D. Professional Tourism Organizations
E. Tourism Organizations in the Philippines
PDM Page 30 of 36
WEEK 14
Definition of Sustainability
 “sustain” means “to cause to continue (as in existence or a certain state, or in force, or
intensity); to keep up, especially without interruption diminution, flagging, etc.; to
prolong” (Webster’s New International Dictionary 1986)
 “improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of
supporting eco-systems” (The International Union for the Conservation of Nature – The
World Conservation Union, United Nations Environment Programme, and the World
Wide Fund for Nature in Caring for the Earth 1991)
 “the ‘long-term, cultural, economic and environmental health and vitality’ with
emphasis on long-term, ‘together with the importance of linking our social, financial
and environmental well-being’.” (Sustainable Seattle n.d)
Definition of Sustainable Development

 “development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.” (Brundtland
Commission 1987)
 “harmonious integration of a sound and viable economy, responsible governance,
social cohesion and ecological integrity, to ensure that development is a life-sustaining
process.” (Philippine Agenda 21)
Principles of Sustainable Tourism

The 1995 World Conference on Sustainable Tourism held in Lanzarote, Canary Islands,
Spain, spelled out as follows:
1. Ecological bearable, economically viable, and ethically and socially equitable for local
communities;
2. Guarantees the sustainability of the resources on which it depends;
3. Respects the fragile balances that characterize many tourist destinations, in particular
small islands and environmentally sensitive areas;
4. Consider its effects on the cultural heritage and traditional elements, activities, and
dynamics of each local community;
5. Supports solidarity, mutual respect, and participation of public and private entities at
the local, national, regional, and international levels;
PDM Page 31 of 36
6. Supports cultural, technological, and professional innovation; and integrated planning

and management approach;
7. Adopts quality criteria for the preservation of the tourist destination, and the
satisfaction of tourists, as determined jointly with local communities;
8. Is fully integrated into and contributes positively to local economic development;
9. Helps improve the quality of life of all people, and enriches the socio-cultural life of
each destination;
10. Permits a more equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of tourism;
11. Protects environmentally and culturally vulnerable spaces from high impact tourism
models;
12. Promotes alternative and diversified forms of tourism;
13. Promotes the creation of networks that will conduct research, and disseminate
information, and transfer knowledge on sustainable tourism technologies;
14. Supports and promotes environmentally-compatible tourism management systems,
feasibility studies for the transformation of the sector, as well as the implementation
of demonstration projects and the development of international cooperation
programs; and
15. Calls for the adoption and implementation of codes of conduct that creates responsible
tourism behavior.
PDM Page 32 of 36
WEEK 15 & 16
Develop protective environments for children in tourism destinations

A. Identify the requirement for the hotel and travel industries to commit to practices
which prevent the sexual exploitation of children by tourists
 According to UNICEF (UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY

FUND), 3 million children are victims of sexual exploitation every year
 Under the UNICEF definition a Child is anyone under
the age of 18
 The sexual exploitation of children by tourists is a global
issue with far reaching negative impacts for the children
involved, host destinations and the hotel and travel
industries
 Children who are abused sexually suffer a lifetime of ongoing physical, emotional
and social impacts.
The Offenders:
 There is no such thing as a stereotypical child sex offender. From past arrests and
prosecutions within the ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS)
region, we know that offenders come in all shapes and sizes, can be married, single,
professional, of high community standing and from positions of respect and
authority in their home countries. Basically anyone can be an offender
 The only thing we know for certain is that 95% of offenders are male.
The Internet:
 The internet has also played an integral part in the sexual exploitation of children by
foreigners, as it has allowed offenders, both situational and paedophiles, to do the
following:
 Access and share information about
destinations where there are vulnerable
children and lax law enforcement
 Provide the details of hotels, bars, restaurants
and other hospitality and tourism venues where
children can be accessed and abused without threat
of being caught and prosecuted.
PDM Page 33 of 36
 The internet has also allowed these offenders to form networks that keep each other
up to date about ‘new’ destinations where children can be accessed easily as well as
allowing offenders to share videos and photographs of abused children.
 The internet has also allowed for the ‘Grooming’ of Children:
 Where offenders may pose as other children and enter chat rooms, which
could lead to invitations to meet them in person
 Engage children in sexually explicit conversations
 Ask the children to send sexual images of themselves to them.
B. Evaluate workplace operations in the hotel and travel industries which can actively
apply measures to prevent the sexual exploitation of children by tourists
 Chart roles and functions in the hotel and travel industries which can positively
influence a protective environment for children
 Assess opportunities and methods to introduce child protection measures across a

range of labor divisions in the hotel and travel industries
 Identify local, national and regional support mechanisms available to assist with the
implementation of child protection measures in the workplace.
C. Prepare a workplace policy which promotes organizational commitment and action

to prevent the sexual exploitation of children by tourists
 Develop a workplace child protection policy which serves to prevent the sexual
exploitation of children by tourists
 Create a plan for ensuring the ongoing commitment to and implementation of the
workplace child protection policy.
PDM Page 34 of 36
WEEK 17
Developing a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

program for tourism
The Philippines is the third most vulnerable country in the world to natural calamities.
Our country is also located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, making us prone to earthquakes.
Climate change brings more typhoons, floods, droughts and other natural calamities. DRRM
will help us reduce risks, loss of lives and destruction of property. Your job is to enhance the
capacity of the people to cope with the hazards and minimize the impacts of these disasters.
A. Understanding DRRM
DRRM Act of 2010 (Republic Act 10121) defines Disaster Risk Reduction as a systematic effort
to analyses and manage the causes of disasters by reducing vulnerabilities and enhancing
capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and probability of disaster. The
following definitions will help us understand the principles of DRRM:
• Hazard is a phenomenon, event, occurrence or human activity that may cause injury, loss of
lives and damage to property and the environment. This includes natural calamities such as
typhoons, floods, droughts, earthquake, tsunami and human-induced hazards such as fire,
wars, epidemics and terrorism;
• Exposure is about the degree to which people and properties are likely to experience
hazards. To reduce exposure, there might be a need to evacuate or relocate tourists;
• Disaster Risk is the exposure of vulnerable communities to a hazard, as well as the

probability of harmful consequences resulting from hazards; and,
• Capacity or the capability of coping and recovering from the damaging effects of a disaster
PDM Page 35 of 36
B. Elements of DRRM Program

 Prevention/mitigation
 Preparedness
 response
 rehabilitation
PDM Page 36 of 36

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Faculty of College of Hospitality and Tourism Management

(for exclusive use of PDM students)

MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

THE NATURE OF A TOUR

THE TOURIST PRODUCT

THE TOURIST DESTINATION

DEFINITION, NATURE AND SCOPE

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

SCOPE OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM INDUSTRY

RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SECTORS OF TOURISM INDUSTRY

THE TOURISM NETWORK AND SUPPLY COMPONENTS

Classifications of the components of the Travel Industry:

Main Categories of Tourism Supply Components

General problems in terminal facilities and public transportations:

Rail- parking is inconvenient and inadequate, inadequate cleaning procedures in

3. Motels or Motor hotels

8. Bed and breakfast accommodations

10. Camp Grounds

11. Health Spas

12. Private Homes

Develop and update tourism industry knowledge

It is important in the tourism industry to have up-to-date information so you can:

WEEK 6- PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

The History of Tourism

1. Travel for business

B. TOURISM IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

C. TOURISM DURING THE RENAISSANCE AND ELIZABETH ERAS

D. TOURISM DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Tourism in the 19th century

F. ORIGIN OF TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

G. FACTORS THAT FAVOR THE GROWTH OF TOURISM

The Role of Tourism in Economic Development

Direct and Secondary Effects

Undesirable Economic Aspects of Tourism

How to Maximize the Economic Effect of Tourism

The Social Nature of Travel

The Social Effects of Tourism

Socio-economic Variables and Their Effect on Travel

INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS

LIFE STAGES OF THE FAMILY

The Rise of New Travel Pattern

Airline Group and Arrangements

Special Interest Tours

4 Categories of Preferences of the International Tourist

1. Relaxation versus Activity

2. Familiarity versus Novelty

3. Dependence versus Autonomy

4. Order versus Disorder

Types of Tourist Roles

The Explorer and the Drifter

CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY

Significant social and economic changes:

Shorter work week

Greater disposable income

Significant issues brought by social, economic, and technological changes:

Changing Vacation Patterns

Frequent Guest Programs

Maturation in Segments of the Fast-Food Industry

Consolidation in the Commercial Lodging Industry

Ethics in the Tourism Industry

-business ethics – refers to the application of a particular moral ode to relationships,

Employee Assistance Plans