NAME: GARCIA, ROWELL S.

DATE: SEPTEMBER 6, 2022

COURSE Yr. & Sec: BS-CRIMINOLOGY (3-1) PROF: Mrs. TERESITA QUIAMBAO

FOR NEXT MEETING

 Define literature
 Story Analysis
 Elements of Fiction/Non-Fiction
 Provide a Syllabus
 Meaning literature
 Division literature
 Interpretation – Pick a song

LITERATURE -Literature is defined as books and other written works, especially those considered to have
creative or artistic merit or lasting value. It is also be classified as writings in prose or verse especially :
writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest
literature stands related to man as science stands to nature.

ELEMENT OF FICTION /NON-FICTION

FICTION - is make-believe, invented stories. They may be short stories, fables, vignettes, plays, novellas,
or novels. Although writers may base a character on people they have met in real life, the characters
and the experiences that the character faces in the story are not real.

ELEMENTS
Characters - Characters are the people, animals, or aliens in the story. Readers come to know the
characters through what they say, what they think, and how they act.
Setting - Setting is where and when the story takes place.
Point of View - Stories are generally told in one of two points of views:

 First-person point of view

 Third-person point of view

First-person point of view means that one of the characters in the story will narrate–give an account–of
the story. The narrator may be the protagonist, the main character. Writing in first-person point of view
brings the readers closer to the story. They can read it as if they are the character because personal
pronouns like I, me, my, we, us, and our are used.

Third-person point of view means that the narrator is not in the story. The third-person narrator is not a
character. Third-person point of view can be done two ways:
Third-person limited

Third-person omniscient

Third-person limited means that the narrator limits him/herself by being able to be in one character’s
thoughts. Whereas, third-person omniscient means the narrator has unlimited ability to be in various
character’s thoughts. Writing in third-person point of view removes readers from the story because of
the pronouns he, she, it, him, her, his, hers, they, them, and theirs.
Theme - A theme is not the plot of the story. It is the underlying truth that is being conveyed in the
story. Themes can be universal, meaning they are understood by readers no matter what culture or
country the readers are in. Common themes include coming of age, circle of life, prejudice, greed, good
vs. evil, beating the odds, etc.
Plot - Plot is the order of events in the story.
Conflict - Conflict is the struggle between two entities. In story writing the main character, also known as
the protagonist, encounters a conflict with the antagonist, which is an adversary.

Freytag’s Pyramid

NON-FICTION - the branch of literature comprising works of narrative prose dealing with or offering
opinions or conjectures upon facts and reality, including biography, history, and the essay

ELEMENT OF NON-FICTION
SETTING - Each story has a setting. The setting is the place where the story takes place. Usually, an
effective story establishes its setting early in the story: otherwise, readers will have a difficult time
visualizing the action of the story.
DESCRIPTIVE IMAGERY - You have probably encountered descriptive imagery before. Basically, it is the
way the writer paints the scene, or image, in the mind of the reader. It usually involves descriptions of
one or more of the five senses: sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. For example, how would you
describe a lemon to a person who has never seen one before?

 One might describe a lemon as yellow, sour-smelling and tasting, and with a smooth, bumpy
skin. They might describe the sound of the lemon as a thump on the table if it is dropped, or
squelching if it is squished underfoot. By painting a picture in the reader's mind, it immerses
them in the story so that they feel they are actually there.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - As a counterpart to descriptive imagery, figurative language is using language

in a surprising way to describe a literary moment. Figurative language can take the form of metaphor,
such as saying "the lemon tree was heavy with innumerable miniature suns." Since the lemons are not
actually suns, this is figurative. Figurative language can also take the form of simile: "aunt Becky's
attitude was as sour as a lemon." By comparing an abstract concept (attitude) to an object (lemon), it
imparts a feeling/meaning in a more interesting way.
PLOT - Plot is one of the basic elements of every story: put simply, plot refers to the actual events that
take place within the bounds of your narrative. Using our rhetorical situation vocabulary, we can identify
“plot” as the primary subject of a descriptive personal narrative. Three related elements to consider are
scope, sequence, and pacing.

 Scope
The term scope refers to the boundaries of plot. Where and when does the story begin and
end? What is its focus? What background information and details does the story require? I often
think about narrative scope as the edges of a photograph: a photo, whether of a vast landscape
or a microscopic organism, has boundaries. Those boundaries inform the viewer’s perception.

The way we determine scope varies based on rhetorical situation, but I can say generally that
many developing writers struggle with a scope that is too broad: writers often find it challenging
to zero in on the events that drive a story and prune out extraneous information.

Consider, as an example, how you might respond if your friend asked what you did last
weekend. If you began with, “I woke up on Saturday morning, rolled over, checked my phone,
fell back asleep, woke up, pulled my feet out from under the covers, put my feet on the floor,
stood up, stretched…” then your friend might have stopped listening by the time you get to the
really good stuff. Your scope is too broad, so you’re including details that distract or bore your
reader. Instead, focus on the most exciting or meaningful moment(s) of your day: "I woke up
face-down to the crunch of shattered glass underneath me. When I wobbled to my feet I
realized I was in a large, marble room with large windows overlooking the flashing neon lights of
the Las Vegas strip. I had no idea how I got there!" Readers can expect this story will focus on
how the storyteller arrived in Las Vegas, and it is much more interesting than including every
single detail of the day.

CHARACTER - A major requirement of any story is the use of characters. Characters bring life to the
story. Keep in mind that while human characters are most frequently featured in stories, sometimes
there are non-human characters in a story such as animals or even the environment itself. Consider, for
example, the ways in which the desert itself might be considered a character in "Bajadas" by Francisco
Cantú.

DIVISION OF LITERATURE:

MAIN DIVISION IS PROSE AND POETRY

PROSE- is a division of literature which covers a literary work that is spoken or written within the
common flow of language in sentences and in paragraphs which gives information, relate events,
express ideas, or present opinions. Under this division, we have two sub-divisions: the Fiction and Non-
Fiction.

1. Fiction is a sub-division of prose which covers a literary work of imaginative narration, either
oral or written, fashioned to entertain and to make readers think and more so, to feel. It
normally came from the writer’s imagination. Some Literary Genres that fall under fiction
include:
 Legend is a prose fiction which attempts to explain the origin of things, places, objects that we
see around us. Example: The Legend of Makahiya, Why the Sea is Salty.
 Short story is a short prose fiction narrative depicting a simple characterization and plot
conveying a moral which can be read in one sitting. Example: The Diamond Necklace by Guy de
Maupassant, Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia-Villa.
 Novel is a very long prose narrative depicting complex characterization and plot which is usually
divided into chapters. Example: Les Miserables by Victor Hugo, War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy.
 Novella is a long prose narrative similar to but shorter than a novel but longer than a short story.
It is also known as novelette. Example: Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson, The Call of
the Wild by Jack London.
 Fable is a short prose fiction narrative depicting animal characters which espouses a lesson in
life. Example: The Lion and the Mouse, The Monkey and the Turtle.
 Parable is a short prose allegorical narrative which presents a philosophical outlook in life.
Example: The Parable of the Sower, The Prodigal Son.

2. Non-Fiction is a sub-division of prose which covers a literary work of “real life” narration or
exposition based on history and facts whose main thrust is intellectual appeal to convey facts,
theories, generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic. Some literary genres that fall
under non-fiction include:
 Biography is a prose non-fiction detailing the life of a person written by another person.
Example: The Great Malayan about the Life of Jose Rizal written by Carlos Quirino.
Sometimes, a biography may be written by the same person, hence, it is called
autobiography. Example: Memoirs written by Juan Ponce Enrile was a lengthy narrative
about his own life.
 History is a prose non-fiction record of events that transpired in the past. Example: The
History of Filipino People written by Gregorio Zaide.
 News is a prose non-fiction narrative of events that happen everyday. The newspapers
are written for this purpose. Example: Philippine Daily Inquirer.
 Diary is a personal account of significant events that happen in the life of a person.
 Anecdote is a prose non-fiction narrative that depicts a single incident in a person’s life.
Example: The Moth and the Lamp.
 Essay is prose non-fiction which is a formal treatment of an issue written from the
writer’s personal point of view. Example: On the Indolence of the Filipinos written by
Jose Rizal.

POETRY - Poetry is a division of literature works which covers a literary work expressed in verse,
measure, rhythm, sound, and imaginative language and creates an emotional response to an
experience, feeling or fact. Traditionally, it has three sub-divisions namely: Narrative poetry, Lyric
poetry, and Dramatic poetry.

1. Narrative Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which tells or narrates a story. It may be lengthy as
an epic, or short as a ballad and typically measured as a metrical tale.
 Epic is a narrative poem which accounts the heroic exploits of a community’s hero,
usually involving superhuman abilities. Example: Hudhod hi Aliguyon is an Ifugao epic.
 Ballad is a narrative poem which depicts a single incident that transpired in a person’s
life. It is usually recited during gatherings in the past but it may be sung in the present
days. Example: Forevermore by Side A Band.
 Metrical Tale is a narrative poem which narrates a story in a “metered” or “measured”
number of syllables hence it was called metrical. There are two popular variations in
Philippine Literature, the Awit and Corrido.
- Awit is a romance metrical tale of dodecasyllabic measure which is recited during formal
performances or informal gatherings. Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar.
- Corrido is a martial or adventure metrical tale of octosyllabic measure which is recited for
recreational purposes. Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Corazon dela Cruz

2. Lyric Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems intended to be sung with the
accompaniment of the musical instrument called “lyre” hence, lyric poetry. The following are
the types of lyric poems.
 Song is a lyric poem of various theme which is meant to be sung in its entirety. Example:
Bayan Ko written by Jose De Jesus, arranged by Constancio De Guzman, and sung by
Freddie Aguilar.
 Ode is a lyric poem of noble and exalted emotion which has dignified countenance.
Example: Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
 Elegy is a lyric poem of sad theme such lamentation for the dead, longing for a missing
love, and a grief for things beyond one’s control. Example: Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard by Thomas Gray.
 Sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines usually about love and beautiful
themes. Example: Sonnet to Laura by Francesco Petrarch.
 -Idyll is a lyric poem celebrating the tranquil and beautiful landscapes of rural and
country settings. Example: Beside the Pasig River by Jose Rizal.

3. Dramatic Poetry is a sub-division of poetry which features poems meant to be performed on

stage. Theater plays and dramatic presentations belong to this type.
 Tragedy is a dramatic poetry which features a hero whose hubris or shortcoming
eventually causes his downfall or defeat often ending in a very sad conclusion. Example:
Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Three Rats by Wilfrido Ma. Guerero.
 Comedy is a dramatic poetry which is similar with tragedy except that the hero triumphs
and overcomes the odds towards the end and emerges victoriously. Example: The
Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare.
 Melodrama is a dramatic poetry which is a combination of the elements of tragedy and
comedy yet ends in a happy note. Example: A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William
Shakespeare
 Farce is a dramatic poetry which is an exaggerated comedy that aims to elicit laughter
hence, relaxation. Examples: Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde.
 Social Play is a dramatic poetry which tackles social issues and problems such as
poverty, corruption, discrimination, racism, sexism, among others, with an aim to bring
awareness and bring about positive change. Example: Zsazsa Zaturnah by Carlo Vergara.