Earth and Life Science – Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode

Quarter 1 – Module 2: Earth Materials and Processes
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module:

PublishedAuthors:
by the Department of Education
Melvin B. Arcangel, Hazel R. Balan,
Secretary: Leonor Magtolis-Briones
Teresita Z. Bastillada,
Undersecretary:
Reu Zandro C. Enguito, Dyna F. Gorre,
Assistant
Secretary: Fritz Ryan S. Hondanero,
Rowena E. Lontayao,
Development Team
Gilden of the M.
Maecah Module
Migalang,
Daisy R. Yap,
Authors: Melvin B. Arcangel, HazelJessie
R. Balan,
JamesTeresita Z. Bastillada, Reu Zandro C.
O. Yapao.
Enguito, Dyna F. Gorre, Fritz Ryan S. Hondanero, Rowena E. Lontayao, Gilden
Reviewers: Ringo R. Dadole
Maecah M. Migalang, Daisy R. Yap, and Jessie James O. Yapao.
Shylza C. Tipalan
Ricky P. Jabien
Illustrator:
Reviewers:
Ringo R. Dadole, Shylza Jann Dee C.
C. Tipalan, andCanicon
Ricky P. Jabien
Louis Philip O. Bayla

Illustrator: Reu
Jann Dee C. Canicon, Louis Zandro
Philip C. Enguito
O. Bayla, and Reu Zandro C. Enguito

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U. Tagolimot, Magnaong
(EPS-ADM)
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 11
Earth and Life
Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
How Animals and Plants Survive

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
What I Need to Know 3
231

Module Contents 3
231

Learning Objectives 3
231

General Instructions 4
232

What I know 4
232

Learning Concept 6
234

What’s New 8
236

What I have learned 51

278

Assessment 52
279

Key to Answers 54
281

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 Module 6
How Animals and Plants Survive
What I need to know

The kingdom of animals has various characteristics that set it apart from the
kingdom of plants and fungi. Unlike plants, animals are not capable of producing their
own food, which requires them to be heterotrophic and to depend on other organisms
for nourishment. But unlike mushrooms which digest food outside their body, animals
are able to absorb and digest food inside their bodies.
An animal’s different organ systems have to work together for the animal to
survive and perpetuate its species. These different organ systems have survival
mechanisms for the body. For instance, the nervous system keeps the body’s
temperature and blood pressure at a certain level, while the endocrine system
secretes hormones that regulate the activities of the cells and certain organs of the
body. The different organ system that make up an animal’s body perform as a unit to
ensure survival.
The set of life-sustaining chemical changes that occur within the cells of all
organisms is called metabolism. Metabolism allows organisms to survive and maintain
the functioning of their organ systems. It enables organisms to grow, reproduce,
maintain structures, and respond to their environment.
This module will lead you to the beauty of the scientific language to the extent
that you will able to write it, read it, and interpret its meaning.
• Lesson 1 – Nutrition: Getting food to cells
• Lesson 2 – Gas exchange with the Environment
• Lesson 3 – Circulation: The Internal Transport System
• Lesson 4 – Salt and Water Balance and Waste Removal
• Lesson 5 – Defense from Diseases
• Lesson 6 – How Hormones Govern Body Activity
• Lesson 7 – The Nervous System
• Lesson 8 – The Body in Motion
• Lesson 9 – Plant Form and Function, Growth and Development

Learning Objectives

After going through this module, you should be able to:

1. explain the different metabolic processes involved in the various organ system.
(S11/12LT-IIIaj-20)
2. describe the general and unique characteristics of the different organ systems in
representative animals. (S11/12LT-IIIaj-21)

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3. analyze and appreciate the functional relationship of the different organ system in
ensuring animal survival. (S11/12LT-IIIaj-22)
4. describe the structure and functions of the different plant organs; and
(S11/12LT-IIIaj-23)
5. explain the different metabolic processes involved in the plant organ system.
(S11/12LT-IIIaj-24)

General Instructions

Here are some helpful reminders before getting started

1. Review lessons in plant and animal reproduction.
2. Take the pretest before proceeding to the lessons
3. Perform the activities and read the discussion provided for in the lessons
4. Answer the Self-Test. Compare your answers with the keys to correction.
5. Consult a dictionary if you are not sure of the meaning of some words used in
this module.
6. Answer the posttest so that you will know how much you have learned from the
lessons.
7. Keep an open mind to the new concepts you will be learning in this module.

What I Know
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. (1 point each)
1. What is the process of changing food into a simpler substance for use by the cells?
A. chewing C. eating
B. digestion D. excretion
2. What do you call the process of changing food into a simpler substance with the
help of enzymes?
A. chemical digestion C. mastication
B. churning D. mechanical digestion
3. Which systems is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the air and the cells?
A. circulatory C. excretory
B. digestive D. respiratory
4. The chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between
the outside air and the cells is called ________________.
A. breathing C. exhaling
B. inhaling D. respiration
5. The life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen is the __________.
A. circulatory C. excretory
B. digestive D. respiratory

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6. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body EXCEPT____.
A. arteries C. Large intestines
B. capillaries D. veins
7. The main support of the body is/are the _____________.
A. blood C. muscles
B. bones D. skin
8. The essential function of a muscle is for ___________
A. contraction C. pumping
B. relaxation D. pushing
9. What is referred as the maintenance of a constant internal environment?
A. Photosynthesis C. homeostasis
B. Glycolysis D. dialysis
10. Which gland helps the body excrete waste and control body temperature?
A. dermis C. sebaceous
B. epidermis D. subcutaneous
11. The root system of monocot plants typically consists of ____________
A. tap roots C. modified roots
B. fibrous roots D. adventitious roots.
12. Nutrients from the soil enter the plants through ____________
A. stem B. roots C. branches D. leaves
13. Adventitious roots are found in the following except ___________
A. stems B. leaves C. branches D. primary roots
14. The vascular bundles are responsible for the distribution of nutrients to all parts of
the plant. These are made up of the following _________
A. endodermis only C. Xylem and endodermis
B. xylem and phloem D. phloem and endodermis
15. Water vapor is release by the plants through the process of ___________
A. osmosis C. evaporation
B. plasmolysis D. transpiration
16. The shoot system does not include the _______
A. stem B. roots C. leaves D. flowers
17. The dicot root system is typically a/an __________
A. tap root B. fibrous roots C. Modified root D. adventitious root
18. The age of the tree can be detected by counting the number of _________.
A. Annual rings C. Number of branches
B. Number of leaves D. diameter of the trunk
19. Structures seen traversing the leaves of plants are ___________
A. veins B. blade C. lamina D. stomata
20. Primary roots arise from the __________.
A. embryo of seeds C. Cotyledon of seeds
B. radical of seeds D. endosperm of seeds.

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 LESSON

1
Nutrition: Getting Food to Cells
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

We are amidst a transformation

in the way we comprehend sustenance
and well-being. Nourishment started as
an investigation of what we have to get
by in the most essential sense. Early
research in nourishment concentrated
on deciding the base measure of a
supplement vital in the eating routine to
keep the sign of an ostensibly
unmistakable glitch or evident
sickness.
But why do we have to eat? Is
eating indispensable to stay alive? We
need food to provide energy for moving
about. Food also supplies the raw
materials needed for growth and repair
of body parts.
Body cells need food for https://www.google.com/search?q=food+pyramid&tbm=isch&source=lnt&tbs=sur:fc&sa
energy, growth, and repair.
However, when food is eaten, it is not in a form that can be used by cells in the
body. Food must be broken down into a form that cells can use. The body changes
food into a usable form by means of a gaggle of organs referred to as the
gastrointestinal system.

The function of the digestive system is digestion.

Digestion is the breakdown of organic compounds into their simple forms
for use by the cells. Digestion is the life support job of the digestive system. The
digestive system breaks down food into two ways: mechanically and chemically.
Organs liable for chewing, tearing, churning, squeezing, and grinding food help in
mechanical digestion. Then the organs that make and use chemicals to break
apart the food and reduce it to liquid help in chemical digestion.
There are two groups of organs within the gastrointestinal system.
One group makes up the gastrointestinal tract, a food tube that is open at
each end and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestinesǤ The other
group of organs makes and stores the chemical that chemically break down the food.
These are the liver, pancreas, gall bladder, and salivary glands.
Let’s take a trip in our digestive system by trying to imagine what happens to
hamburger when eaten. Bear in mind that ground meat is mostly protein, mayonnaise
is mostly fat, and the bun is mostly carbohydrate.

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 Look at the figure below and map out the pathway of the hamburger that you
ate in your body. Get set, go!

Humans and many other animals have a

digestive system with two openings. Food enters the
system by way of the mouth.
Mouth. The food tube, nine meters long,
begins at the mouth. The teeth mechanically chew,
chop, and break the food apart. The breaking and
gliding are physical changes. The salivary glands
produce a chemical that starts the breakdown of
carbohydrates. The product of digestion in the mouth
is the bolus. Food moves from the mouth to the
esophagus when you swallow.
Esophagus. The esophagus is a tube that
connects the mouth to the stomach. Muscles of the
esophagus push and transport foods and liquids to
the stomach.
Stomach. The stomach is a bag like muscular
organ. The function of the stomach is to grind the food
and mix it with the digestive juices. It can hold about
one liter of liquid and food. The product of digestion
in the stomach is chyme. The stomach has special
cells in its walls that make gastric juices. Gastric
juice begins the chemical breakdown of proteins. The human digestive system
After about four hours, the stomach pushes food
into the small intestines.
Small Intestines. The small intestine is where of the food is chemically
digested. The small intestine itself makes several digestive juices. Some of these
chemicals digest proteins into amino acids. Other digest carbohydrates into simple
sugars.
Oops wait!... We must take a short detour. Let us pass by the three organs that
are part of the digestive system. These organs are the liver, pancreas, and gall
bladder.
Liver. The liver is the largest organ in the body. It has a mass of about two
kilograms. The liver makes bile, a green liquid that breaks up large fat droplets into
small fat droplets and stores it in the gall bladder. When needed, bile enters the small
intestine and aids in the digestion of fat. If bile is not needed, it is delivered to the gall
bladder.
Pancreas. The pancreas is a small organ that makes three different kinds of
enzymes and is found below the stomach. It makes about half of the liters of digestive
juices made each day. These juices aid in the digestion of all three organic
compounds.
Gall Bladder. The gall bladder is a small pear shape sac that can hold about
50 mL of bile. It stores the bile until it is needed by the small intestine to emulsify fats.
Large Intestine. The job of the large intestine is to remove the useful liquids
from the undigested foods. The undigested food, called feces, is solidified and pushed
out to the anus. If the large intestine did not return two liters of liquids to the body a
day, a person could die from lack of water. Aside from water, this organ also reabsorbs
salt for further use by the body.

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 The small intestine receives digestive juices from the liver and pancreas. The
liver contributes bile, which digest fat. But, it is the small intestines that makes and
receives many digestive chemicals that complete the digestion of food.

How Nutrients Get into the Blood

Nutrients get into the blood system
through the small intestines. Inside the small
intestines are millions of tiny hair-like projections
called villi (sing. villus). Villi increases the
surface area of the small intestine to about five
time than that of a smooth surface. As the food
moves slowly between, over and around the villi,
nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
inside each villus.
The wall of every villus is one cell thick.
Digested foods can easily pass through these
layers of cell. Examine the cross section of the
small intestine on the right and notice the finger-
like folds called the rugae. The Villi

What’s New
Learning Activity: Cut Cut Goals

Materials needed:
Yarns of different colors (blue, green, red, yellow, or color of choice), Scissors,
and ruler

Procedure:
1. Cut pieces of yarns according to the measurement provided below, but have
an extra length for each piece for tying.
2. Use different colors of yarn to represent the different organs.
3. After the yarns have been cut, tie the pieces together and measure again.
Blue 25 cm
Green 20 cm
Red 700 cm
Yellow 150 cm
895 cm

Guide Questions:
1. What is the longest measurement? What does this represent?
2. What is the shortest measurement? What does this represent?
3. What is the second to the shortest measurement? What does this represent?
4. How will you compare the longest yarn and the 2nd to the longest yarn?
5. What do you think is the reason why food stays in the body for 8 hours?

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 What’s More

Learning Activity: Arrange Me!

Sequence the rearranged parts of the digestive system. Write the letters of the
correct answer on the blank.
1. ___________________ a. Small intestine
2. ___________________ b. Anus
3. ___________________ c. Stomach
4. ___________________ d. mouth
5. ___________________ e. Large Intestine
6. ___________________ f. Esophagus
7. ___________________ g. Rectum

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 LESSON
Gas Exchange with the

2 Environment
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

There’s a saying that you can survive for

several days without water and survive for a
month without food, but you cannot live for more
than five minutes without an air to breathe.
Oxygen is the part of the air that we
breathe. Air is a mixture of different gases. The
air you breathe is made up of oxygen (21.0%),
nitrogen (78.1%), carbon dioxide (0.03%), and
other gases (0.87%)
Our life simply depends on breathing
because the cells of the body need oxygen. We
breathe in to bring fresh air into the lungs. The
lungs must separate the oxygen from the air.
Then we breathe out to remove the carbon
dioxide that the body does not needed.
Breathing is a mechanical process. It is a
process of pumping air into and out of the lungs.
Breathing is done by a group of organs that
make up the respiratory system. The function of The Human Respiratory System
the respiratory system is to exchange oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells.

The Exchange of Gases

The respiratory organs filter particles from the incoming air. They help control
the temperature and water content of air. They also aid in producing the sounds used
in speech and play an important role in the sense of smell and the regulation of pH.

Now let us take a tour of our respiratory system.

Nose. The function of the nose is to filter and warm the entering air with the
help of the cilia (hairs inside it).
Pharynx. The pharynx is commonly called the throat. It connects the nose with
the windpipe.
Trachea. The trachea is commonly called the windpipe.
Bronchus. The trachea branches into two tubes, the bronchi, inside the lungs.
Each bronchus continues to branch and re-branch until it is very small. Each tube
finally ends in a tiny air sac called an alveolus (plural: alveoli)

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 Lungs. The lungs are two up-side-down, cone – shaped organs inside the
chest. The lungs are really two bags full of thousands and thousands of alveoli. It is at
the alveoli inside the lungs that gases are exchanged.
Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a large muscle that lies flat at the bottom of the
chest cavity. The diaphragm aids in breathing by moving up and down.
Rib Muscles. The lungs are protected in the chest cavity by a set of rib bones.
The tissues between the rib bones are the rib muscles. These muscles are the meat
you eat on a sparerib. The rib muscle moves the rib bones and cause the chest cavity
to enlarge and contract. The rib muscles work together with the diaphragm to aid
breathing.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Hold your breath!

Procedure:
1. Close your mouth, then press your nose.
2. Do it for a few seconds or for as long as you can hold breathing.

Guide Questions
1. How did you feel as you press your nose with your mouth closed? Why?
2. What happens when the air cannot enter the body?
3. What air do you inhale? What air do you exhale?

The Process of Respiration

Breathing and respiration are two different processes. Breathing is a
mechanical process of pumping air into and out of the lungs. The lungs are like two
bags turned inside out, inside the body. The gases in the lungs must get to the cell,
and the waste gases in the cells must get to the lungs. For this to happen, a chemical
process is needed.
The chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between the outside air and the cells is called respiration.

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 What’s More
Learning Activity: Respiratory Crossword Puzzle

Air is inhaled through the mouth and nose. Air cavities called sinuses are in the head. The
air goes through the pharynx, and the trachea, which divides and goes into each lung.
The trachea is made up of cartilaginous rings. The lungs add oxygen to the blood and
gets rid of carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases takes place in the tiny numerous air
sacs called alveoli by way of very small capillaries. Once the trachea has divided, the two
parts are the bronchial tubes. Your right lung has three lobes, your left lung has two lobes.
The phrenic nerve controls breathing which is an involuntary process. The diaphragm and
rib cage move down and inward when air is inhaled. Membranes surrounding the lungs
and diaphragm are the pleura which provide a thin watery cushion.

Down:
1. Vessels to body 8. Bronchial _______
2. Lung with two lobes 9. Protects lungs and heart
3. Strong breathing muscle 10. Tiny hairs
4. Lung with three lobes 11. Let out hair
5. Thick fluid in the sinuses 12. Air Sacs
6. Element of living things ____dioxide 13. Carries oxygen
7. Windpipe 14. Describe sinuses
Across:

8. Using air 7. What we breathe

9. Organs for breathing 8. Alveoli
10. Opening for air 9. Part of lung
11. Membranes 10. Vessels to heart
12. 4 chambered organ 11. Describes breathing
13. Bone like substance 12. Element we need to live

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 LESSON Circulation: The Internal

3
Transport System
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

The circulatory system is the life support system that feeds our cells with food,
nutrients, and oxygen. Removal of waste products are also part of their function. The
circulatory system is like a network of highways, streets, and alleys connecting all the
cell and blood vessels together into a community. There are primarily two divisions of
this system, the lymphatic, which helps to return tissue fluid to the blood, and the blood
division, which is a closed circuit.
Our circulatory system has three main parts. The heart, the blood vessel, and
the blood.

The Human Heart

Look at your fist. Note its size. Your heart is

a bundle of muscles about the size of your fist. The
heart is shaped like a cone. It is located at the
center of our chest between the lungs. It is tilted to
one side and points downward to the left.
Your heart is a living pump. It is really two
pumps in one, a pump on the left side and a pump
on the right side. Each side is divided across into
two chambers. The top chamber of our heart is
called the atrium (plural: atria) while the bottom
chamber is called the ventricle. Both sides of the
heart are divided in the same way.
There is a valve between each atrium and
the ventricle to prevent the blood from flowing
backwards. The valves can be described as one- The Human Heart
way doors that keep the blood moving in only one
direction.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the size, shape, location of the heart?
2. Name the four chambers of the heart.
3. What is the function of the valves?

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How the Heart Works
The main function of the circulatory system is to carry materials to and from all
parts of the body. The power for the circulatory system comes from the muscular action
of the heart. The heart does its work through the process of contraction and relaxation.
All of the muscle tissue of our heart does not contract at the same time. Different
parts of the heart contract at the different times. When the top contracts, the bottom
relaxes. When the bottom contracts, the top relaxes. When a chamber contracts, it
becomes a smaller and the blood inside get squeezed or pumped out. To have a better
understanding of how the heart works, do the activity below.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Pump it! Squeeze it!

Materials: Plastic Bottle (preferably white), Water, Dye

Procedure:
1. Fill the plastic bottle with colored water.
2. Observe the content closely. No liquid is pushed out. The same is true with the
heart. If the heart muscles don’t squeeze together, no blood is pumped.
3. Squeeze the bottle with both hands and observe what happens. When the heart
muscles squeezed together, blood is pumped.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the function of the circulatory system?
2. Name the chambers through which blood flows in the right order.
3. What does the blood pick up?
4. What kind of blood goes to the body?

There are four valves in the heart. The valves are among the most important
parts of the heart. When the atria contract, the tricuspid (right), and the bicuspid (left)
open. When the ventricles contract, the pulmonary and aortic valves open. A one
heartbeat cycle will be made if these two phases are repeated.
The two phases of the heartbeat cycle can be heard as “Lub-dub” which is the
sound your heart makes. The heartbeat sound is caused by the contraction of the
muscles and the slamming shut of the valves. In the “lub” phase the ventricles contract
and the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close. In the “dub” phase, the pulmonary and
aortic valves close. A normal heart repeats the “lub-dub” sound over and over again
in the perfect rhythm.

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The Blood Vessels
The circulatory system is a closed system.
This means that the blood stays inside the heart
and set of tubes as it is circulating.
Our blood moves through your body in
tubes called vessels. There are three kinds of
blood vessels that make up the circulatory system:
arteries, veins, and capillaries. The arteries
carry blood away from the heart. The veins carry
blood towards the heart. The capillaries are very
small tubes that connect the arteries to the veins.
The blood vessels in our body form an The Blood Vessel
intricate transportation network to service every Credits to: https://bit.ly/2RGaQ1G
cell. Transportation is the function of the
circulatory system. The human body has 100,000 kilometers of blood vessels. If laid
end to end, a person’s blood vessel would circle the earth twice!

What’s More
Learning Activity: Tracing the Flow of Blood through the Heart.

Let’s see if you can trace how the blood passes through the heart. Write the
letter at the end of each corresponding line.

A. Blood returning from the body travels through a

blood vessel connected to the heart.
B. The blood enters the right atrium.
C. After the right atrium fills, the atria contract. This
pushes the blood past a one-way valve.
D. The blood fills the right ventricle.
E. The ventricles contract and push the blood
which passes another valve into a blood vessel.
F. This blood vessel goes to the lungs where the
blood picks up oxygen.
G. Blood from the lung travels through a blood
vessel to the heart.
The Anatomy of the Heart
H. The blood enters the left atrium.
I. After the left atrium is filled, it contracts. This pushes the blood to a one-way
valve.
J. The blood fills the left ventricle.
K. The ventricles contract and push the blood to a valve into a blood vessel.
L. This blood, rich in oxygen, goes to the body.

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 LESSON

4
Salt and Water Balance and
Waste Removal
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

Living cells, tissues of one’s body from chemical wastes. One of these wastes
is carbon dioxide gas that is exhaled by the lungs. Other organs, such as your skin
and kidneys, help in removing liquid waste materials in our body

Integumentary System

The integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the hair, skin, nails,
and exocrine glands. The skin is the largest organ in the body having a few millimeters
thick. The average person’s skin weighs 10 pounds and has a surface area almost 20
square feet. Skin forms the body’s outer covering and serves as the first line of defense
to protect the body from chemicals, diseases, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and
nails are extension of the skin to reinforce and protect it from environmental damage.

The exocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, wax to
cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface. With the different actions and
secretions of the system, your body tends to become a factory of waste which is
constantly building new materials and producing waste products.

Your body makes and excretes waste products like those in the factory. First,
carbon dioxide waste is removed through the respiratory system. Second, the solid
waste, or feces, is excreted through the digestive system. It is the third type of waste
that is especially dangerous to the body—chemical waste products. The chemical
reaction of protein is the by-product of our body’s chemical waste. These waste
products contain nitrogen. Waste with nitrogen in them are poisonous and must be
removed from the body as quickly as possible.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Fill me up!

The Three Major Types of Body Waste

Type Example System Used
Gaseous Waste
Solid Waste
Chemical Waste

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The two major organs that remove chemical waste are the skin and the kidneys. The
skin is part of the integumentary system while the kidneys are part of the excretory
system.
1. Name the three major types of body wastes.
2. What kind of wastes results from the chemical reactions of proteins?
3. Why must the body remove waste products?
4. Name the two major organs of excretion. To what systems do these organs
belong?

Skin
The skin is the largest and the most obvious
organ of your body. It measures over 19,000 square
cm (3,000 inches). The condition of the skin is a vital
part of your appearance. Do you know how to keep
your skin looking its best? If you know the basic
structure and function of the skin, then you can apply
the fundamentals of proper skin care. Now, have a
look at the structure of the skin and its importance.
The skin has two main layers on top of a layer
of fatty tissue. The outer layer called the epidermis.
The epidermis is the outer covering that prevents
evaporation of body fluids. It protects the body from
bacteria and other foreign matter. The Human Skin

Under the epidermis is a much thicker layer of cells, the dermis. Below the
dermis are the sweat glands. The sweat glands aid the body excrete waste and control
body temperature. The sweat gland collects waste chemicals and mix with a fluid
made in the gland. These chemicals are then secreted as sweat. Sweat moves up in
a twisting tube and leaves the body through a pore.
Subcutaneous is the deepest layer of the skin. It supplies fat to your body. It
insulates the body against heat and cold and acts as an inner cushion to protect the
body against injuries. The hair and nails are structures related to the skin. Both are
made of keratin and grow from the epidermal layer of the skin.
Hair is a special structure of the skin. Hair is produced
by epidermal cells that line a pocket called follicle, which lies
deep within the dermis. The outermost layer of the hair and
the skin are both composed of transparent keratin cells. If you
look the hair shaft, you will see these cells overlap like scales
on a fish. The melanin pigments provide hair to shine making
it beautiful especially among women. The melanin pigments
is responsible for the hair as well as color of the skin. Whether
hair is curly or straight depends on the angle of the hair follicle
and the shape of the hair shaft. Curly hair has a flat shaft,
straight hair has a round shaft. Hair fullness depends on the
number of shafts and the diameter of each one. The Human Hair

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 Hair is present in most of the skin surfaces. However, it is most abundant in the
scalp. The hair grows from a follicle deep in the dermis. Since the hair that we see is
not a living tissue, cutting or shaving the hair has no effect on its growth.
Nails
The nail another special structure of the skin. To give you
a clearer idea of how the nail looks like, please see the
illustration. The hard part of the nail is made up of the skin tissue.
The nail grows from the epidermal cells below it. The cuticle is
the skin around the nail that form a hardened margin.
Fingernails and toenails protect the distal parts of your
fingers and toes. The nails are most firmly attached to the base
of the nail. The crescent-shaped are is called the lunula.
The Human Nail

What’s More
Learning Activity: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. The waste that comes out of our skin after playing outdoor sports is
A. Carbon dioxide C. perspiration
B. Feces D. urine
2. When we get wet by the rain, we find droplets of rainwater on our skin. This effect
is possible by this gland.
A. Oil C. subcutaneous
B. Sebaceous D. sweat
3. Which of the following is an important function of the evaporation of perspiration in
our body?
A. Respond to body temperature C. Respond to sensation to touch
B. Respond to pressure D. Responds to various stimuli
4. When you cut your nails, you don’t feel pain. This shows that it is
A. Attached to the skin C. A part of the skin
B. Dead cell D. a living cell
5. When you pull a strand of your hair from your head it is painful. Why?
A. The dead part of the hair is found at its tip.
B. Hair strand secretes oil.
C. Layers of new hair cells are being pulled.
D. Nerve endings and capillaries are part of the base of the hair.

The Excretory System

Our blood carries different chemical wastes. Wastes are chemicals that are not
needed and harmful in some ways. If wastes not removed from the body, the tissues
could fill with poisonous waste products. The wastes could destroy cells and tissues.

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Fever, poisoning, and some sort of illnesses or even death is the result from wastes
building up in the tissue.
Waste are either made by your
body cells or are taken into your body as
part of your diet. Getting rid of liquid waste
in the body is the job of the urinary
system. A urinary system is made up of
those organs that rid of liquid waste in the
body. Urea is a by-product that results
from the breakdown of body protein. It is
poisonous and must be removed from the
body. Urea is picked up by the blood and
carried to the kidneys.
The kidneys are the one of the
most important organs of the urinary
system. The kidneys is located one on
each side of the vertebrae. Each kidney is
shaped like a kidney bean. Each kidney is
about 10 cm long, 6 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick
The Human Excretory System
and has a mass of 225 grams. Credits to: shorturl.at/dHOZ3
Attached to the kidneys are three tubes:
the renal vein, renal artery, and the ureter. The renal arteries bring blood to the
kidneys and the renal veins take it away. The kidneys cleanse the blood by removing
waste products in our body. These waste chemicals are carried out of the kidneys by
the ureter and stored in the bladder as urine. Thus, the function of the kidneys is to
clean the blood.
The kidneys have the series of steps during the cleansing of blood.
1. Waste products carried by the blood moves through the body’s arteries.
2. Small arteries carrying the blood to be filtered into each kidney.
3. Kidneys then filter the blood.
4. Blood leaves the kidneys through the vein. The blood is now free from waste.
5. These veins connect to large veins in the body bringing clean blood to all body
parts.
6. Wastes leave the kidneys through the ureters.
7. The urinary bladder is a sac that stores wastes removed from the kidneys.
8. The urethra is a tube that carries wastes from the urinary bladder outside the
body.

The urinary system shown in the figure is composed of two kidneys, one urinary
bladder, two tubes called ureters, and another tube called the urethra.
You probably know that the kidneys filter blood, so it is no surprise that there
are a couple of blood vessels attached directly to each kidney. These blood vessels
are the renal artery and the renal vein.

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 Three of the four major metabolic wastes produced by the body are filtered from
the blood by the kidneys. Any idea which one? They are water, salts, and urea (the
fourth, carbon dioxide, is excreted by the lungs).
These are the related three
wastes that sweat glands filter and
excrete. So technically speaking, urine
and sweat are made from the same
ingredients.
In each kidney, microscopic
filtering units in the kidneys called
nephrons remove waste products from
the blood. There are roughly one million
nephrons in each kidney. The kidneys
remove all of the blood out of the
bloodstream, cleanse it and then return
it to the bloodstream without the waste
products.
The Nephron
Credits to: shorturl.at/cdiW1
Guide Questions:
1. Where are your kidneys located?
2. Name the three tubes attached to the kidneys and tell what flows through
each?
3. Where do kidney wastes are stored?
4. What is the function of the kidneys?
5. How do the excretory system and the integumentary system work together?

Excretion trough the Lungs

Although the lungs are part of the respiratory system, they also rid of the body
of waste. They help in removing of unnecessary carbon dioxide. Lungs helps in ridding
the water and excess heat in our body. You lose water each time you breathe out. If it
happens that you exhale on a cold day, the “breath” that you can see comes from your
mouth is water from your lungs forming in the air.
Excretion trough the Large Intestines
The colon or large intestine is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 ft) long and 5
centimeters (2 inches) in diameter. Indigestible matter or wastes enter it from the small
intestines in a watery mixture and spends about 4 hours here. When the contents enter
the rectum, they have become nearly solid because of water absorption. The feces in
the rectum are held by sphincter muscle until they are discharged through the anus.

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Excretion and Homeostasis
The main function of the integumentary and excretory system is to excrete
waste. The integumentary system does it by excreting sweat, and the excretory
system does it by excreting urine.
The integumentary and the excretory system also help the body to maintain
homeostasis. The word homeostasis comes from the Greek word homoio, which
means “the same” or “constant”.
The integumentary system and the excretory system each help the body to
maintain homeostasis in a different way. The integumentary system helps keep the
body at a constant temperature. The excretory system helps keep the body fluids at a
constant level.
To sum it up, the integumentary and excretory systems help the body maintain
certain activities at a constant level, or at homeostasis.

What’s more
Learning Activity: Homeostasis Activity

1. Define Homeostasis.
2. Name one way by which the integumentary system helps the body maintain
homeostasis.
3. Name one way by which the excretory system helps the body maintain
homeostasis.

Almost finished but......remember that:

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Collects chemical wastes and

excretes sweat

EXCRETORY SYSTEM The KIDNEYS filter blood and

excrete wastes as URINE

I have one left challenged for you, try this!

Do you drink buko juice? You can ask your friend too to do it with you.
Did you notice how often you urinate after drinking buko juice? Frequent
urination helps clean your kidneys.
Can you think of other ways by which you can clean the kidneys?

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 LESSON

5
Defense from Diseases
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

The immune system is made up of specialized cells, proteins, tissues, and

organs, to protect and defend us against germs and pathogenic microorganisms every
day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy
and preventing infections.
The immune system is the body’s dense against
infectious organisms and other invader through a series of
steps called the immune response. The immune system
attacks and fights organisms and substances that invade
body systems that cause diseases. Tonsils
Our immune system is made up of a network of cells,
tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.
Thymus
The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system
include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary Lymph
lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, Nodes
lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.
Spleen
Lymph Nodes (also called “Lymph Glands”)
These small, bean- shaped structures are part of our
lymphatic system. Lymph nodes filter the lymphatic fluid and
store special cells that can trap cancer cells or bacteria that Bone
are travelling through your body in the lymph fluid. Lymph Marrow
nodes are critical for your body’s immune response and
many of your immune reactions begin there. When you have
an infection, your lymph nodes can get larger and feel tender
or sore.
The Human Immune
System
Thymus
A small organ located just behind your breastbone.
This is where your T-cells mature.

Spleen
The largest lymphatic organ in the body-it’s about the size of your fist. Your
spleen is located in the upper – left part of your abdomen. It contains white blood cells
that fight infection or diseases. Your spleen also helps control the amount of blood in
your blood in your body and destroys old and damaged blood cells.

Bone Marrow

The yellow tissue in the center of your bones that is responsible for making
white blood cells that are destined to become lymphocytes. One of the important cells

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involved which is being produced from the bone marrow, and also called the
leukocytes, come in two basic types that combine to seek out and destroy disease-
causing organisms or substances.

Leukocytes are produced or stored in many locations in the body, including

the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. For this reason, they’re called the lymphoid
organs. There are also clumps of lymphoid tissue throughout the body, primarily as
lymph nodes, that house the leukocytes.

The leukocytes that circulate through the body between the organs and nodes
via lymphatic vessels and blood vessels work in a coordinated manner to monitor the
body for germs or substances that might cause problems. There are two basic types
of leukocytes:
1. Phagocytes, cells that chew up invading organisms.
2. Lymphocytes, cells that allow the body to remember and recognize
previous invaders and help the body destroy them.

The most common type of phagocytes is the neutrophil, which primarily fights
bacteria. Blood test is done to see if a patient has an increased number of neutrophils
triggered by the infection. Other types of phagocytes have their own job to make sure
that the body responds appropriately to a specific type of invader.
Lymphocytes. A small white blood cells that plays a large role in defending the
body against disease. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells.
B cells make antibodies that attack bacteria and toxins. T – cells help destroy infected
or cancerous cells and attack body cells themselves when they have been taken over
by viruses or have become cancerous.

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 What’s New
Learning Activity: Labelling

Identify and label the parts of the organs of immune system. Write the letter
at the end of each corresponding line.

A. Appendix
B. Spleen
C. Thymus
D. Bone marrow
E. Lymph nodes
1.
F. Lymph nodes 6.
G. Lymph nodes
7.
H. Lymphatic vessels 2.
I. Lymphatic vessels
J. Peyer’s patches 3.
K. Tonsils and adenoids 8.

9.
4.
10.
5. 11.

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 LESSON

6
How Hormones Govern Body
Activity
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

Have you ever experienced being

chased by a dog or any other animal, or maybe
heard somebody shout fire! Fire!? What was
your reaction? Why did you react that way?
Well, in this lesson, you will learn why your
reactions in times of emergencies are different
from your normal reactions.
Animals have an additional system for
sending messages through their bodies. This
system doesn’t use nerve cell. It uses chemicals
formed in special glands. Blood is used as the
pathway for delivering these chemical
messages through out your body.
The second system that allows different
parts of your body to keep in touch is called the
endocrine system. The endocrine system is
made up of small glands that make special
chemicals for carrying messages through the
body. The glands are found throughout the
body. The chemicals made by the endocrine
glands are called hormones. Hormones are
found in the blood. Once in the blood, hormones
travel to different organs of the body. Changes
take place in the organs when they receive the
chemical messages that hormones carry.
Any organ, tissue or group of cells that The Endocrine System
Credits to: https://bit.ly/2T4UcFS
make a secretion is called a gland. There are two
kinds of glands: exocrine and endocrine glands.
An exocrine gland makes a secretion that travels through a tiny tube called duct.
The ducts carry the secretions to where they are to go. For instance, the sweat glands
make sweat, which reaches the outside of the body through a duct. Gastric juices
empty into the stomach through duct. Tears, saliva, digestive juice bile, and milk all
travel through ducts.
An endocrine gland makes a secretion that does not travel through a duct.
Endocrine glands don’t have familiar shapes like heart, lungs, brain, or kidneys.
Endocrine glands are not very large either. Altogether they have a mass of about140
grams. There are six major endocrine glands and they are located in different parts of
the body as shown in the diagram. Examine the locations of the different glands of the
body.

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 What’s New

Learning Activity: Give it to me baby.

1. What is a secretion? Cite five examples.

2. What is a gland? Give at least three examples.
Summarize the endocrine glands and their locations by completing the table.

Endocrine Glands Location

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Hormones Control by Regulation

A hormone is a special chemical substance. The word hormone comes from

the Greek word horme which means “to excite”. In fact, that’s exactly what a hormone
does. A hormone excites, or turns on, a body activity.
Hormones do their job by regulation. When something is regulated by
hormones, it is kept in balance, in constant state, or homeostasis.
Hormones regulate nearly all the activities in your body. There is an ideal
constant state, or homeostasis. For example, body metabolism growth, and blood
pressure must be kept at constant states. These and many other body activities are
kept at their constant state by hormones. Hormones keep many of the body’s activities
at homeostasis by regulation.

Remember: A hormone is a chemical substance

• Made by the gland

• Secreted directly into the bloodstream
• Acts as a chemical messenger
• Excites a body activity
• Controls by regulation

Now let’s have a tour of the different glands of the body.

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The Thyroid Gland
This gland is located at the bottom of the neck and
secretes a thyroid hormone. The thyroid hormone regulates
metabolism, or the release of energy to the body. If too much
thyroid hormone secreted, a person may lose weight
because food is burned up too quickly. Thus, the child may
be hyperactive in so many aspects.
The Thyroid Gland
The Parathyroid Glands Credits to: https://goo.gl/poFo3N
Now, examine the thyroid gland in detail and
notice the presence of four small parathyroid glands. They
are located in the thyroid glands, two on each side. The
parathyroid glands secrete a parathyroid hormone and
calcitonin.
The parathyroid hormone regulates the body’s use
of calcium. Normal use of calcium is important for the
growth of bones and the concentrations of muscles. The Parathyroid Gland
Credits to: https://goo.gl/DUZH2H

The Adrenal Glands

Move to the lower part of the abdomen and locate
the adrenal glands. There are two adrenal glands, one on
top of each kidney. The adrenal gland secretes adrenaline
which is called the emergency hormone because you
secrete it when you are nervous, angry, or frightened.
Adrenaline causes the heart to beat faster, the blood
pressure to go up, and the extra sugar to be burned for
energy.
Guide Questions:
The Adrenal Gland
1. What do adrenal glands secrete? Credits to: https://goo.gl/BDR2XP

2. What does adrenalin do?

3. In what instance does adrenaline rush happen in our life?

The Pancreas

The pancreas lies just below the stomach.

The pancreas is about 6 inches long and sits across
the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The
head of the pancreas is on the right side of the
abdomen and is connected to the duodenum (the
first section of the small intestine) through a small
tube called the pancreatic duct. The narrow end of
the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side
of the body. The pancreas makes both digestive The Pancreas
chemicals and hormones. The pancreas makes the Credits to: https://goo.gl/dCpUju

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hormone insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates the burning of sugar and helps the
liver to store excess sugar. Insulin controls the ability of the cell to allow sugar to pass
through its cell membrane.
If too little insulin is secreted the person suffers from diabetes. With diabetes,
the cells do not get enough sugar, and extra sugar is not stored in the liver. Valuable
sugar is then wasted when it is excreted in the urine.
The secretion of insulin is an excellent example of how hormones control by
regulation to maintain homeostasis.

The Sex Glands

The sex glands are the ovaries in the female

and the testes in the male. The ovaries secrete
female sex hormones and the testes secrete male
sex hormones.
Female sex hormones (estrogen and
progesterone) cause girls at puberty to develop The Ovary
female sex characteristics. Female sex hormones Credits to: https://goo.gl/zAuEMZ
cause the breast to enlarge, the hips to broaden, and
hair to grow on the body.
Male sex hormones (androgen and
testosterone) cause a boy at puberty to develop
male sex characteristics. Male sex hormones cause
the voice to deepen, the shoulders to broaden, and
hair to grow on the face and body.

The Pituitary Gland

The Testis
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized organ Credits to: https://goo.gl/zAuEMZ
tucked away at the base of the brain. The pituitary
gland secretes several hormones, many of which
regulate the activities of the other glands. For this
reason, the pituitary gland is called the master
gland.
The pituitary gland is like the conductor of an
orchestra. As a conductor controls musician, the
pituitary gland controls various body functions. The
pituitary gland stimulates another gland with a
hormone. The stimulated gland secretes a The Pituitary Gland
hormone to do its own work. Credits to: https://goo.gl/2xUUDE

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 The pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid, adrenal, and sex glands to regulate
their activities. It also secretes a skin color hormone that regulates skin color and
growth hormone that regulates growth.
The pineal gland is a small pinecone-shaped structure located on the upper back
part of the thalamus of the brain. The pineal gland produces a hormone called the
melatonin, which is thought to inhibit the functions of the reproductive system.
Melatonin may play an important role in the onset of puberty in humans.

What’s More
Learning Activity: The Hormone Game

Materials
Scissors, 30 index cards

This is a variation on the game Concentration. In this game, you are to match
a gland with a hormone and with the activity it regulates.

Procedures
1. Cut each card in half across the width. You now have 60 cards.
2. Write the word thyroid on 2 of the cards.
3. Repeat step 2 for parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, and sex glands.
4. Write the word pituitary
5. Mix these 20 cards up, turn them over and spread them out in a group to the
left of the table. Write gland on the back of each card.
6. Write the name of each of the 10 hormones you have studied on 2 cards. You
will have used 20 cards when you finish.
7. Write hormone on the back of each card. Mix these 20 cards up, turn them
over and spread them out in a group in the center of the table.
8. Write that each hormone regulates on 2 cards. You will have used 20 cards
when you finish.
9. Write regulates on the back of each card. Mix these 20 cards up, turn them
over, and spread them out in a group to the right of the table.
10. Taking turns, each player turns over 1 card from each group. A match is a
gland, its hormone, and what hormone it regulates. If the cards match, pick
them up and try for another match.
11. If the cards do not match, the player returns all 3 cards face down and the
next player continues.
12. The game ends when all of the cards have been picked up. The winner is the
player with most cards.

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 LESSON

7 The Nervous System

___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

“Keep in touch” is a tag line you have heard many times. This means that you
want to communicate constantly with friends and relatives. But have you ever thought
of how your body communicates with itself of the outside world?
There are two main systems that your body uses to stay in touch. These are
the nervous system and the endocrine system.

The Nervous System

You perform different activities from the time you wake up in the morning to the
time you sleep at night. Do you know what coordinates all of these actions? This
system makes you feel, know, and do nothing. In this lesson, you will study the control
system of all your body functions – your nervous system.
Let’s look at the parts of the human nervous system in more detail. The nervous
system uses special cells to keep in touch. These cells help the body communicate
with other body parts.

The Nerve Cell

The basic unit of the nervous system
is the nerve cell. Nerve cells are called
neurons. There are billions of neurons in the
body. Some exist alone. Others are joined
together to form organs like the brain and the
spinal cord.
A human being has approximately The Nerve Cell
100 billion neurons. By far the largest part of
it is located in the central nervous system.
Nerve cells are the information and signal processors of the body. A specific feature
of nerve cell is that they are irritable; they can receive and transmit signals without loss
of signal strength. In the brains there are circuits of neurons that regulate many of the
body and are also responsible for our mind.
Isn’t it magic? There are twelve to fourteen billions of neurons in one part of the
brain alone. Yet, no two neurons are alike. They are like snowflakes that vary in size
and shape. But all neurons have a common structure. A neuron has a cell body
containing the nucleus. Projecting out from the cell body is root like threads. These
are the DENDRITES and AXONS.

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 Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body. A cell may have as many as
200 dendrites carrying impulses toward the cell body. A single dendrite can be over
one meter long. Look at the parts of the nerve cell below.

Different Types of Neurons

There are different types of neurons.

They all carry electro-chemical nerve signals
but differ in structure and are found
messages from the body’s sense receptors
(eyes, ears, etc.) to the central nervous
system (CNS). These neurons have two
processes. Sensory neurons account for
0.9% of all neurons. Examples are retinal
cells and olfactory epithelium cells

Motoneurons. (Multipolar neurons) transport

Sensory
signal from the CNS to the muscles and Interneuron Neuron
Motoneuron
glands. These neurons have many processes
originating from the cell body. Motoneurons
account 9% of all neurons. Examples are Types of Neurons
spinal motor neurons, pyramidal neurons, Credits to: https://goo.gl/wnQyVV
and Purkinje cells.

Interneurons. Form all the neural wiring within the CNS. These have two axons. One
axon connects with the spinal cord; one with either the skin or muscle. These neurons
have two processes. Example is dorsal root ganglia cells.

Life Span of Neurons

Unlike most other cells, neurons cannot regenerate after damage (except
neurons from the hippocampus). Fortunately, there are about 100 billion neurons in
the brain.

Glial Cells
Glial cells make up 90 percent of the brain’s cells. These are the nerve cells
that don’t carry nerve impulse. The various glial (meaning “glue) cells perform several
important functions, including digestion, of parts of dead neurons, manufacturing
myelin for neurons, providing physical and nutritional support for neurons and more.
Types of glial cells include Schwann’s Cells, Satellite Cells, Microglia, and Astroglia.

A Stimulus Causes a Response

The nervous system is aided by five organs – the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and
the skin. The sense organs are constantly receiving information from the environment
and sending messages to the brain.
Stimulus (plural: stimuli) – is any information received by the nervous system
about a condition in the environment. The nervous system also receives information
about conditions inside the body. In order to survive, an organism must be able to
receive stimuli from inside and outside the body.

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 Response – is a reaction to a condition or stimulus. A stimulus is received by
the body and a response is made. To survive, an organism must be able to respond
to a stimulus.

The Nerve Impulse

Neurons are cells with the special ability to transmit signals or impulses. It may
be difficult to believe, but thoughts, emotions, learning, and many body functions are
controlled by nerve impulses. And the nerve impulses are carried by the neurons.
A nerve impulse is a combination of an electrical charge and a chemical
reaction. A nerve impulse is not a flow of electricity. It is more correct to say that a
nerve impulse is an electrochemical charge moving along a neuron.
Imagine that you have a board with a row of switches. Quickly click each switch
in the row on and off. This will give you an idea of how nerve impulse travels along a
neuron.
A nerve impulse cannot jump from one neuron to another. The space between
neurons is called the synapse. When a nerve impulse comes to the end of an axon,
it causes a chemical to be released. The chemical crosses the synapse and stimulates
the nerve impulse to start the next dendrite.
The nervous system is the body’s mission control center. The nervous system
consists of the brain, a spinal cord, and many nerves. These organs and tissues form
a complex communications network that can send messages very fast and very
efficiently. The function of the nervous system is to keep the life support system
functioning together.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the function of the nervous system?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

2. Name the three parts of the nervous system?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the difference between a dendrite and an axon?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 5. What are nerves?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What’s New
Learning Activity: Catch me I’m falling.

Materials
Metric ruler and Data chart

Procedure:
Reaction time is the length of time it takes for a message to travel along
your nerve pathways.
1. Construct a data chart using the table below:

Centimeters the ruler fell

Try outs
Eyes close Eyes open

1 Left Hand Right Hand Left Hand Right Hand

2
3
4
5

Average

2. Have your partner hold a metric ruler at the end with the highest number.
3. Place the thumb and forefinger of your left hand close to, but not touching, the
end with the lowest number.
4. When your partner drops the ruler, try to catch it between your thumb and finger.
5. Record where the top of your thumb is when you catch the ruler. This number
gives how many centimeters the ruler fell.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 five more times.
7. Repeat step 2 to 5 five more times using your right hand to catch the ruler.
8. Repeat steps 2 to 5 five more times using your left hand with your eyes closed.
Your partner will signal you by saying “now” when the ruler drops.
9. Repeat steps 2 to 5 five more times using your right hand with your eyes closed.
10. Switch the roles and drop the ruler for your partner.
11. To complete your data chart, change all the centimeter to seconds by
multiplying by 0.01.
12. Get the average.

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Guide Questions:
1. Did you catch the ruler faster with your left hand or right hand when your eyes
were open? Which hand is your writing hand?
2. Did you catch the ruler faster with your left hand or right hand when your eyes
were closed?
3. Did you catch the ruler faster with your eyes opened or closed?
4. Explain why a message moving along nerve pathways take time.
5. Describe the nerve pathway that the message followed when you saw the ruler
fall. (Answer will depend on whether the person is left or right handed)

The Brain

The brain is the main control center of

coordination. It is about the size of a small head of
a cauliflower. In some ways it even looks like a head
of a cauliflower with ridges and furrows over its
surface. The brain weighs about 1.4 kilograms and
is protected by the skull.
The brain is made up of three areas. These
are the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla. Each
area of the brain controls a specific activity. The
cerebrum is the center of intelligence. The
cerebellum keeps the muscle coordinated. The
medulla controls and coordinates the activities of
the internal organs.
The brain is a mass of soft nerve tissue,
The Human Brain
which is encapsulated within the skull. It is made up
of grey matter, mainly nerve cell bodies, and white
matter which are the cell processes. The grey matter
is found at the periphery of the brain and in the center of the spinal cord. White matter
is found deep within the brain, at the periphery of the spinal cord and as the peripheral
nerves.

The brain is divided into:

Cerebrum – the largest part of the brain. It is the center for thought and
intelligence. It is divided into right and left hemispheres. The right controls movement
and activities on the left side of the body. The left controls the right side of the body.
Within the cerebrum are areas for speech, hearing, smell, sight, memory, learning,
and motor and sensory areas.
Cerebral Cortex – the outside of the cerebrum. Its function is learning,
reasoning, language, and memory.
Cerebellum – lies below the cerebrum at the back of the skull. Its functions are
to control voluntary muscles, balance, and muscle tone.
Medulla – controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, and vomiting.
Together with the pons and the midbrain, the medulla forms the brainstem that
connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord.

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The Spinal Cord
The spinal cord extends down from the medulla.
It is an organ made up of tightly packed neurons, which
are mostly connecting neurons. It is about forty-five
centimeter long and is tapered at both ends. The spinal
cord runs down a person’s back and is surrounded and
protected by the rings of each vertebra. The spinal cord
has two main functions. First, it carries nerve impulses
from all over the body to and from the brain. Second, it
controls many of the body’s involuntary actions. An
involuntary action is a movement that does not require
thought or interpretation.
The brain and spinal cord make up the central
switchboard, or coordinating center of the nervous
system. It is here that messages are interpreted. There
are nerves that branch off from the spinal cord. These
nerves feed information to the brain and the spinal cord
and carry messages away from them.
The Spinal Cord
Credits to: https://goo.gl/jaGcN8

What’s New
Learning Activity: Reflex Action
Any message received by your body must go to the brain before you can react
to it. Think of what happens when somebody is about to strike you with an object. You
raise your arms after the message that is headed your way reaches your brain. Some
messages do not make it to the brain. They go directly to the muscles. The body
therefore reacts in a very short time. Quick reactions that don’t use the brain are called
reflexes. How does a reflex work?
Imagine what happens when you accidentally touch a hot object.

1. The skin on your finger receives the message that the object is hot.
2. The message goes up your arm by way of a body nerve pathway.
3. The message reaches and enters your spinal cord. The message leaves the
spinal cord by way of a different nerve pathway.
4. The message makes your arm muscle contract and your finger is pulled away.

You must remember that reflexes are involuntary, quick, and help protect the
body form further harm.

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 LESSON

8
Body in Motion
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

Are you amazed at the wonder of

the work of the human machine? Get
ready for another trip to a more complex
part of the body responsible for body
motion, your musculo-skeletal system.
You often think of bones as those
parts of the body that linger long after the
softer organs of a dead body have
decomposed. However, a living bone is
quite distinct from the remains of a dead
body. It is a living organ, fully supplied with
blood. It requires oxygen and nourishment
and it responds to the care you give.

The Skeletal System

Why do builders put up a
wood/steel border/frame for a house?
Why there is aluminum frames in an
umbrella? The wood/steel frame supports
the walls and roof of a house just as the
aluminum frame supports the umbrella.
The frames which provide support are also known as The Human Skeletal System
framework. Credits to: https://goo.gl/WYGZo7
Animals have a framework like the framework of
a home. The framework in animals is called the skeleton. Among the fauna, the
framework has muscles attached to it instead of walls or roof.
The skeleton provides several functions. These jobs are related to the
protection, support, and movement of the body.
The skeletal system delivers form and support to the body. Without a skeleton
you would not be able to run, walk, swim, and do activities. There would be little
protection to your brain and other organs. In fact, without bones you would be a
shapeless being. Bones serve the following functions:
• Protect the vital organs inside the body.
• Provide anchor or support to the muscles.
• Produce blood cells.

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 What’s New
Learning Activity: Knowing the Functions of the Bones

Materials
Paper doll, piece of wire as tall as the paper doll, masking or adhesive tape.

Procedure:
1. Cut a paper doll and make it stand on the table.
2. Attach the paper doll to the wire using the adhesive tape.
3. Bend the wire in different directions and observe what happens to the
paper doll.

Guide Questions:
1. Did the paper doll stand on its own?
2. Did the paper doll stand when it is attached to the wire? Why or Why not?
3. What function did the wire play in relation to the paper doll?
4. What happened when you bent the wire in different directions?
5. What part of the body can be compared to the wire in this activity?
6. What help does the backbone offer in bending?

Bones
A bone is alive and made of cell just like other organs and body parts. Because
bone cells are living, they can reproduce resulting in the hardening of bones called
ossification and bone growth and a primary reason why we are taller compared when
we were still young.
Not only does bone size change, the number of our bones as well change. As
you grow the number of your bones improves although some bones fuse. The skeletal
system includes the bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. These are tissues that
make up the skeleton. A bone is hard, living tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves,
and dividing cells. Most bones are hollow, or at least spongy inside. The bone marrow
is the hollow center of our bone. The marrow produces red and white blood cells and
stores some of the body’s excess fat.

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 Cartilage is a tough, flexible tissue.
Cartilage is the one that softens the ends of the
long bones where they meet. You can sense the
cartilage in your earlobes and the lower part of
your nose. Cartilage is also found in the walls of
the voice box and in the windpipe.
Ligaments is being attach at one bone to
another where two bones connect. Ligaments
are strong strands of connective tissues. It is the
ligaments that stung when you sprain an ankle.
Tendons are tissues that link the bone to
a muscle. Have you ever seen the thin, pink,
tough membrane covering the outside of the The Cartilage, Ligaments, and Tendons
bone? This is the periosteum, a strong, living Credits to: https://goo.gl/7fzwSp
membrane that covers all the bone except the
ends. This is splendidly supplied with blood vessels. The periosteum is important for
nourishing the bone for making bone cell and for repairing injuries.

What’s More
Learning Activity: Test for Calcium in Different Bones

Materials
Acid which are av, glass slide, chalk, pig’s meat, cow bone, chicken
bone, wood

Procedure:
1. Make a chart like the one shown in the next page to record your data.
2. Place a piece of chalk on a glass slide.
3. To see the effect of the acid on calcium, put a drop of acid on the chalk.
Reminder: Do not spill acid on skin or clothes. If spillage occurs, rinse with
water and immediately clean the area. The bubbles that form tell you that
calcium is present.
4. To see the effect of the acid when calcium is not present, put a drop of acid
on the glass slide. No bubbles form. Calcium is not present.
5. Record the results from steps 3 and 4 in your data chart.
6. Test each of the skeleton parts listed in the materials list to see if calcium is
present. Add only one or two drops of acid to each skeleton part. Make sure
that each part to be tested is on the glass slide.
7. Record your results in the chart.

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Data and Observation

Bubbles Form with acid? Is calcium present?

Item tested
(Yes or No) (Yes or No)
Chalk
Glass
Cow bone
Chicken bone
Pigs meat
Wood

Guide Questions:
1. How can you tell if a skeleton part contains calcium?
2. How can you tell if a skeleton part does not contain calcium?
3. Which of the skeleton parts did have calcium?
4. What is the job of calcium in a skeleton?
5. Would you expect to find calcium in pig’s meat? Why or why not?

The Muscle System

A cat strikes out at a rat to capture it.

With a quick turn, that rat moves away to
escape. Both animals use their muscle for
movements.
Muscle is a special kind of tissue that
brings about movement. The kind of
movement that muscles carry out depends
on where the muscles are located. Without
muscles your bones and joints will be
useless. Bones cannot move by
themselves. Moving, breathing, and
swallowing would be impossible without
muscles. Muscles, the organs of the
muscular system, consist largely of muscle
cells that are specialized to undergo
contraction. During the contraction, some of
the chemical energy of nutrients is
converted to mechanical energy or
movement. The Human Muscular System
Credits to: https://goo.gl/Hk1jH1
When muscles contract, they pull the
body parts to which they are attached. This

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action usually causes some movement, as when the joints of the kegs are flexed and
extended during walking. At the other time, muscular contraction resists motions, as
when they help the body parts in postural positions. Muscles are also responsible of
the body fluids such as blood and urine, and they function in heat production that helps
maintain body temperature.
There are 600 muscles in the human body. Most muscles are attached to the
bones and extended from one bone to another. Each end of the muscles is attached
to a bone by a strong connective tissue, a tendon. Bones of the muscles move only
when the muscles attached to them pull.
Muscles do not push; they only pull. This is why most muscles come in pairs.
The muscles of your arm are good examples of how muscles work as partners. The
two muscles of your arms are called biceps and triceps. The biceps is a flexor
muscles. It produces a flexing or bending action by pulling the lower arm bone at the
joint towards the body. The triceps is an extensor muscle. It produces an extending or
straightening action by returning the bone to the relaxed position.
Not all muscles are connected to the bones. For example, heart muscles work
by squeezing. Some muscles are connected to the skin. This is how you are able to
smile by moving fourteen muscles. It takes 75 muscles to frown.
Types of Muscles

There are three kinds of muscles: (1) Skeletal muscle, also known as striated
or voluntary; (2) Smooth or involuntary muscles, which form the muscle layers of the
digestive tract and other internal organs; and (3) cardiac or heart muscles.
Do you know that one type of
muscles makes up about half of your body
weight? This is the skeletal muscle.
The skeletal muscle consists of a
mass of muscle fibers grouped together
and are attached to bones. This muscle
has a striation when seen under the
microscope. Striped or striated muscles
are used to make fast, precise movement.
A person can control the use of
striped muscle. A muscle that can be
controlled is a voluntary muscle (e.g.
biceps and triceps (arm muscles) used to
The Types of Muscles
lift heavy objects. Credits to: https://goo.gl/jrLWP8
The smooth muscles are made up of long, thin cells that form layers like a pile
of rags. A person cannot decide to move smooth muscles. They cannot be controlled.
The smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle. Smooth muscles control many of
the internal organs of the body. Examples of smooth muscles are the muscles of the
stomach, arteries, and uterus.

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 Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. The cardiac muscle works like a
smooth involuntary muscle. The illustration shows a sample of a cardiac muscle. The
cardiac muscle looks like bundle of fibers twisted into a rope. Fibers from one bundle
branch into the next bundle. Thus, the bundles of cardiac muscles are all connected
and can work together to keep the heart pumping.
Muscle is a special kind of tissue that can contract. The size of the muscle
increases with use. To remain healthy, a muscle must be regularly exercised. Without
exercise, it undergoes atrophy (reduced in size); with extremely vigorous exercise, it
undergoes hypertrophy (increase in size)

What’s More
Learning Activity: Types of Muscles

Fill up the chart below. Put check (/) if the action or activity is done by
voluntary, involuntary or cardiac muscles.

Actions Involuntary Voluntary Cardiac

1. Yawning

2. Vomiting

3. Skipping

4. Pick up things

5. Shivering

6. Blinking of the
eyes
7. Heart beating

8. Digesting Food

9. Dancing

10. Muscle Spasm

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 What I can do
Learning Activity: I Am A Storyteller

1. Make a story that illustrates various ways of preventing diseases that affect
the respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems. You must also
demonstrate the benefits of keeping our bodies well and free from illnesses.
2. Present the story to that you made in front of your teacher/facilitator through
storytelling.
3. Consider the following criteria to serve as your guide in completing the given
task.
CRITERIA PERCENTAGE

Preparation 15%

Achievement of Objective 35%

Imagination and Creativity 30%

Presentation 20%

TOTAL 100%

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 LESSON

9
Plant Form and Function,
Growth and Development
___________________________________________________

Learning Concept

The plant body is a

hierarchy of structural levels just B
A.
like in multicellular animals, the
.
plant body is composed of an
organ that is made up of tissues
that is composed of group cells.

There are several

features of plants common to
almost all angiosperms. But
there are two groups of plants
which we called monocot and
dicot which differ in anatomical
details. Structure of Plants. a) Monocot b) Dicot
The two groups of plants
differ in their embryo, in leaf venation, arrangement of vascular bundles in stem as
well as the roots and flowers. Monocot plant includes orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies
as well as grasses like wheat, corn, rice. For dicots, roses, sunflower, and gumamela.
Plants have three basic organs: they are the roots, stems, and leaves. These
organs are distinct in form, structure, and function. Plant body has two main systems.
A subterranean root system and aerial shoot system, which consists of stems and
leaves. Flowers belong to shoot system modified for sexual reproduction.

The Root System

Have you ever imagined plants without roots? What do you think will happen?
Plants cannot stand without roots. The roots anchor the plants and hold the stem
upward. They also absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are then passed on
to the stem and leaves. The leaves, in turn, carry out the processes of photosynthesis
and transpiration.

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 Tap Root Fibrous Root
Adventitious Root

Monocots, including grasses have fibrous root system which consists of a mat
of thin, long, slender, lateral of about the same size of rootsthat spread out below the
soil surface. And the taproot system which consists of one large, vertical root that
produces lateral or branch roots that are common to dicot plants. Still some roots may
arise from other plant organs like stems and leaves and are consequently called
adventitious roots.

The Stem
Just above the ground next to the root is the stem. It
is the organ of the plant that supports the leaves and flowers
in the best position. It is the passageway of nutrients from
the soil to the different parts of the plant. The stem is very
important to man. Lumber for our house comes from the
plant. Notice the external parts. It has nodes and
internodes. This is the prime difference between a root and
stem. Roots do not have nodes. Likewise, note the
presence of lenticels, a small elevation on the stem. They
serve for gas exchange. There are also buds in your
specimen, the axillary buds and apical (terminal) buds.
These are soft parts of stems composed of young cells.
Examine the diagram. It shows the external parts of a dicot The Stem
stem.

Modified Stem
The underground stem, by being situated below the surface of the soil, protect
themselves against favorable conditions of weather and the attack of animals, and
serve as store houses for reserve food, and in vegetative propagation. Their stem
nature can be distinguished by the presence of nodes and internodes, scale leaves at
the nodes, axillary buds in axils of scale leaves and a terminal bud. Further, the
anatomy of the underground stem resembles that of an aerial stem. The underground
stems are four types namely rhizome, tuber, bulb, and corm.
Bulbs are underground buds with the stem reduced to a small knob on which
fleshy storage leaves are clustered (e.g onions).
Tubers are fleshy underground stems modified to store starch (e.g potatoes).
The “eyes” are the nodes with an axillary bud in each. Sweet potatoes are roots.
Rhizomes are horizontally underground stems with nodes, internodes, dry
scale leaves, and adventitious roots (e.g. fresh ginger “roots” sold in grocery stores

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are rhizomes). Canna lilies, iris, and many grasses have rhizomes with which they are
propagated.
Corms are upright underground fleshy stems covered by leaves reduced to dry,
covering scales. Note that corms store reserve food in stem tissue, and bulbs in leaf
tissue.

The Leaf
A leaf is flattened, green, lateral appendage that carries out the functions of
photosynthesis and transpiration. It is responsible for taking in carbon dioxide and
releasing oxygen and water vapor. Gases pass through small opening found on the
leaf called stomata. Chlorophyll gives the leaf its green color. Other structures
traversing the blade of the leaf are the veins. These are responsible for the distribution
of food to the different parts of the plant. They are connected to the stem by means of
the petiole at the nodes of the stem.

Specialized Leaves
Bracts are modified leaves at the base of flowers or flower stalks. Some are
highly colored and resemble petals (e.g the red petals of poinsettia are bracts
surrounding the small, yellow flowers and bougainvillea).
Tendrils can be exclusively leaf tissue (e.g. cucumber leaves that twine,
kalabasa leaves) or they can be modified special shoots with thin, modified stems (e.g.
morning glories, grapes).
Stolons, sometimes called runners are thin, above ground, horizontal stems of
indeterminate growth and long internodes that grow out from a parent plant and
produce young plants at their tips (e.g strawberry plants).
Plant organs are compose of three tissue system: dermal, vascular, and
ground.

Dermal Tissue
The surface of the plant is covered by the
dermal tissue system. It principally protects the
inner tissues if the plant, but also connects them
to the outer world. A distinct outer cell layer giving
rise to the later epidermis is well discernible
already on the globular embryo.

Credits to: https://goo.gl/sLGBJt

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Epidermis
Epidermis is a protective tissue, formed by the
dermatogens or the protoderm. It covers the young stems
and the generative organs. Epidermal cells are of varied
functions and has various levels of differentiation.

Stomata
Stomata are comprised of the most differentiated
cells of the epidermis. It is for transpiration and the
exchange of gases used in the photosynthesis and
respiration.

Rhizodermis
In contrast with the epidermis, rhizodermis includes no stomata and it is not
covered by cuticle, either. Its unique feature is the presence
of root hairs. Root hair is the outgrowth of a single rhizodermal Stomata in Plants
cell. They occur in high occurrence in the adsorptive zone of
the root. Root hairs derives from a trichoblast as a result of
an unequal division.

Vascular Tissue
Vascular tissue is comprised of xylem and phloem, which function in the
transport of water and dissolved substances.
Phloem and xylem are complex tissues that perform transportation of food and
water in a plant. They are the vascular tissues of the plant and together form vascular
bundles. They work together as a unit to bring about efficient transportation of food,
nutrients, minerals, and water.

Ground Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

• Spherical, • Elongated cells • With primary

• thin walled, with and secondary
• living, metabolizing • unevenly cell wall
Characteristics tissue thickened cell • dead at
walls functional
• alive at maturity maturity

• Throughout the • Beneath the • Fibers in wood,

plant epidermis in bark, leaves,
Location young stems stem
and leaf veins • Sclereids in
fruits and seed

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 • Photosynthesis • flexible support • structural
and respiration system support
Functions • Storage
• regeneration

Appearance

What’s New
Learning Activity: Let’s Examine some Roots

Go around your backyard. Look for seedling or young plants and slowly pull
them from the soil. Clean the roots and take note of the different structures that you
can see. Look for the structures similar to the figure below. If the primary root is evident
like in Diagram A, the plant is said to be a dicot plant. On the other hand if it is similar
to Diagram B , the plant is a monocot plant. If there are roots grown in the other parts
of the plants that falls in Diagram C.

A. B. C.

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 Randomly observe and pick some plants from the field and compare them with
the diagrams. How many plants have root system similar to A? B? C? Write them down
by giving their common name?

Common Name Adventitious

Tap Root Fibrous Root
of Plants Root

Guide Questions:
1. Differentiate the three types of root systems.
2. What is the advantage of a taproot over the other types of root system?
3. Is a carrot a vegetable or a root? Why do you say so? What about raddish?
Sweet potato (camote)?

What’s More
Learning Activity: Paint it!
This activity will show you how water and nutrients are transported from the
roots to the leaves. Secure a powdered dye (jobos) of any color and mix it with water.
Get a new seedling preferably a herbaceous plant like mayana and clean the roots.
Separate the roots from the shoot using a razor blade by cutting just above the roots.
Soak the cut seedlings in the bottle with the dye and wait for an hour. Observe what
happens to the stem, leaves, and flowers. The leaves will have some colored lines
along the veins. The stems will have traces of the dye since they are the passageways
of nutrients. The dye is especially visible if you make a cross-section of the stem. Stem
support the leaves and flowers physically, hold them in the best position for food
gathering and reproduction. Now summarize your observation.

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Guide Questions:
1. What changes did you observe on the stem and leaves?
2. How would you account for the changes in the color of plant parts?

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Processes of Plant Growth and Development
A plant’s growth and development depend on its processes. Growth is the
irreversible increase in mass that results from the cell division and cell expansion while
development is the sum of all changes that progressively happens in an organism’s
body.
Meristematic tissues are responsible for the division of new cells where zones
of actively dividing cells can be found and where it allows the organisms to have
indeterminate growth which ensures that plant can grow throughout its life.
Before we proceed, we should first recognize that growth in plants includes two
stages:
• the production of new cells; and
• the expansion of these cells via uptake of water by the vacuole respectively.

Zones
Cell division occurs solely in meristematic
regions, while expansion may occur anywhere.
Thus in a single plant there are zones of young
dividing cells, maturing cells, and mature cells.
Zone of cell division
It is the region of actively dividing cells and
provides plant growth.
Zone of Elongation
Cells in this region grow longitudinally
causing the root to grow longer.
Zone of Differentiation Zones in plants
Credits to: shorturl.at/dfkH5
Region of mature primary tissues where
active water and minerals are found.
Absorption
Root cap protects the actively dividing cells and root hairs increase the surface
area and aid in absorption.
Meristematic tissues are groups of young cells that undergo continuous state
of division. These tissues are mostly found at the apices of root and shoot.
The main characteristics of cells of meristematic tissues are:
1. They are living and thin walled
2. Vacuoles are few and small in size

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 3. The cells contain dense protoplasm and conspicuous nuclei
4. The cells are spherical, oval, or polygonal in shape
5. They do not store reserve food material and are in an active state of
metabolism.

What I can do
Learning Activity: Magtanim ay di biro!

1. Roel has a problem growing peeper in his mini greenhouse in Bukidnon. So

he conducted an assessment and found out that light color affects its
growing patterns. Help him by setting up an experiment to determine what
light color can successfully grow these plants under varied soil texture.

2. Kalabasa is a well-known vegetable in Philippine cuisine. A certain place in

Lanao del Norte is currently facing a problem on the existence of
earthworms. So, the provincial board wanted to culture the worms and test if
it can be used to grow Kalabasa in the nearby municipality.

What I have learned

• The skeletal system provides shape and support for internal organs, produces
blood cells, stores minerals, and enables animals to move. Together with the
skeletal system, the muscular system enables movement.
• The integumentary system provides functions for protection, homeostasis,
excretion, production of Vitamin D, and gathering information.
• The digestive system breaks down food into molecular form for body cell to use.
These molecules are then absorbed into the blood, transported throughout the
body before finally being eliminated.
• The cardiovascular system carries essential substances to the cells and
transport waste products out of the body.
• The blood contains cells that fight diseases and provide the body with immunity.
• The respiratory system brings in oxygen from the external environment into the
body and removes carbon dioxide and water from the body.
• The excretory system collects waste produced by cells for elimination.
• Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the internal environment balanced
and free from harmful level of chemical buildup.
• The nervous system allows the body to respond appropriately to the information
gathered by the sense organs.
• The endocrine system produces chemicals that control the body’s daily
activities and long-term development.
• There are two main types of plant tissues – meristematic tissues and permanent
tissues.

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 • Meristematic tissues are responsible for growth and development of the plant.
• Dermal tissue covers a plant. A thin layer epidermis covers nonwoody parts.
• Vascular tissues conduct water, minerals, sugars, and amino acids.
• Plants have an open growth system. Primary growth increase height while
secondary growth increases width.

Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the CAPITAL LETTER of
your choice. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The root system of monocot plants typically consists of ____________

A. tap roots C. modified roots
B. fibrous roots D. adventitious roots.
2. Nutrients from the soil enter the plants through ____________
A. stem C. branches
B. roots D. leaves
3. Adventitious roots are found in the following except ___________
A. stems C. branches
B. leaves D. primary roots
4. The vascular bundles are responsible for the distribution of nutrients to all parts of
the plant. These are made up of the following _________
A. endodermis only C. Xylem and endodermis
B. xylem and phloem D. phloem and endodermis
5. Water vapor is release by the plants through the process of ___________
A. osmosis C. evaporation
B. plasmolysis D. transpiration
6. The shoot system does not include the _______
A. stem C. leaves
B. roots D. flowers
7. The dicot root system is typically a/an __________
A. tap root C. Modified root
B. fibrous roots D. adventitious root
8 The age of the tree can be detected by counting the number of _________.
A. Annual rings C. Number of branches
B. Number of leaves D. diameter of the trunk
9. Structures seen traversing the leaves of plants are ___________
A. veins C. lamina
B. blade D. stomata
10. Primary roots arise from the __________.
A. embryo of seeds C. Cotyledon of seeds
B. radical of seeds D. endosperm of seeds.
11. What is the process of changing food into a simpler substance for use by the cells?
A. chewing C. eating
B. digestion D. excretion

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12. What do you call the process of changing food into a simpler substance with the
help of enzymes?
A. chemical digestion C. mastication
B. churning D. mechanical digestion
13. Which systems is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the air and the cells?
A. circulatory C. excretory
B. digestive D. respiratory
14. The chemical process in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between the outside air and the cells is called ________________.
A. breathing C. exhaling
B. inhaling D. respiration
15. The life support system that feeds the cells with food and oxygen is the
__________.
A. circulatory C. excretory
B. digestive D. respiratory
16. All of the following carry blood to and from all parts of the body EXCEPT
A. arteries C. Large intestines
B. capillaries D. veins
17. The main support of the body is/are the _____________.
A. blood C. muscles
B. bones D. skin
18. The essential function of a muscle is for ___________
A. contraction C. pumping
B. relaxation D. pushing
19. What is referred as the maintenance of a constant internal environment?
A. Photosynthesis C. homeostasis
B. Glycolysis D. dialysis
20. Which gland helps the body excrete waste and control body temperature?
A. dermis C. sebaceous
B. epidermis D. subcutaneous

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Key to Answers

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