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html
Scalars and Vectors
(... and Matrices)
What are Scalars and Vectors?
A scalar has only magnitude (size):
3.044, −7 and 2½ are scalars
Distance , speed , time , temperature , mass , length , area , volume , density,
charge, pressure, energy , work and power are all scalars.
A vector has magnitude and direction:
tion magnitude
direc
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and momentum are all vectors.
And watch out for these special words:
Distance vs Displacement
• Distance is a scalar ("3 km")
• Displacement is a vector ("3 km Southeast")
Start
You can walk a long distance, but your Di
sp
displacement may be small (or zero if you return lac
em
to the start). en
t
End
Speed vs Velocity
• Speed is how fast something moves.
• Velocity is speed with a direction.
Saying Ariel the Dog runs at 9 km/h (kilometers per hour) is a speed.
But saying he runs 9 km/h Westwards is a velocity.
See Speed and Velocity to learn more.
Notation
A vector is often written in bold, like a or b so we know it is not a scalar:
• so c is a vector, it has magnitude and direction
• but c is a scalar, like 3 or 12.4
Example: kb is actually the scalar k times the vector b.
A vector can also be written as the letters of its head and tail with an arrow A a= AB
above it, like this: tail
head B
Using Scalars
Scalars are easy to use. Just treat them as normal numbers.
Example: 3 kg + 4 kg = 7 kg
Using Vectors
The page on vectors has more detail, but here is a quick summary:
We can add two vectors by joining them head-to-tail:
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Scalar, Vector, Matrix https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/scalar-vector-matrix.html
b
a
a+b
We can subtract one vector from another:
• first we reverse the direction of the vector we want to subtract,
• then add them as usual:
a−b
We can multiply a vector by a scalar (called "scaling" a vector):
Example: multiply the vector m = (7,3) by the scalar 3
a = 3m = (3×7,3×3) = (21,9)
It still points in the same direction, but is 3 times longer
(And now you know why numbers are called "scalars", because they "scale" the vector up or down.)
Polar or Cartesian
A vector can be in:
• magnitude and direction (Polar) form,
• or in x and y (Cartesian) form
Like this:
y y (x,y)
r a
<=> y
θ
x x x
Vector a in Polar Vector a in Cartesian
Coordinates Coordinates
(Read how to convert them at Polar and Cartesian Coordinates .)
Example: the vector 13 at 22.6°
In Polar (magnitude and direction) form:
10 y
5 13
22.6°
0
0 5 10 15 x
The vector 13 at 22.6°
Is approximately (12,5) In Cartesian (x,y) form:
10 y
12
(12,5)
5
5
0
0 5 10 15 x
The vector (12,5)
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Have a try of the Vector Calculator to get a feel for how it all works.
Multiplying a Vector by a Vector (Dot Product and Cross
Product)
How do we multiply two vectors together? There is more than one way!
• The scalar or Dot Product (the result is a scalar).
• The vector or Cross Product (the result is a vector).
(Read those pages for more details.)
More Than 2 Dimensions
Vectors also work perfectly well in 3 or more dimensions:
(1, 4, 5)
x
The vector (1,4,5)
List of Numbers
So a vector can be thought of as a list numbers:
• 2 numbers for 2D space, such as (4,7)
• 3 numbers for 3D space, such as (1,4,5)
• etc
Scalars, Vectors and Matrices
And when we include matrices we get this interesting pattern:
• A scalar is a number, like 3, -5, 0.368, etc,
• A vector is a list of numbers (can be in a row or column),
• A matrix is an array of numbers (one or more rows, one or more columns).
Scalar Vector Matrix
24 2 -8 7 6 4 24
row 1 -9 8
2 row(s) × column(s)
or
column -8
7
In fact a vector is also a matrix! Because a matrix can have just one row or one
column.
So the rules that work for matrices also work for vectors.
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