As what I have learned way back in elementary and high school, the Ring of

Fire is in the area encircling the Pacific Ocean, it is called a “Ring of Fire” because

its edges mark a circle of high volcanic and seismic activity (earthquakes). Most of
the Earth’s volcanoes are located around the Pacific Ring of Fire because that is the
location of most of the Earth’s subduction zones. It is a chain of active volcanoes and
earthquake hotspots running along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ring of
Fire is the highest concentration of volcanoes in the world, and that is why it is very
dangerous. It causes earthquakes and volcanoes as the Pacific Plate and the plates
around it grind into each other.

Why is it significant for a civil engineer to have knowledge on this?

Most of the Earth's volcanoes are located around the Pacific Ring of
Fire because that the location of most of the Earth's subduction zones. In any given
year, the world can expect 18 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7.0, most of
which (more than 80%) will likely occur on the so-called Ring of Fire, which
circumscribes the Pacific Plate and includes a portion of the California coast. If the
epicenter is in a populated area, an earthquake of this magnitude can cause
devastating damage. The study of earthquake hazards and what can be done to
reduce the associated risks is a field known as earthquake engineering. Earthquake
engineering draws on the disciplines of structural engineering, structural dynamics,
seismology, materials engineering, geotechnical engineering, risk and decision
analysis, and probability and reliability theory to holistically address infrastructure
performance in an uncertain seismic future.

The focus of our Earthquake Engineering practice is two-fold: post-earthquake

investigations of causative mechanisms resulting in structural damage, failure, or
collapse; and earthquake planning and risk mitigation, which includes identification,
quantification, and mitigation of risk through optimal repair strategies, performance-
based upgrades, and customized solutions. We offer multi-faceted holistic support to
property owners, insurance and legal communities, and government agencies, both
in the aftermath of earthquakes and in pre-earthquake planning and mitigation.
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About 1,500 active volcanoes can be found around the world. Learn about the major
types of volcanoes, the geological process behind eruptions, and where the most
destructive volcanic eruption ever witnessed occurred.
The Ring of Fire is a roughly 25,000-mile chain of volcanoes and seismically active
sites that outline the Pacific Ocean.

Also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, the Ring of Fire traces the meeting points of
many tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca,
Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other
smaller plates, which all encircle the large Pacific Plate.

The Ring of Fire is home to the deepest ocean trench, called the Mariana Trench.
Located east of Guam, the 7-mile-deep Mariana Trench formed when one tectonic
place was pushed under another.

The tectonic activity along the Ring of Fire also results in about 90% of the world’s
earthquakes, including the Valdivia Earthquake of Chile in 1960, the strongest
recorded earthquake at 9.5 out of 10 on the Richter scale.

The Ring of Fire is also where an estimated 75% of the planet’s volcanoes are

located, such as Mount Tambora of Indonesia, which erupted in 1815 and became
the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history.
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Considering the tectonic movements that cause earthquake and tsunamis,

what will you consider most in construction planning as a civil engineer? Cite
concrete situations.

Earthquakes and Tsunamis can cause unavoidable danger to all people living
in a seismically active region. No one knows when the earthquakes and tsunamis
occur and how severe it will be although this hazard is very well known. Despite
careful study and efforts to develop the capability to avoid this danger and to improve
our lives, it is still vague that we can achieve this.
However, in these kind of natural calamities, the most we need to consider in
construction planning is the choices of appropriate technology and methods for
construction. For example, a decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in
buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building
construction. We need a high technology to determine the exact conditions of the soil
or underground to prevent from the accidents.

Cite the distinction of the three types of weathering using the chart
below, and give at least 5 examples in each type.

Physical Weathering Chemical Weathering Biological Weathering

Physical Weathering is Chemical Weathering is Biological Weathering is

caused by the effects of weathering caused by
changing temperature on breaking down of rocks
rocks, causing the rock to and landforms. The most
break apart. The process common agent of chemical
is sometimes assisted by weathering is rainwater.
water. Chemical weathering, such
as acid rain, eats away at
Examples: certain types of rocks such
1. Swiftly Moving as limestone, creating
Water
cracks and holes.
2. Ice wedging
3. Plant Roots
4. Wind Examples:
5. Rapid 1. Acid rain
heating/cooling 2. Limestone
3. Oxidation
4. Hydration
5. Hydrolysis
weathering caused by plants
and animals. Plants and
animals release acid forming
chemicals that cause
weathering and also contribute
to the breaking down of rocks
and landforms.
Examples:
1. Plants can grow
anywhere as long as
there is water.
2. Burrowing animals
like shrews, moles,
earthworms.
3. When animals like
birds forage for
seeds and
earthworms, they
 create holes and
erode the upper
surface of the soil.
4. An animal called the
Piddock shell can
drill into rocks in
order for it to protect
itself.
5. When the roots of
plants grow deeper
into the soil.