08/10/2012

Outline

Scope
Concrete (swimming pool) Tanks
Guidance on the design of Structural Design
in-situ concrete water retaining structures • Eurocodes

SPATA Training • ULS design

• SLS design
4 Oct 2012
Materials

Charles Goodchild Specification

CEng., MCIOB, MIStructE AOB
Principal Structural Engineer
The Concrete Centre

Scope
Outline

Scope Concrete swimming pool tanks

These would normally be constructed from
Structural Design shuttered in-situ reinforced concrete to BS 8007.
• Eurocodes They can be formed with or without a screed /
render and normally have a ceramic tile finish.
• ULS design Waterproofing additives can be used to reduce
• SLS design the risk of leakage. The tank structure should be
thoroughly tested for water tightness, through a
Materials full depth tank test before finishes are applied.
Any faults should be remedied after allowing the
Specification pool tank to dry out thoroughly, and before tiling
or lining work is undertaken. Any repair is more
AOB effective from the wet side.

www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...

Scope Scope

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_228

http://davidhallamltd.co.uk/pools/c ommer cial-pools

www.por tr aitpools.com/wp-content/br ochur e/ www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_37

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part

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Scope

www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?. ..

http://www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/

Scope
Outline
Planning: Design:
Scope
Location Architect
Type Structural engineer, Structural Design
Shape M & E consultant • Eurocodes
Dimensions Interior designer
• ULS design
Diving? Sub Aqua? Swimming pool specialist
• SLS design
Features
Roof structure Materials
Plant Hydraulic design criteria, AHU spec.,
ducts, pipes filters/pumps and water
treatment, plantroom, penetrations, Specification
Services lighting, moving floors

Changing facilities AOB

Spectator facilities
Other amenities

Eurocodes Eurocodes

What’s new in
water retaining structures)?
• Withdrawal of BS 8110, BS 8007 etc
• Eurocodes
• New information:
• CIRIA C660
• Revision to BS 8102
• Debate
• S Alexander, TSE Dec 06
• B Hughes, TSE Aug 08?
• ICE project 0706 on reinforcement to control
cracking (report Feb 2010)
BS 8007

SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part

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Eurocodes Eurocodes
Eurocode 2: relationships – BS EN 1992-3
BS EN 1990
BS EN 1997 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL BS EN 1998
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN
DESIGN

BS EN 10138
BS EN 1991 Prestressing
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES Steels
BS 8500 BS EN 206
Spe cifying BS EN 10080
Concrete Reinforcing
Concrete BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE Steels Pic of eurocodes incl pt 3
STRUCTURES
BS EN 13670
NSCS Part 1-1: General Rules for
Execution of BS 4449
Structures
Structures Reinforcing
DMRB? Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
Steels
NBS?
Rail? BS EN 1994 BS EN 13369
BS EN 1992 BS EN 1992
CESWI? Design of Pre-cast
Part 2: Part 3: Liquid
Comp. Concrete
Bridges Ret. 13
Struct.
Structures

Eurocodes Eurocodes
Typical water-retaining structure
BS EN 1992-3 (cont)
Utility structures
- all about
minimising
material and
maintenance
cost

“A degree of
leakage may be
acceptable” -
discuss tightness
class with clients
… crack width?
0.05 to 0.2mm or
0.3?

BS EN 1992-3 (cont)

Eurocodes Eurocodes

Edge details
www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...

www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/por tfoli o.ht ml#id_38

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Eurocodes
Outline
Concrete pool construction www.sportengland.org/facilities. ../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...

Structural Option 1:
• Monolithic design for whole of tank and pool surrounds when Scope
constructed from in-situ water retaining concrete to BS 8007/ BS
EN 1992 Part 3 gives a highly stable structure Structural Design
Option 2:
• Eurocodes
• Gunite sprayed reinforced concrete
• Reinforced concrete block work with waterproof renders /coatings • ULS design
An Integral transfer channel is the most common option
• SLS design
Fixtures and fittings need to be integrated into the tank design
Waterproofing • Inherent within well constructed in-situ reinforced concrete pools Materials
meeting BS 8007/ BS EN 1992 Part 3
• Can be augmented by waterproof liner and/or render Specification
Finishes Option 1
• Fully ceramic tiles on render backing is the preferred finish AOB
Option 2
• Specialist finish renders and paint finishes have been used where
long term durability is not so important

Structural design: loads cases Structural design - ULS

Design for Ultimate Limit State
Tank empty Tank full EQU – Equilibrium Limit State
(Tank in ground) (Tank in or above ground)

Actions for ULS STR & GEO – Structural and Geotechnical

Limit States
Soil loads Water loads • Partial factor for water actions:
Ground water loads • Normal level
• gQ for ‘silos and tanks’ BS EN 1991-4
Compaction loads • Accidental level
Maximum design liquid level during
Analysis
operations
Slab Walls Slab Walls gQ = 1.20
Equilibrium Flexure Flexure
Flexure Flexure Tension Tension • gF for Normal level ?
Soil structure Shear gF = 1.35?
interaction
Actions for SLS • Structural design
As above plus: As above plus: • As per ‘normal’ elements
• Early age thermal • Drying • 3D nature of design
• Autogenous • Differential temperature

Structural design - ULS Structural design - ULS

Analysis now often FEA

Was plate theory (via grillage).

Manifested by graphs or
tables

Horizontal moments in a
8 x 6 x 4 m deep tank
Courtesy HAC

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Structural design - ULS Water Retaining :

N-M where tension exists
Design for tension:
Not only tensile forces from restraint but also tension from loading

Axial tension due

to water pressure
on Wall B

Axial tension due to

gFrwh water pressure on
Wall A

Section/Elevation Plan Section at corner

Not forgetting tension in base slabs!!

Structural design - ULS Structural design - ULS

Tanks in the ground:
Shear: BS EN 1997, Combination 1 and 2
VRdc is affected by tension Design for Ultimate Limit State

GEO – in the ground

• Combinations 1 and 2

• gF for ground water

o Normal gF = 1.35 (BS EN 1997)
o Most unfavourable gF = 1.20 (NA to BS EN 1991-4)

Structural design - Example Structural design below ground

Characteristic actions on basement wall and
adjacent slabs: LC1 water at ground level For empty Tanks in the ground
see– Concrete Basements

This guide covers the design and

construction of reinforced concrete
basements and is in accordance with
the Eurocodes.

The aim of the guide is to assist designers of

concrete basements of modest depth, i.e. not
exceeding 10 metres. It will also prove relevant
to designers of other underground structures. It
brings together in one publication the salient
features for the design and construction of such
water-resisting structures.
The guide has been written for generalist
Combination 1 Combination 2 structural engineers who have a basic
understanding of soil mechanics.

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Structural design - SLS

Outline

Scope
Design for Serviceability Limit State
Structural Design
• Eurocodes
• ULS design ≡ Control of cracking
• SLS design

Materials
Specification
AOB

Structural design - SLS Structural design - SLS

Restraint factors
1. Test for restraint cracking
A section will crack if: Table 1 – Values of restraint factor R for a particular pour
BS EN 1992-3 Annex L
e r = Rax e free = K[([acT1 +e ca)] R1 + ([acT2 R2)] + e cd R3] > e ctu configuration
where CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
K =
=
allowance for creep
0.65 when R is calculated using CIRIA C660
Pour configuration R
= 1.0 when R is calculated using BS EN 1992-3
ac
T1
=
=
coefficient of thermal expansion (See CIRIA C660 for values). See Table A6 for typical values
difference between the peak temperature of concrete during hydr ation and ambient
Thin wall cast on to massive concrete base 0,6 to 0,8 at base
e ca =
temperature °C (See CIRIA C660). Typical values are noted in Table A7
Autogenous shrinkage strain – value for early age (3 days: see Table A9)
0,1 to 0,2 at top
R 1, R 2, = restraint factors. See Section A5.6
usually 0.5
R3 For edge restraint from Figure L1 of BS EN 1992-3 for short- and long-term therm al and long- Massive pour cast onto blinding 0,1 to 0,2
term drying situations. For base-wall restraint they may be calculated in accordance with
CIRIA C660. Figure L1 may be used with CIRIA C660 methods providing an adjustment for Beware: effects
creep is made (See Figure A2 and note). Massive pour cast onto existing concrete 0,3 to 0,4 atofbase
creep
For end restraint, where the restraint is truly rigid 1.0 is most often used , for instance in infill
bays. This figure might be overly pessimistic for piled slabs. 0,1 to 0,2 atincluded
top
T2 = long-term drop in temperature after concreting, °C. T 2 depends on the ambient temperature
during concreting. The recommended values from CIRIA C660 for T 2 are 20°C for concrete cast Suspended slabs 0,2 to 0,4
in the summer and 10°C for concrete cast in winter. These figures are based on HA BD
28/87[60] based on monthly air temperatures for exposed bridges. Basements are likely to
follow soil temperatures so T 2 = 12°C may be considered appropriate at depth. Infill bays, i.e. rigid restraint 0,8 to 1,0
e cd = drying shrinkage strain, dependent on ambient RH, cement content and mem ber size (see BS
EN 1992-1-1 Exp. (3.9) or CIRIA C660 or Table A10). CIRIA C660 alludes to 45% RH for internal
conditions and 85% for external conditions.
e ctu = tensile strain capacity may be obtained from Eurocode 2 or CIRIA C660 for both short term and
long term values

Structural design - SLS Structural design - SLS

SLS Design vs time
Short term load strength
2. Minimum reinforcement
As,min = kc k Act (fct,eff /fyk) BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
where kc = A coefficient to account for stress distribution.
= 1.0 for pure tension.
Long term load strength When cracking first occurs the cause is usually early thermal effects and the whole section is likely
Stress due to to be in tension.

early thermal & k = A coefficient to account for self-equilibrating stresses

= 1.0 for thickness h < 300 mm and 0.65 for h > 800 mm (interpolation allowed for thicknesses
shrinkage & between 300 mm and 800 mm).

seasonal Act = area of concrete in the tension zone just prior to onset of cracking. Act is determined from section
Stress due to early properties but generally for basement slabs and walls is most often based on full thickness of the
section.
thermal & drying fct,eff == fctm
shrinkage mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to occur:
§ for early thermal effects 3 days
§ for long-term effects, 28 days (which considered to be a reasonable approximation)
Stress due to early thermal – See Table A5 for typical values.
allowing for creep fyk = characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement.
= 500 MPa
[1]CIRIA C660 Recent research[61] would suggest that a factor of 0.8 should be applied to fct,eff in the formula for crack
inducing strain due to end restraint. This factor accounts for long-term loading, in-situ strengths compared with laboratory
strengths and the fact that the concrete will crack at its weakest point. TR 59[62] concludes that the tensile strength of
concrete subjected to sustained tensile stress reduces with time to 60–70% of its instantaneous value.

Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any

CS TR 67 specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by
models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount
to limit actual crack widths.

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Structural design - SLS Structural design - SLS

3. Crack widths and watertightness 3. Crack widths and watertightness
BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3 Tightness Classes - notes BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
Tightness Classes

Lined
pools?

Tiled
pools
(most?)

Above
ground?

Special?

Structural design - SLS Structural design - SLS

4.2 e cr =(e cs - e cm )
4. Crack width calculations

Crack width, wk = sr,max ecr BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.8) Consider a crack in a section:
where Debonding length
4.1 sr,max = Maximum crack spacing = 3.4c + 0.425 (k1k2f /rp,eff)
where S0 S0
c = nominal cover, cnom
Plan (or section)
k1 = 0.8
(CIRIA C660 suggests 1.14)
k2 = 1.0 for tension (e.g. from restraint) Strain in reinforcement
= 0.5 for bending εs
= (e 1 + e 2)/2e 1 for combinations of bending and tension ε εsm
Strain e sm - e cm
f = diameter of the bar in mm. εc ectu
rp,eff = As/Ac,eff ε εcm
Ac,eff for each face is based on {0.5h; 2.5(c + 0.5f); (h – x)/3} where h ε ε= 0
= thickness of section and x = depth to neutral axis. Sr,max
Strain in concrete
e cr = Crack-inducing strain
= Mean strain in steel – mean strain in concrete, over the
debonding length either side of the crack wk = sr,max ecr = sr,max (e sm - e cm) ecm ≈ ectu /2
= (e cs - e cm ) . . . . . .

Structural design - SLS Structural design - SLS

e cr = Crack-inducing strain = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Water Retaining : adding in tension
Wall 6 m high.
4.2a Early age crack-inducing strain CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2 Assumed H16 @ 100 bs
ecr = K[acT1 +eca] R1 – 0.5 e ctu The total load transferred may
be obtained by integration as
4.2b Long term crack-inducing strain CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
T = 180 kN.
ecr = K[([ acT1 +eca )] R1 + ([ acT2 R2)] + ecd R3] – 0.5 e ctu
Total area of designed reinf’t
4.2c End restraint crack-inducing strain BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1) 6 ´ 2010 x 2 = 24120 mm2
ecr = 0.5ae kckfct,eff [1 + (1/ae r)] /Es Tension in pool wall Pressure
Corresponding stress ss = 7.46 MPa
4.2d Flexural (and applied tension) crack-inducing strain
leading to a strain es = 37.3 ´ 10–-6
ecr = (esm – ecm) = [ss – kt (fct,eff /rp,eff) (1 + ae rp,eff] /Es
This should be added to ecr
ecr ³ 0.6 (ss )/Es calculated previously to give the
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.9) modified crack width wk.

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Structural design - SLS

Outline

Crack control without direct calculation Scope

don’t do it!
Structural Design
Deflection control
• Eurocodes
As ‘normal’ design
Minimising the risk of cracking • ULS design

Materials use cement replacements, aggregates with low a c, avoid high • SLS design
strength concretes
Materials
Construction construct at low temperatures, use GRP or steel formwork,
sequential pours
Specification
Detailing use small bars at close centres, avoid movement joints,
prestress? AOB

Selection of materials Selection of materials

Concrete: Admixtures
Porosity may be important but it’s the cracks that matter –
• Superstructure & Benign soils: not (usually) concrete!
RC30/37? Cement IIB-V (CEM I + 21%-35% fly ash) Concrete Society Working Group on Water Proofing
or IIIA (CEM I + 36% - 65% ggbs). admixtures:
cf C35A?: requirements: C28/35 (equiv) -- WCR 0.55 CC 325 CEM I,, IIB-V,) • no conclusive evidence to support their use (- from a
RC30/37: requirements : C30/37 S3 WCR 0.55 CC 300 CEM I, IIA, IIB-S, IIB-V, IIIA, IVB-V B) material scientist’s point of view).
• Aggressive soils: • from data there is some evidence to suggest that they may
reduce drying shrinkage (less permeability)and therefore
Advise producer of DC Class. reduce onset of cracking and reduce crack widths
For DC-2: FND-2? (C25/30)? Cost and risk:
More aggressive soils: Cement IIIB (CEM I + 66% - Traditional: Engineering, workmanship, supervision issues, risk & £££
80% ggbs) or IIVB-V (CEM I + 36%-55% fly ash) possible remedials and upheavals and contractual issues vs
vs
Admixtures: warranties, supervision & possible remedials and upheavals ££££ ?

Whatever the tank should still be designed properly!

Selection of materials Selection of materials

Water stops Waterbar
• Preformed strips – rubber, PVC, black steel
• Water-swellable water stops
• Cementitious crystalline water stops
• Miscellaneous post-construction techniques
• (Re) injectable water bars
• Rebate and sealant

Photo cr edits Water mans

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Selection of materials Selection of materials

Hydrophilics Resin injection
Photo cr edit Max Fr ank

Photo cr edit Water mans

Selection of materials Selection of materials

Proprietary cementitious multi-coat

renders, toppings and coatings Proprietary cementitious multi-coat
renders, toppings and coatings

Specification
Outline
Specification:
Scope • BS EN 13670
• NSCS / NBS
Structural Design
Joints
• Eurocodes
• Construction joints
• ULS design • Water stops
• SLS design Miscellaneous
• Kickers
Materials • Formwork ties
• Membranes & coatings
Specification • Admixtures & additives
• Service penetrations
AOB
• Drainage
Inspection, remedials & maintenance

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Specification
Materials

National
Structural Inspections
Concrete
Specification,

NSCS Waterstop
s

Ties

Specification
Additives
Kickers

Inspections Ties

Contractors’ Joints
choice of
materials

Guidance Waterstops
Performance
Spec

Specification Specification
Table 1: AREAS AND DIMENSIONS FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION. Testing:
Maximum Maximum
Construction Area (m )
2 Dimension (m ) No longer in BS EN 1992-3
Water – resisting walls 25 5
Suggest putting the testing to BS 8007 in project
Water – resisting slabs 100 10
specification
Slabs with major restraint at both ends 100 13
Slabs with major restraint at one end only 250 20
Slabs with little restraint in any direction 500 30
Walls 40 10

“Unless otherwise agreed”

and designed

NSCS Max pour sizes

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AOB
Outline
BS8007 vs EC2
Scope
• No 0.7 bond factor in EC2
Structural Design (however detailing rules . . . )
• Eurocodes • Rebar cover and exposure:
• Pool water not ‘severe’ . . . XC2?, XC3/4? . 35 mm?
• ULS design
• Ground: determine Exposure class.
• SLS design • Nominal cover from EC2 & BS8500
Materials • SLS still dominates
• Min area of steel > 0.35%
Specification
• Avoid joints
AOB • %age of fly ash (35%) and ggbs (50%) no longer specifically
restricted
• Testing: nowhere. Suggest put in specification
• Different crack width formulae

AOB AOB

Cracking vs time
Restraint and loading 4.5

4.0 Loading
To determine whether a section cracks
STRENGTH or STRESS, MPa

3.5
Add e and Rax efree due to restraint and loading
3.0 Early ffctm
ctm
age
2.5
To determine crack widths thermalCuring
Restraint stage

Treat ecr due to restraint and loading separately 2.0

actfctm
1.5
sct
1.0

0.5
fctm
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TIME, days 0.8fctm

AOB AOB

BS 8007 Restraint and loading : cracks don’t usually coincide

Surface cracks caused by flexure
3.2.2 The reinforcement provided to control cracking
arising from direct tension in the immature
concrete may be regarded as forming the whole or
a part of the reinforcement required to to control
cracking arising from direct and flexural tension in
the mature concrete

Through cracks Through cracks

caused by loading caused by restraint

Far side
Near side

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AOB AOB
Possible revision to C660
2. Minimum reinforcement 2 Minimum reinforcement
As,min = kc k Act (fct,eff /fyk) BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1) As,min = k kc k Act (a ct fct,eff /fyk) BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.1)
where kc = A coefficient to account for stress distribution. where kc = A coefficient to account for stress distribution.
= 1.0 for pure tension. = 1.0 for pure tension.
When cracking first occurs the cause is usually early thermal effects and the whole section is likely When cracking first occurs the cause is usually early thermal effects and the whole section is likely
to be in tension. to be in tension.
k = A coefficient to account for self-equilibrating stresses k = A coefficient to account for self-equilibrating stresses
= 1.0 for thickness h < 300 mm and 0.65 for h > 800 mm (interpolation allowed for thicknesses = 1.0 for thickness h < 300 mm and 0.65 for h > 800 mm (interpolation allowed for thicknesses
between 300 mm and 800 mm). between 300 mm and 800 mm).
Act = area of concrete in the tension zone just prior to onset of cracking. Act is determined from section Act = area of concrete in the tension zone just prior to onset of cracking. Act is determined from section
properties but generally for basement slabs and walls is most often based on full thickness of the properties but generally for basement slabs and walls is most often based on full thickness of the
section. section.
fct,eff == fctm fct,eff == fctm
mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to occur: mean tensile strength when cracking may be first expected to occur:
§ for early thermal effects 3 days § for early thermal effects 3 days
§ for long-term effects, 28 days (which considered to be a reasonable approximation) § for long-term effects, 28 days (which considered to be a reasonable approximation)
See Table A5 for typical values. See Table A5 for typical values.
fyk = characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement. fyk = characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement.
= 500 MPa = 500 MPa
[1]CIRIA C660 Recent research[61] would suggest that a factor of 0.8 should be applied to fct,eff in the formula for crack [1]CIRIA C660 Recent research[61] would suggest that a factor of 0.8 should be applied to fct,eff in the formula for crack
inducing strain due to end restraint. This factor accounts for long-term loading, in-situ strengths compared with laboratory inducing strain due to end restraint. This factor accounts for long-term loading, in-situ strengths compared with laboratory
strengths and the fact that the concrete will crack at its weakest point. TR 59[62] concludes that the tensile strength of
concrete subjected to sustained tensile stress reduces with time to 60–70% of its instantaneous value.
k = factor for stess relief, 0.8
strengths and the fact that the concrete will crack at its weakest point. TR 59[62] concludes that the tensile strength of
concrete subjected to sustained tensile stress reduces with time to 60–70% of its instantaneous value.
a ct = factor for sustained loading, 0.75
Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any Provision of minimum reinforcement does not guarantee any
specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by specific crack width. It is simply a necessary amount presumed by
models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount models to control cracking; but not necessarily a sufficient amount
to limit actual crack widths. to limit actual crack widths.

AOB AOB
Possible revision to C660
Crack widths and watertightness –recommendations for basements (TCC) Crack widths and watertightness
Construction Expected Crack width requirement Tight wk mm BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
typea and water performance of -ness Flex-
Tightness Classes - notes
Restraint
table structure Class ural / axial
wk,max wk,1
A (membrane) Structure itself is not Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See
0 0.30 0.30e
considered watertight Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structure
B – high Structure is almost Design to Tightness class 1 of BS EN 1992-3. See
1 0.30b 0.05 to
watertight Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for flexural cracks
permanently high but 0.2 mm to 0.05 mm for cracks that pass 0.20
water table through the section
(wrt
hd/h)
B – variable Structure is almost Design to Tightness class 1 of BS EN 1992-3. See
1c 0.30 b 0.20
watertight Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for flexural cracks
fluctuating water but 0.2 mm for cracks that pass through the
table section
B – lowd Structure is watertight
under normal
Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See
Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structures
0c 0.30 0.30
water table conditions. Some risk
permanently below under exceptio nal
underside of slab conditions.

C (cavity) Structure itself is not Design to Tightness class 0 of BS EN 1992-3. See

0 0.30 0.30e
considered watertight Table 9.2. Generally 0.3 mm for RC structure.
Design to Tightness Class 1 may be helpful for
construction type C
(1)c (0.3) (0.05 to
0.20 or
0.20)
Key b Where the section is not fully cracked) the neutral axis depth at SLS should be at least xmin (where
xmin > max {50 mm or 0.2 × section thickness}) and variations in strain should < than 150 × 10–6.

AOB AOB
Possible revision to C660
Concrete pool tanks (cont)
Possible revisions to allowable crack widths wk1 Pre-cast concrete panels … and permanent shuttering ..Structural
movement joints should be avoided where possible. . . . . .If joints
are unavoidable, these must have an effective proprietary water
NB Dwk = Dwk bar system suitable for their application. . . . .Pool surrounds
= diurnal change in should be designed to the same standard as the pool tank.
crack width Other concrete pool construction forms include sprayed concrete
= possible new (gunite) and concrete blockwork formwork filled with reinforced
limits tied to concrete. These forms are primarily associated with private and
allowable time for hotel pools, and . . . Expert independent advice should be sought
cracks to heal before considering these forms of pool construction.
under full head The use of tanking membranes in the pool surrounds, as an
alternative to water retaining concrete should generally be
avoided. However if tanking is unavoidable great care must be
taken . . . . .
The risk of damage due to thermal shock when the pool is emptied
or filled with water and heated is a critical issue. This must be
taken into account. . . Max fill/empty rate 0.03m/hour
(0.75m/day) Max heating rate 0.25°C/hour (6°C/day)
Prefabricated sectional stainless steel tank structures . . Is. . an
www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?... emergent market. These are supported on a concrete slab . . . A
welded reinforced plastic liner may also be used for the walls
and/or floor of the tank.

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AOB
Sustainability: environmental
Materials – should be selected with
regard to their environmental
sustainability, whilst also ensuring
durability and lifecycle qualities:
• Recyclable content
• BRE green guide rating
• Environmental profile.
May be OK for concretes
on large projects but:
provenance, increased
cement content for
angular aggregate.
26% of all aggregate is
recycled.
All recycled concrete is
www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?... already being used.
AOB
Masonry design has changed too!
. . . . . BS EN 1996
www.londonswi mmi ngpools.com/swimming_pool_constr uction. html
Concrete (swimming pool)
Tanks
Guidance on the design of
in-situ concrete water retaining structures
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08/10/2012
AOB
Sustainability: social, economic www.sportengland.org/facilities.../design _and.../idoc.ashx?...
Robustness • Robust - minimal risk of damage from vandalism or pool hall activities.
• Durable • Stable construction
• Workmanship is critical to waterproofing and long term life of the pool
Service life Proven long service life. Examples c 100 years
Maintenance Minimal long term maintenance of pool tank structure. Re-grouting of ceramic
tiles may be required c 20 year intervals. Life of finishes will depend upon
quality of materials, maintenance of pool water
quality, wave action and chemicals Utilized
Concrete Industry
Construction • Long construction period for building the concrete shell
Sustainable Construction
• Wet trade of finishes require an extensive period for application and curing
Strategy. See
• Lack of a long term warranty. (Usually, the latent defects period will be 6/12
sustainableconcrete.org
years and the patent defects period will be12 months)
.uk
• Long overall construction program
92% of concrete
Quality • Resolution of severe defects and leakage can be complex requiring potential
surveyed is responsibly
control drainage of pool and resulting in extended closure
sourced.
• Dimensional control dependant on quality of workmanship on site
45% improvement in
energy consuptyion in Costs • Tank construction: Normally used as benchmark
cement manufacture • Other associated costs: Dependant on the under-croft and basements
since 1990 plant room configurations and the contractors allowances for prelims.
Outline
Scope
Structural Design
• Eurocodes
• ULS design
• SLS design
Materials
Specification
AOB
To
The Editor of Concrete.
4 Meadows Business Park,
Blackwater, Camberley,
GU17 9AB
5th September 2012
Dear Sir,
‘Waterproof concrete’
I note the recent space given to ‘waterproof concrete’. To suggest (Success with waterproof concrete,
Concrete, Aug 2012) that it can satisfy Types A, B and C construction is clearly fatuous. Type A relies on
a barrier or membranes and while admittedly a better outer wall will reduce water ingress, Type C
relies on the cavity. It is Type B, structurally integral protection, where the potential benefits lie.
The publicity is all very well but we engineers realise that besides joints, it is the cracks that cause leakage
and concern in Type B structures - not the concrete between. CIRIA C660 and the Eurocodes give us
sound principles on which to base our assessment of the likelihood of cracking. Assuming cracks occur,
these documents may be used to give the appropriate amounts of reinforcement required to restrict
crack widths so that in time water ingress stops. Cracking and crack-width calculations are based on
fundamental properties of concrete (e.g. ac , T1, e ca, e cd, e ctu). Unfortunately the effects that
waterproofing admixtures have on these properties is largely unknown – despite the best efforts of a
recent Concrete Society Working Party to find out. So where these products are used, structural
designers often ignore effects or are reliant on warranties for the design.
Good workmanship is key and proponents’ efforts in this regard are to be applauded - as are the usual
warranties to seal any cracks that occur. However, the cost to our clients, the disruption caused by
making good, the lack of appropriate design information and the relinquishing of responsibility should
cause specifiers and designers some thought.
Yours sincerely
Charles Goodchild
Principal Structural Engineer The Concrete Centre
T 01276 606829 M 07870 179755 E cgoodchild@concretecentre.com
S 01276 606800 F 01276 606701 W www.concretecentre.com
4 M eadows Business Park, Blackwater, Camberley, GU17 9AB
The Concrete Centre is part of the Mineral Products Association, the trade association for the aggregates,
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Structural design - SLS
Revision to C660
Crack widths and watertightness
Tightness Classes - notes
Basement (Tank) slab options
(300 mm thick)
NBG
End restraint rules
SPATA Training 4 Oct 2012 - Eurocode 2 Part
3 Tanks
08/10/2012
Structural design - SLS
Revision to C660
e cr = Crack-inducing strain = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BS EN 1992-3 Cl 7.3
9.7.2 Early age crack-inducing strain
CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
e cr = K[a cT1 +e ca] R1 – 0.5 e ctu
9.7.3 Long term crack-inducing strain CIRIA C660 Cl 3.2
e cr = K[([a cT1 +e ca)] R1 + ([a cT2 R2)] + e cd R3] – 0.5 e ctu
9.7.4 End restraint crack-inducing strain BS EN 1992-3 Exp (M.1)
e cr = 0.5a e kckfct,eff [1 + (1/a e r)] /Es
9.7.5 Flexural (and applied tension) crack-inducing strain
e cr = (e sm – e cm) = [s s – kt (fct,eff /rp,eff) (1 + a e rp,eff] /Es
e cr ³ 0.6 (s s)/Es
BS EN 1992-1-1 Exp (7.9)
250 mm wall options
Excluding effects of
tension
Excluding
effects of
tension
Edge restraint rules
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