GOOD MORNING!

WELCOME BACK!
S.Y. 2021-2022
 3rd QUARTER LESSONS
● Literature ● Other forms of literary genre
● Fiction ● Elements of Fiction
● Poetry ● Elements of Poetry.
● Drama ● Nonfiction
What is Literature?
the “art of words,”
Rexroth (2020) defines literature as “those
imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished
by the intentions of their authors and the perceived
aesthetic excellence of their execution.
FORMS OF LITERATURE
According to Content
● Fiction
● Nonfiction

According to Technique
● Prose
● Poetry
What is Fiction?
- refers to a literary work which comes from the author’s
imagination.
- Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work,
portraying people, events, or places in ways that are
imaginary, or not strictly based on history or fact.
Forms of Fiction
● Literary Fiction ● Bildungsroman
● Mystery ● Speculative Fiction
● Thriller ● Science Fiction
● Horror ● Fantasy
● Historical ● Dystopian
● Romance ● Magical Realism
● Western ● Realistic Literature
 Sub-genres of Fiction

1. Short Story - Shorter in length than a novel, a fictional

prose work which usually focuses on one plot, one
main character.
2. Novel - narrative prose work of considerable length that
talks about significant human experience.
3. Myth - a symbolic narrative of unknown origin and tells
events which are partly traditional.
 Sub-genres of Fiction

4. Legend - traditional tale which is thought to have

historical bases.
5. Fable - story about human social behaviour with
personified animals or natural objects with moral
lesson.
 What is Poetry?
● is a means of sharing experiences, telling a
story, or expressing feelings or ideas through
the use of language in a particular way. As
opposed to prose writing, poetry in written form
has a distinct structure and words may form
patterns of sound, verse or thought.
Two Broad Approaches of Poetry

● NARRATIVE POEM - tells a story with an

orientation, complication, crisis, and resolution.
● LYRICAL POEM - conveys an experience, or
ideas, thoughts or feelings about a subject
without necessarily having ‘something happen.’
Forms of Poetry
● Acrostic ● Epigram ● Nonsense verse
● Ballad ● Epitaph ● Nursery Rhyme
● Chant ● Free verse ● Ode
● Cinquain ● Haiku ● Riddle
● Comic Verse ● Light verse ● Song Lyric
● Diamante ● Limerick ● Sonnet
● Elegy ● Lyric ● Tanka
● Epic ● Narrative ● Villanelle
 What is Drama?
● is a composition in either verse or prose presenting a
story through pantomime or dialogue. It contains conflict
of characters, particularly the ones who perform in front
of the audience on the stage. The person who writes
drama for stage directions is known as a “dramatist” or
“playwright.” The term “drama” is also used for the type
of play written for theater, television, radio, and film.
 Types of Drama

1. Comedy – type of dramatic presentation which intends

to make the audience laugh through well-composed
humorous elements.
2. Tragedy – oldest forms of drama, tragedy exposes the
plight and suffering of humans to the audience.
 Types of Drama

3. Melodrama – uses a technique marked by surge of

feelings since melodrama highlights exaggeration of
emotions.
4. Musical Drama - story is told through acting and
dialogue, as well as through dance and music.
Other forms of Literary Genres

● Diaries/Journals - both contain records of experiences

by its writer. A diary records events, transactions, or
observations daily or at frequent intervals.
● Memoirs - author’s narrative of his or her
experiences, which makes it similar to an
autobiography.
Other forms of Literary Genres

● Speeches - “the communication or expression of

thoughts in spoken words.”
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1. Character - are beings who live in the story. They can be
actual people from this planet to aliens from somewhere in
the outer space.
- Flat Character - not sufficiently developed, described very
little, and plays very minor role in the narrative.
- Round Character - has a leading role in the narrative. In
contrast with a flat character, a round character is
complex, multi-dimensional, and well-developed that they
seem “to come to life.”
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
2. Setting - answers the question “where” and
- Physical Setting - refers to where the story takes
place.
- Chronological Setting - can also be general or
specific, as during the “Christmas season,” or
“during the early morning of December 16 in
2019.”
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
3. Plot - the order of events in the story. Writers
usually follow a particular plot structure, called
“Freytag’s Pyramid,”
Freytag’s Pyramid
a) Exposition introduces the characters, time, and the
problem. This occurs at the start of the story up to the point
where an inciting incident happens for the main character to
handle or solve. The exposition creates the beginning of the
story.

b) Rising action includes the happenings that the main

character encounters. As each event develops, more
complications arise, making the problem more complex for the
character.
c) Climax refers to the turning point in the story. This is usually
a single event with the greatest intensity and uncertainty. Here
the main character contends with the problem hence creating
the peak of interest for the readers.

d) Falling action are the events that unfold after the climax.
The resulting events after the climax create an emotional
response from the reader.

e) Denouement or resolution provides closure and ties up

loose ends in the story.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
4. Conflict - is the struggle between opposing forces
or entities.

Types of Conflict
● External Conflict
● Internal Conflict
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
5. Point of view- Who is telling the story?

Types of Point of View

● a) First person point of view means that the story
is told from the viewpoint of one of the characters
who may be the protagonist or main character in the
narrative. (I, me, my, we, and our)
b) The second person point of view which is seldom used,
speaks to the reader as if the reader is the protagonist. The
second person pronouns are used here like you and your.

c) The third person point of view - the narrator is not a

character nor in the story. In third person limited, the
narrator is limited only to one of the character’s thoughts. In
third person omniscient, the narrator is “all-knowing” and
“all-seeing” and knows various characters’ thoughts. This
view uses third person pronouns like he, she, it, and they.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
6. Theme - underlying truth conveyed by the author
through the story. Themes are usually universal.
Some common themes include coming of age,
circle of life, prejudice, greed, good vs. evil, and
beating the odds. Theme is different from the moral
or lesson of a narrative.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. Rhyme - This is the easiest feature to identify in a
poem. If the last word in the first line of poetry
rhymes with the last word in the second line, or the
third. Rhyme does not depend upon spelling; it is a
matter of sound, or pronunciation.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
● Rhyme Scheme- a repeating pattern of similar-sounding
words at the ends of the lines. Simply assign a letter of
the alphabet (starting with A, of course) to each word at
the end of a line of poetry; rhyming words are given the
same letter. Sometimes a pair of words nearly rhymes;
you assign the same letter to each of these words also.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
● Rhythm - (or meter) is a slightly more difficult aspect
of poetry for some students. There is a natural rise
and fall in our language: we stress certain syllables
and words more than others in order to emphasize
meaning.
 What is Creative Nonfiction?
● writing that is based on true events, people, places,
and facts. It is a vast category and has sub-genres: it
could be factual, like a scientific paper; it could also
be creative, like a personal essay.
● The label “creative nonfiction” can apply to various
categories of writing, including food, travel, memoir,
personal essay, and other hybridized forms.
 ELEMENTS OF CREATIVE
NONFICTION
1. Plot 6. Setting and Atmosphere
2. Characters 7. Symbolism and Imagery
3. Characterization 8. Irony
4. Point of View 9. Figures of speech
5. Angle
Figures of Speech

- various rhetorical uses of language that depart from

customary construction, word order, or significance.
1. Simile: A stated comparison (usually formed with
"like" or "as") between two fundamentally dissimilar
things that have certain qualities in common.
Example: Roberto was white as a sheet after he
walked out of the horror movie.
2. Metaphor: An implied comparison between two
dissimilar things that have something in common.
Example: "All the world's a stage."
3. Personification: A figure of speech in which an
inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with
human qualities or abilities.
Example: That kitchen knife will take a bite out of your
hand if you don't handle it safely.
4. Hyperbole: An extravagant statement; the use of
exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or
heightened effect.
Example: I have a ton of things to do when I get home.
Three Main Purposes of Nonfiction

● To inform the readers

● To entertain the readers
● To convince the readers
The End!