VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-18, Karnataka, India.

AAT on WCC

“BJT OSCILLATOR”
Project Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
By

Spatica S Jain 1DS19ET086

Prajwal 1DS19ET057
Vijaya M 1DS18TE060
Thanmayi Reddy 1DS18TE055

6th Sem B.E

Under the guidance of
Dr. Vinod B Durdi
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BENGALURU -560078

2021-22
Table of Contents

Serial No. Description Page Number

1. Introduction 3

2. Description of BJT 4
Oscillator

3. Objective 5

4. Proposed System 5

5. Methodology 7

6. Outcomes 8

7. Application of the project in 10

wireless communication

8. References 10

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1. INTRODUCTION

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a repetitive, oscillating electronic

signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power
supply to an alternating current signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices.
Common examples of signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and
television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds
produced by electronic beepers and video games .Oscillators are often characterized by the
frequency of their output signal:

● An audio oscillator produces frequencies in the audio range, about 16 Hz to 20 kHz.

● An RF oscillator produces signals in the radio frequency (RF) range of about 100 kHz to 100
GHz.
● A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) is an electronic oscillator that generates a frequency below
≈20 Hz. This term is typically used in the field of audio synthesizers, to distinguish it from
an audio frequency oscillator.

Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually called
inverters. There are two main types of electronic oscillator: the linear or harmonic oscillator and
the nonlinear or relaxation. Any circuit which is used to generate a.c. voltage without a.c. the
input signal is called an oscillator. To generate a.c. voltage, the circuit is supplied energy from a
d.c. source. If the output voltage is a sine wave function of time, the oscillator is called a
“sinusoidal” or “Harmonic” oscillator. Positive feedback and negative resistance oscillators
belong to this category. There is another category of oscillators which generate non-sinusoidal
waveforms such as square, rectangular, triangular, or sawtooth waves.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF BJT OSCILLATOR

Oscillations are observed in a BJT oscillator circuit on connecting the feedback network. The
cause of resonance is that the feedback network is slower and the rise/fall of current/voltage in
the feedback network occurs at a specific rate depending on the elements used in the feedback.
Resonant frequency for a LC oscillator is given by:

Resonance in BJT oscillator:

BJT oscillators work on the principle of electrical resonance in a circuit. Feedback network
is a network which sends back part of output power to the input and helps in creating
oscillations in the output for a DC input. This is known as positive feedback as the feedback
power is added to the input power. There are many feedback oscillators available. A feedback
network usually consists of inductive or LC circuits. Some examples of BJT oscillators are
colpitis oscillator, Hartley oscillator, RC oscillator, etc.

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3. OBJECTIVE
BJT oscillators work on the principle of electrical resonance in a circuit. Feedback network
is a network which sends back part of output power to the input and helps in creating
oscillations in the output for a DC input. This is known as positive feedback as the feedback
power is added to the input power.
A transistor can be operated as an oscillator for producing continuous undamped oscillations
of any desired frequency if tank (or oscillatory) and feedback circuits are property connected
to it. All oscillators under different names have similar function i.e., they generate continuous
undamped output.

4. PROPOSED SYSTEM
Starts with a linear simulation of the circuit with the OSCTEST element to break the feedback
loop to look for approximate oscillation conditions. Since this is a linear type of analysis, the
circuit can easily be tuned or optimized to find the appropriate element values. Once the
appropriate linear oscillation conditions have been determined, then the nonlinear simulation can
be performed. The OSCTEST element is removed and the OSCAPROBE is used to determine
the nonlinear characteristics of the oscillator. A supplemental schematic is added with no
OSCTEST or OSCAPROBE, to show how the NDF measurement detects the oscillator's
instability as the coax line's length is varied over a wide range.

1. Determining the linear design in a linear oscillator schematic:

This schematic has the full design with the OSCTEST element in the feedback loop to
look at the loop characteristics of this circuit. Notice that the direction of the OSCTEST
element is into the transistor, which is the forward gain direction. For approximate
oscillation conditions to be achieved, the angle of S21 using the OSCTEST will cross the
zero-angle point when the magnitude of S21 is at a maximum. The phase and magnitude
of S21 are shown in the graph "Linear Oscillation Analysis”. This design is sensitive to
the capacitor C1. Try tuning on its value and watch the linear results change and see how
it is possible to get away from the linear oscillation approximation. The original design
value is 4.5 p.m. Notice with the marker that the approximate oscillation frequency with
this circuit is 1.32 GHz.

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2. Determining the linear design in a nonlinear oscillator schematic:
Now that the linear analysis shows that this circuit should oscillate at 1.32 GHz,
nonlinear oscillator characteristics can be simulated. The OSCTEST element is removed
and the OSCAPROBE is hooked into the feedback loop. With this element, the simulator
can determine the large signal oscillation frequency, output power and phase noise.
Information from the linear analysis is used for setting up the OSCAPROBE element.
The user must specify the frequency range that probe will use search between when
looking for oscillations. Please use the help for this model for more information on each
of the probe's parameters.

In this design, the coax line in the resonator can be used to set the frequency of oscillation.
To help determine the appropriate length of the line to get the right oscillation frequency,
the length of this line has been setup as a swept variable to sweep from 8 to 12 mm.
The graph "Oscillation Frequency" shows a plot of the oscillation frequency versus
the coax line length. You can see that a linear change in oscillation frequency can be
achieved by changing this length. Additionally, notice that when the length is 10 mm
(same length as the linear schematic); the oscillation frequency is approximately 1.325
GHz, very close to the linear approximation.

Finally, additional characteristics of the oscillator are determined in this example, as

shown in the graphs listed below. These are all simulated over the swept coax line and
the results are set to be tunable. Open the tuner, change the value of Coax Len, and watch
all these graphs change based on the length of coax line simulated.

3. Determining the linear design in supplemental oscillator schematic:

In this schematic, the oscillator circuit is drawn without additional measurement or
simulation control elements, except for a SWPVAR block that varies the coax line length
over a range so wide that the oscillator will not work at the extremes.

The complex NDF measurement approaches constant real values as frequency approaches
zero or infinity. Instability is indicated when NDF encircles the origin of a polar plot as
frequency is swept from extremely low to very high (see the "NDF Polar" graph).
In other words, if the phase of NDF decreases by more than 360 degrees, the circuit is
unstable (see "NDF Unwrapped Angle" graph).After the simulation is completed, open
the NDF graphs and the tuner, then use the slider for the Coax_Len_NDF variable to see
how the NDF measurement varies with the coax line length.
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 The frequency sweep must be set carefully, to ensure that encirclements of the origin can
be detected, and that the unwrapped phase of NDF is continuous. Note that the frequency
sweep set on this schematic is irregular to ensure sufficient resolution where necessary.

5.METHODOLOGY

1. Linear oscillator design:

● The S2P file for the oscillator used is downloaded and imported into the Datafiles.
● Circuit Schematic as per the diagram is drawn. COAX simulates a lossy coaxial
transmission line with isolated shield terminals. Losses are determined via physical
dimensions and material parameters of metal and dielectric filling.
●All the elements that are resistors, capacitors, are added and designed according to the
circuit schematic.
●OSCTEST is used to determine loop gain in oscillator design and to break the feedback
loop of an oscillator in the forward direction, at the fundamental frequency. When this is
done, a source at port 3 is used to replace the feedback signal and the feedback itself is
measured at port 4. This allows you to determine the open loop gain of the circuit under
large-signal conditions.
● From the element’s browser, the IV characteristics curve is selected and connected to port
1 and 2.
● A rectangular graph for S11, S12, S21, and S22 are added.
● Simulation is done, and graphs are analyzed.

2. Non-Linear oscillator design:

● The S2P file for the oscillator used is downloaded and imported into the Datafiles.
● Circuit Schematic as per the diagram is drawn. COAX simulates a lossy coaxial
transmission line with isolated shield terminals. Losses are determined via physical
dimensions and material parameters of metal and dielectric filling.
●All the elements that are resistors, capacitors, are added and designed according to the
circuit schematic.
● OSCNOISE instructs the simulator to compute oscillator phase noise following large-
signal oscillator analysis.
● OSCAPROBE initiates a large-signal oscillator simulation. See “Nonlinear Oscillator
Analysis” for the recommended placement of OSCAPROBE and for details of oscillator
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 analysis.
● From the element’s browser, the IV characteristics curve is selected and connected to port 1
and 2.
● A rectangular graph for S11, S12, S21, and S22 are added.

6. OUTCOMES
7.
●Linear Oscillator schematic

● Nonlinear oscillator schematic:

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● Output Graph:

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8. APPLICATIONS OF RF AMPLIFIER IN WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
Oscillator serves as a good example for demonstrating how the NDF measurement is used to
check a circuit's stability. This phase shift oscillator is used to generate the signals over an
extensive range of frequency. They used in musical instruments, GPS units, & voice
synthesis.
The applications of this phase shift oscillator include voice synthesis, musical instruments,
and GPS units. Thus, this is all about RC phase shift oscillator theory. From the above
information finally, we can conclude that these oscillators are used to generate signals in the
wide range. The range of frequency can be changed from Hz-200Hz by using resistors as well
as capacitors. Used in various audio systems and video systems. Used in various radio, TV,
and other communication devices. Used in computers, metal detectors, stun guns, inverters,
ultrasonic and radio frequency applications. Used to generate clock pulses for microprocessors
and micro-controllers. Used in alarms and buzzes. Used in metal detectors, stun guns,
inverters, and ultrasonic. Used to operate decorative lights (e.g., dancing lights).

9.REFERENCES

● https://www.awr.com/
● https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-analysis/rf-microwave-design/a wr-
design-environment-platform.html
● BJT_Oscillator - Examples - AWR Knowledgebase
● Untitled Document (cmu.edu)

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