4.

ISENTROPIC PROCESS Entropy is constant

-also called as “REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC PROCESS”
-No heat loss and gain in the fluid being worked.
PVⁿ = C where n = k (specific heat ratio)
PVk = C (S = C)

5. SPECIAL POLYTROPIC PROCESS

-for multiple processes
PVⁿ = C where n is a constant
 This is applicable to both isentropic and polytropic
process. Just changed “k” into “n” for special polytropic case.
PVk = C

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑘
𝑘 𝑘
𝑃1 𝑉2 𝑃2 𝑉1
= 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑃1 𝑉2 RELATION OF VOLUME AND
PRESSURE BY PUTTING
1 1 SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO (k) AS
AN EXPONENT.
𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑘
= 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2
Remember the general combined law:
NOW, LET’S USE THE RELATIONS WE
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑉2 FORMED IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE.
= ∙ 1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑘
CHANGE: TO
𝑉1 𝑃2
1 𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑘 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
Hence, = ∙ =
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑃2 𝑉1 𝑘
CHANGE: TO
𝑃1 𝑉2

𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘 𝑉2 𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1
Hence, = ∙ =
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑇1 𝑉2
Still applicable for both processes:
𝐶
𝑊𝑛𝑓 = ‫𝑉𝑑𝑃 ׬‬ where: 𝑃 =
Evaluating: 𝑉𝑘
SUBSTITUTE THE VALUE OF P INTO THE
𝑑𝑉
𝑊𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶 න 𝑘 EQUATION AND PUT OUT C FROM THE
𝑉 INTEGRAL SINCE IT’S A CONTANT

TRANSPOSE Vk TO THE NUMERATOR

𝑊𝑛𝑓 = 𝐶 න 𝑉 −𝑘 𝑑𝑉 AND EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL

THIS IS ALSO EQUIVALENT TO THE

P2V2 − P1V1
𝑊𝑛𝑓 = FOLLOWING FORMULAS.
1−k
𝑚𝑅∆𝑇 THUS, Wnf IS ALSO EQUIVALENT TO
𝑊𝑛𝑓 = = −𝑚𝑐𝑣 ∆𝑇 = −∆𝑈 THE NEGATIVE CHANGE IN INTERNAL
1−𝑘
ENERGY
Still applicable for both processes:
1
𝑊𝑠𝑓 = − ‫𝑃𝑑𝑉 ׬‬ where: 𝐶 𝑘
Evaluating: 𝑉=
𝑃
SUBSTITUTE THE VALUE OF V INTO THE
1 𝑑𝑃
𝑊𝑠𝑓 = −𝐶 𝑘 න 1
EQUATION AND PUT OUT C FROM THE
INTEGRAL SINCE IT’S A CONTANT
𝑃𝑘
1
1 TRANSPOSE 𝑃 TO THE NUMERATOR
−𝑘 𝑘
𝑊𝑠𝑓 = 𝐶 න 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 AND EVALUATE THE INTEGRAL

THIS IS ALSO EQUIVALENT TO THE

k(P2V2 −P1V1)
𝑊𝑠𝑓 = FOLLOWING FORMULAS:
1−k
𝑘[𝑚𝑅∆𝑇] THUS, Wsf IS ALSO EQUIVALENT TO
𝑊𝑠𝑓 = = −𝑚𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇 = −∆𝐻 THE NEGATIVE OF CHANGE IN
1−𝑘
ENTHALPY
For ISENTROPIC PROCESS:
𝑄=0 since the system is adiabatic, no heat is transferred

For POLYTROPIC PROCESS:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑛 ∆𝑇

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

It was derived using the formula Q = Wnf + ΔU.

 ISENTROPIC POLYTROPIC

n k n

PVT P1V1k = P2V2k P1V1n = P2V2n

ΔU mcvΔT mcvΔT

ΔH mcpΔT mcpΔT

Q 0 (adiabatic) mcnΔT

P2V2 − P1V1 P2V2 − P1V1

Wnf (∫pdV)
1−k 1−𝑛

Wsf (-∫Vdp) k(P2V2 −P1V1) n(P2V2 −P1V1)

or kWnf or nWnf
1−k 1−n
T2
ΔS 0 mcn ln
T
SAMPLE:
There are 1.36kg of gas, for w/c R=377 J/kg-K and
k = 1.25 that undergo a nonflow constant volume
process from P1 = 551.6 kPaa & T1=60C to
P2=1655kPaa. During the process the gas is
internally stirred and there also added 105.5kJ of
heat. Determine (a) T2 (b) Work input
SAMPLE:
There are 1.36kg of gas, for w/c R=377 J/kg-K and
k = 1.25 that undergo a nonflow constant volume
process from P1 = 551.6 kPaa & T1=60C to
P2=1655kPaa. During the process the gas is
internally stirred and there are also added 105.5kJ
of heat. Determine (a) T2 (b) Work input

ANSWER: (a) 999K (b) -1365.89kJ [on]

1. Hydrogen is compressed isentropically from
𝑃1 =108 psia, 𝑉1ሶ = 3 cfs, and 𝑡1 = 40°F to
𝑃2 = 256 psia. For both nonflow and steady
flow (∆P=0, ∆K =0) processes, find (a) 𝑡2
and 𝑉ሶ2 , (b) ‫ & 𝑉𝑑𝑃 ׬‬− ‫𝑃𝑑𝑉 ׬‬, (c) ∆H, ∆U, and
∆S, (d) W and Q.
1. Hydrogen is compressed isentropically from 𝑃1 =108 psia, 𝑉1ሶ = 3 cfs, and
𝑡1 = 40°F to 𝑃2 = 256 psia. For both nonflow and steady flow (∆P=0, ∆K =0)
processes, find (a) 𝑡2 and 𝑉ሶ2 , (b) ‫ & 𝑉𝑑𝑃 ׬‬− ‫𝑃𝑑𝑉 ׬‬, (c) ∆H, ∆U, and ∆S, (d)
Q. Use k=1.4
GIVEN: 𝑃1 =108 psia 𝑃2 = 256 psia
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉1ሶ = 3 k=1.4
𝑠
𝑇1 = 40℉ + 460 = 500°𝑅
SOLUTION: 𝑘−1 𝑘−1 1.4−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘 256 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.4
(a) 𝑡2 =? = ⇒ 𝑇2 = 𝑇1 = 500°𝑅
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑃1 108 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑇2 = 639.82°𝑅
𝑡2 = 𝑇2 −460 = 639.82 − 460 = 179.83℉
NOW SOLVING FOR 𝑉ሶ2 = ?
1 1 1
𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘 𝑓𝑡 3 108 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 1.4 𝑓𝑡 3
= ⇒ 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 =3 = 1.62
𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑃2 𝑠 256 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑠

P 2 V2 − P 1 V 1
(b)‫= 𝑓𝑛𝑊 = 𝑉𝑑𝑃 ׬‬
1−k
𝑙𝑏𝑓 144𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏𝑓 144𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3
256 2 × 1.62 − 108 2 × 3
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑠
=
1−1.4

𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈

𝑊𝑛𝑓 = −32659.2 × = −41.98
𝑠 778𝑓𝑡 − 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑠
NOW SOLVING FOR − ‫𝑓𝑠𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 ׬‬

WE KNOW THAT, 𝑊𝑠𝑓 = 𝑘 𝑊𝑛𝑓

𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐵𝑇𝑈
= 1.4 −41.98 = −58.77
𝑠 𝑠

𝐵𝑇𝑈
(c)∆𝐻 = −𝑊𝑠𝑓 = 58.77 SINCE IT’S AN ISENTROPIC PROCESS 𝑆1 = 𝑆2
𝑠
THUS, DELTA S IS EQUAL TO ZERO
𝐵𝑇𝑈
∆𝑈 = −𝑊𝑛𝑓 = 41.98 ∆𝑆 = 0
𝑠

(d) SINCE
𝑄 = න 𝑇𝑑𝑆 ⇒ 𝑄=0
2. The work required to compress a gas
reversibly according to pV1.3=C is 67,790 J if
there is no flow. Determine ∆U and Q if the gas
is (a) air, (b) methane. Use cvair = 0.7186,
cvmethane = 1.6187 kJ/kg-K, Rair=287.08, and
Rmethane=518.45 J/kg-K.

Ans. (a) 50.90, (b)—16.99 kJ.

2. The work required to compress a gas reversibly
according to pV1.3=C is 67,790 J if there is no flow.
Determine ∆U and Q if the gas is (a) air, (b) methane. Use
cvair = 0.7186, cvmethane = 1.6187 kJ/kg-K, Rair=287.08, and
Rmethane=518.45 J/kg-K.

GIVEN: pV1.3=C 𝑛 = 1.3

𝑊𝑛𝑓 = 67790 𝐽
SOLUTION:
(a) air
We will get first the values 𝑚𝑅∆𝑇 𝑊𝑛𝑓(1 − 𝑛)
of mass and delta T 𝑊𝑛𝑓 = ⇒ 𝑚∆𝑇 =
1−𝑛 𝑅
 𝑊𝑛𝑓(1 − 𝑛) 67790 J (1 − 1.3)
𝑚∆𝑇 = = = 70.84 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾
𝑅 𝐽
287.08
𝑘𝑔𝑚 − 𝐾
SOLVING FOR
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣∆𝑇 = 70.84 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 0.7186 = 50.91 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝑚 − 𝐾

SOLVING FOR

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑛𝑓
CONVERT THE VOLUE FOR WORK NONFLOW FROM
= 50.91 − 67.790 𝑘𝐽 JOULE TO KILO JOULE

𝑄 = −16.88 𝑘𝐽
 (b) methane WE WILL DO THE SAME PROCESS FROM AIR
𝑊𝑛𝑓(1 − 𝑛) 67790 J (1 − 1.3)
𝑚∆𝑇 = = = 39.23 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾
𝑅 𝐽
514.45
𝑘𝑔𝑚 − 𝐾
SOLVING FOR
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣∆𝑇 = 39.23 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙ 𝐾 1.6187 = 63.50 𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔𝑚 − 𝐾

SOLVING FOR

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊𝑛𝑓
CONVERT THE VOLUE FOR WORK NONFLOW FROM
= 63.5 − 67.790 𝑘𝐽 JOULE TO KILO JOULE

𝑄 = −4.29 𝑘𝐽
THE END
• CONGRATS!