Economic Situation : > i fence eX yenditure It led to a huge increase In defen I re od in raisil which was financed by war loans. It r¢ sulted in rai custom duties and the introduction of income tax. ¢ Increased prices of essential commodities led to extreme hardship for the common people. Political Situation * Forced recruitment of villagers into armies caused wide spread anger among them. * There was acute food shortage due to failure of crops and influenza epidemic which resulted into death of millions of people. 3. What was the Rowlatt Act? How did it National Movement? Or What was Rowla’ tt Act? How did the Indians show 1 towards this Act? (CBSE 2013 affect the their disapproval1e Rowlatt Act affected the National Move Tile Bw ek npr oar thick the following ways + Rallies were organised in various cites, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down, + British administration suppressed the nationalists. Asa result local leaders were picked up from Amritsar andl Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi. 4. What were the circumstances which led to Jallianwala Bagh incident? Describe in brief the reaction of the people immediately after the incident. (CBSE 2009) Ans. Circumstances that led to Jallianwala Bagh Incident were + Rowlatt Act The Rowlatt Act (1919) was passed by the British Government despite the united opposition of the Indian members. This Act gave enormous powers to the Zovernment to repress political activities and allowed detention of any person without trial for two years, + Rowlatt Satyagraha Gandhiji wanted non-violent civil disobedience against Rowlatt Act. Rallies were organised in different cities, workers went on strike and. ‘shop were closed down, * Martial Law British administration imposed martial law in Amritsar due to popular upsurge. On 13th April, 1919, General Dyer fired at the innocent People who gathered in Jallianwala Bagh killing hundreds. ‘The reaction of people ‘immediately after the incident was that crowds took to the streets and there. were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings. 5. Why was Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920? Why did Gandhiji call off the movement in 1922? (CBSE 2015) (Or Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement? (cer) ‘Ans. Non-Cooperation Movement was started by Gandhi in 1920 because came * Gandhi saw this movement as opportunity to Muslims and Hindus. i *+ He wanted a solution on Khilafat issue. + The most important objective was the attainment of Swara Ans. The plantation workes Ans. The main objective of CBSE Term II | Social Science x 6. How did plantation workers in Asvam had the own understanding of Mabatina Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj? Explain (CHE, ty ins Assam hdl understovd th notion of Swara) in the following ay * For plantation workers in Assasn, freeclenn meant the Heit daly ed ont ofthe conned 2 which they were enclosed. Under the Snland Emigration Act of 1850 plantation workers were permitted to leave the Tea Gardens without permiss * Swaraj for plantation workers meant retaining, a link the village from which they had come When plastativn heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers refused to obey th left the plantations and headed borne + They believed that Gandhi kaj w everyone would be given land in their ows plantation worker, however never reached their destination as they were caught by the police brutally beaten up. ir asthorities, 7. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji's ideas. (CBSE 2012, Ans. Allusi Sitaram Raju was a tribal leader in the Gudemn Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He started a Militant Guerrilla Movement in the early 1920s Role of Aluri Sitaram Raju in Inspiring the Rebel Raja inspired the hill people. The hill people were enraged by the British Policy. When the government ‘began forcing them to contribute ‘begar’ for roi building. the hill people revolted. Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi Inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Mov, ement, he Dersuaded people to wear Khadi and give up drink He did not believe in non-violence. He thought that India could be liberated only by the use of force 8. What was the main objective of Simon Commission? Why was the commission rejected by the Indians? Discuss s mon Commission, constituted $i Jot Sion, was torrid India and suggest changes in the — fas boycotted by the: Indian leadersii, Ans. ees LE This law had to be removed. Thus, he broke the salt lav by manufacturing salt by boiling we iter in Dandi and urged the people to refuse cooper’ ition with the British The Salt March marked the beginnning of the Civil Disobedience Movement Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a pow erful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain. (CBSE 2017, 16) Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful sy mbol that could unite the nation because salt is consumed b everyone and is regarded as one of the most esse “ital items of food. By levying tax on salt and este ablishing monopoly An over its production, the communal power revealed the most : oppressive face of them. Gandhiji thought if any movement could be arranged against this oppression (monopoly over the production of salt) which affected people from all strata, it could unite the nation. He believed ‘salt’ had this power. So, he gave an ultimatum to the British Government, but Irwin was not ready to negotiate.Gandhiji started his famous Salt March with his trusted 5 followers from the Sabarmati ashram towards Dandi the coastal town of Gujarat, This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over India. In this way, ‘salt’ inspired the nation to rebel against the SE 2014) British aden 412. Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Purn Disobedience Movement.’ (CBSE 2020) Invin Ans. The role of poor peasantry in the Civil Disobedience to India Movement was + As the economic depression continued the poor peasants found it difficult to pay the rent: They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. dlicals like Thus, they joined a variety of radical movements ame more often led by socialists and communists + ‘They came in huge numbers to support Gandhiji and endence. his followers. It was because of them that Civil Disobedience Movement could become a Mass movement tience + They launched ‘no rent’ campaign but it was not supported by the Congress. So, the relationship ement petween the poor peasant and Congress remained uncertain. 43. Analyse the role of merchants and the industrialists 1930) to in the Civil Disobedience Movement. 1010) of these Sdemands of Ans. The role of merchants and the industrialists in the Civil fused the Disobedience Movement was rvement. + They became powerful in the society and wanted to was the Salt expand their business. So, they started opposing nd the ‘colonial policies that restricted their business. They ‘was the most Svanted protection against imports of foreign goods wernment land a rupee sterling foreign exchange ratio that would » the salt Law discourage imports andi and «= The industrialists criticised colonial control over the p the British. Indian economy and supported the Civil the Civil Disobedience Movement at its first stage, Most industrialists thought ‘Swaraj’ asa time when colonial restriction did not exist on business world. As a result a powerful pean ee ereet business would flourish without constraints, (CBSE 2017, 16) «They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sticatttie sell imported goods med by 44. Mention the efforts of Gandhiji to get Harijans t essential items their rights. exe {___ Ans: The efforts of Gandhi for Hanans were arene ey + Gandhiji organised Satyagraha to secure the entry of the untouchables into temples and access to public " — swells, tanks, roads and schools. Agerae = Gandhi himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of ee the bhangi (the sweepers) and persuaded the upper ‘i ‘caste to change their heart and give up the sin of oe Sarees ‘untouchability.aber 1932) with d classes reserved slative councils, general electorate. aplifting the (CBSE 2011) dalit or the ties in 1930 and sociation to uplift jor dalits and nstitutions for reserved seats to ovineial and. ugh which agination, ses through which ation. These were ar prints and aking of ta helped to create ¥ the nation. tobe seen as cultural rocesses le began to believe CBSE Term II | Social Science x Long Answer (LA) Type Questions a Ans. 2 Who launched the Khilafat Movement? Why was the movement launched? (CBSE 2012, 11) ‘The Khilafat Movement was a united struggle launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement. ‘The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a Pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of First World War The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There was a fear that the power of the spiritual head of the Islamic world (Khalifa) would be curtailed. To defend his power, a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in 1919. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British Government to give better treatment to Turkey How did the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front. (CBSE 2015) ‘ns. The Non-Cooperation Movement was started by the Congress party in January 1921. Initially, this eon wary 1921. Initially, this movement CBSE Term II| Social Scie * Gandhifi though th Movement, British n within a year and § Thus, at the Co 1920, the Non-Cooperat Gandhiji launched the N This movement *+ The Non-Cooperation cities to t society name of Gandh aspirati + In Awadh, peasant Chandra revolt landlords who demande taxes from them. The pe revenue, abolition of oppressive landlords. + In Gudem bills of Andhr inspired by Gandhifi’s id Guerrilla movement fr a 4. Why did Mahatma Gandi Disobedience Movement unite the country ? Expla ‘Ans. Gandhi launched the Civil because Lord Irwin ignored including the abolition of the March’ marked the beginning Movement all over India The Civil Disobedience Move various parts of the country an the country 2s it was widely sp + With the spread of the move boycotted and liquor shops refused to pay revenue and c officials resizmed from thet forest law + In the countryside, rich peas Patidars of Gujarat and the Ja became the supporters ofthe Movement. + The poorer peasantry. often le communist, joined a variety of the remission of thetr unpaid r «+ Industrialists led by Purshotts GD Birla supported the Civil Moreover railway workers. doc from Chotta Nagpur and large all over the India participated is MovementBSE Term I! | Social Science X + Gandhiji thought through the Non-Cooperation Movement, British rule in India would collapse svithin a year and Swaraj would eome. ‘Thus, at the Congress Session in Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-Cooperation programme was finalised and Gandhiji launched the Non-Cooperation Movement ‘This movement united the country as + The Non-Cooperation Movement spread from the ities to the countryside, Different sections of our society interpreted this movement differently, The ‘name of Gandhiji invoked to sanction all wetions and. aspirations. + In Awadh, peasants under the leadership of Baba Ram Chandra revolted against the talukdars and the landlords who demanded very high rent and different taxes from them. The peasant demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boyeott of ‘oppressive landlords. + In Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by Gandhiji’s ideals and started militant Guerrilla movement for achieving Swary. ‘A. Why did Mahatma Gandhi start the Civil Disobedience Movement’? How did this movement unite the country ? Explain. (CBSE 2019) launched the Civil Disobedience Movement fe Lord Irwin ignored Gandhi’ eleven demands the abolition of the Salt Tax. Gandhiji's ‘Salt ‘marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience all over India. dience Movement came into force in ‘the country and united different groups in. ‘was widely spread in the following ways nue and chaukidari taxes, Vill from their post. Forest people violated rich Ans. The Civil Disobedience Move 5. “The Givil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement, Support the ples. (CBSE 2016) rent was different from the statement with & Non: 2ooperation Movement as Givil Disobedience Movement Non Movem Non-Cooperation Civil Disobedience Movement Moxement was lnmched in was launched in 1930, 1921 by Gandhiji Tt was first supported by the industrialists like GD Birla and Purshottamdas Thakur das, Te was started with middle class participation The growing proximity of the Congress Party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented the Muslims to participate in Civil Disobedien: ‘The Non-Cooperation The Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn Movement was withdrawn in by Gandhiji due to violent 1981, when Gandhiji signed {noident at Chauri-Chaura. “Gandh Large scale participation of Due to Khalifa issues, ‘Muslim Community participated in Non-Cooperation Movement on large scale. In this movement wore: did not participate in large women is one of the most scale, significant features of the Civil Disabetinee 6. Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement. ‘Ans. The role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement was + During Gandhij’s Salt March, thousands of women pauticipated in marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail In urban areas, these women were from high caste ‘eclucated family e.g Sarojini Naidu, Satyavati Devi, Kamala Nehru, Vijylakshmi Pandit, Kasturba Gandhi, fete, In rural areas, women came from rich peasant households, In Bengal the women’s participation increased in nationalism. In 1930, women rallied before Bethune College, Calcutta in support of Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience Movement, In Bombay, large section of women of Gujarati community was influenced by Gandhi's idealisin ‘and participated in National Movement, However, all these participations were symbolic as women did not hold any position of authority for a