REASONS FOR TRAVELING • AFTER THE TRIP: Deeper insights into a people

• REST AND RELAXATION and its culture gained from the trip, sharing of
• NOVELTY information, decision on repeat visits, etc.
• PRESTIGE BOTTOM LINES OF TOURISM
• EDUCATION - Economic
• KINSHIP ENHANCEMENT - Social
• SOCIALIZATION - Environmental
• FANTASY CAN TOURISM CHANGE LIVES?
TOURIST - TORNARE (LATIN); TORNOS (GREEK) • Tourism contributes to the economy
- To circle around, refers to someone who leaves • Tourism is a growing industry
then comes back to his/her point of origin • Tourism redistributes income and investment
(Theobald, 1998). • Tourism has no trade barrier
TOURISM - activities of persons travelling to and • Tourism offers opportunities for backward linkages
staying in places outside their usual environment for • Tourism improves facilities that benefit both tourist
not more than one consecutive year for leisure, and residents
business, and other purposes, except activities • Tourism uses natural, free resources
remunerated from within the place visited. (UNWTO, • Tourism justifies protection of natural and cultural
2008). heritage
SANTOS and MANZANO (2009) further dissected • There is no other choice
the UNWTO definition. DEVELOPMENT - “de-envelopment" English; "des-
WHAT - refers to the activities (sightseeing, envolvimento” Portuguese. The change from one
swimming, shopping, etc.) condition to another. In science, development may
WHO - refers to the persons who travel to and stay refer to the growth of a living thing from seed to
in the destination. maturity.
WHERE - refers to the place where the traveler STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
goes (excluding routine trips) Sustenance Basic Needs > Self-esteem Living
WHEN - refers to the length of stay. Standards > Freedom Choice
WHY - refers to the purpose of travel. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
TYPES OF TOURIST • Self-Actualization
A. GEOGRAPHY • Esteem
• DOMESTIC - destination and origins is the • Love & Belonging
same country • Safety
• OUTBOUND - origin > destination • Physiological Needs
• INBOUND - destination > origin BUTLER’S DESTINATION LIFE CYCLE
3 CLASSES OF TOURIST AS PER UNWTO • Discovery
1. INTERNAL - domestic and inbound • Involvement
2. NATIONAL - domestic and outbound • Development
3. INTERNATIONAL - inbound and outbound • Stagnation, Decline, or Reinvention
B. LENGTH OF STAY GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) - “yardstick
• Day-trippers or excursionists for development”, total money of the goods and
• Overnight trippers services produced by the citizens of a country in a
- Weekenders (short-haul) given year. It includes the money brought in by the
- Long-time vacationers overseas contract workers (OCW).
C. PURPOSE OF VISIT SOCIAL INDICATORS AS PER SWS
• ALLOCENTRICS - adventurous 1. Health and Nutrition
• PSYCHOCENTRICS - comfort 2. Education and Skills
• MID-CENTRICS - in-between 3. Income and Consumption
STAGES OF THE TOURISM EXPERIENCE 4. Employment
• BEFORE THE TRIP: Advertisements (print, 5. Capital and Non-human Resources
internet, etc.), word of mouth, booking systems, 6. Housing, Utilities, and Environment
etc. 7. Public Safety and Justice
• DURING THE TRIP: Transportation, 8. Social Mobility
accommodations, attractions, activities, food, etc. 9. Political Values

 WORLD SYSTEMS - capitalism from a world or develop an artificial attraction by exploiting

perspective of the economy as opposed to a untapped resources.
national perspective, involving relationships and SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM
interdependence among nations, albeit unequal, 1. Jobs / Employment
with some nations dominating others. 2. Investment
ECONOMIC NEO-CLASSICAL LIBERALISM - 3. Foreign Exchange
word "liberal" or free, much of this thought is based 4. Leakage
on laissez-faire or free market development as a 5. Taxes & Government Revenues
result of the industrial revolution. 6. Inflation
MODERNIZATION - non-traditional; It is also 7. Diversification
believed that it is possible for less developed 8. Commercialization
countries to catch up and equal the more developed 9. Displacement
ones. 10.Acculturation
8 STAGES IN TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE 11.Cultural Preservation
(TALC) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
1. EXPLORATION (euphoria) - destination is 1. Pollution
“discovered” by few people who are mostly made 2. Congestion / Overcrowding
up of independent travelers. Facilities that are 3. Exploitation
available are not of “tourist standards”; they are PROTECTED AREA - legal to conserve the land,
used and owned by the local. Tourism is limited limited the activities to be done.
due to lack of access and facilities. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of
2. INVOLVEMENT (euphoria) - destination Nature
experiences greater and regular visitations and CHATEGORIES
seasonal patterns may be observed. The • CATEGORY 1A - Strict Nature Reserve (Research
community begins to adapt to tourism and may & Monitoring)
even begin to advertise. The government may be • CATEGORY 1B - Wilderness Area (Preservation &
pressured to provide infrastructure. Conservation)
3. DEVELOPMENT (apathy) - additional tourism • CATEGORY 2 - National Parks (Ecosystem)
infrastructure may be present. Well- defined and • CATEGORY 3 - Natural Monuments (Specific
regular market areas stimulated by extensive features)
advertising emerge. Tourist during the peak • CATEGORY 4 - Habitat or Species Management
season outnumbered the locals. The community Area (Intervention)
rapidly loses involvement and control of tourism • CATEGORY 5 - Protected Landscapes or
development. Seascapes
4. CONSOLIDATION (irritation) - growth rate in • CATEGORY 6 - Manage Resource (Sustainable
tourist arrivals declines, although the numbers use of Resources)
are still decreasing . A business zone appears
and some old facilities are perceived as second
rate. Local efforts are made to extend the visitor
season and market area. A major part of the
local economy is tied to tourism, and native
residents may find some negative effects.
5. STAGNATION (irritation) - the number of tourists
reaches or exceeds the carrying capacity.
Environmental, social and economic problems
are experienced. The resort begins to lose its
appeal and property owner begins to sell.
6. DECLINE OR REJUVENATION (antagonism)-
alternative outcome in the post stagnation
phase. Decline may ensue if the tourist market
continues to wane and the resort is not able to
compete with newer attraction. The resort may
go through rejuvenation, if it is able to renovate