CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Employee’s health safety and welfare at work are protected by law

Employer has a duty to protect employees and keep informed about
health and safety employees have a responsibility to look after yourself
and others. If there is a problem, discuss it with employer or safety
representative if there is one. This leaflet is a brief guide to health and
safety law. It does not describe the law in detail, but it does list the key
points. Employer has a duty under the law to ensure so far as is
reasonably practicable employee’s health, safety and welfare at work.
Employer must consult with employer or employees safety
representative on matters relating to your health and safety at work.
Including any change which may substantially affect employee’s health
and safety at work, eg. in procedures equipment or ways of working the
employer’s arrangements for getting competent people to help
employee’s safety health and safety laws. The information employees
have to be given on the likely risks and dangers arising from your work
measures to reduce or get rid of these risks and what employee should
do if employees have to deal with a risk or danger. The planning of
health and safety and the health and safety consequences of introducing
new technology. In general employer’s duties include making
employees workplace safe and without risks to health ensuring plant and
machinery are safe and that safe systems of work are set and followed
ensuring articles and substances are moved, stored and used safety
providing adequate welfare facilities giving employees information,
instruction, training and supervision necessary for

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employees health and safety in particular employer must assess the
risks to employees health and safety makes arrangement for
implementing the health and safety measures identified as being
necessary by the assessment. If there are five or more employees
record the significant findings of the risk assessment and the
arrangements for health and safety measures. If there are five or more
employees draw up a health and safety policy statement including the
health and safety organization and arrangements in force and bring it
to your attention appoint someone competent to assist with health and
safety responsibilities and consult employee or employees safety
representative about this appointment co-operate on health and safety
with other employers sharing the same workplace setup emergency
procedures provide adequate first aid facilities make sure that the
workplace satisfies health, safety and welfare requirements eg. for
ventilation, temperature, lighting and sanitary, washing and rest
facilities make sure that work equipment is suitable for its intended
use so far as health and safety is concerned, and that it is properly
maintained and used prevent or adequately control exposure to
substances which may damage your health take precautions against
danger from flammable or explosive hazards electrical equipment
noise and radiator avoid hazarders manual handling operations and
where they cannot be avoided reduce the risk of injury provide health
surveillance as appropriate provide free and protective clothing or
equipment where risks are not adequately controlled by other means.

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 CHAPTER - 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Health and Safety:

INTRODUCTION:

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being

and not merely the absence of disease. It is the outcome of the
interaction between the individual and his environment. He is healthy
who is well adjusted.

Health Meaning:

The term ‘health’ is a positive and dynamic concept. In common

parlance health implies absence of disease. However, that industrial
health implies much more than more absence of disease is clear from
Health.

Definition [Health]:

The worker who is healthy is always cheerful confident working and

strength well being in any time that is called health.

Safety Meaning:

Before discussing other issues relating to safety, it is useful to

understand the nature of safety. Safety, in simple terms, means
freedom from the occurrence of risk of injury or loss. Industrial safety
or employee safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger
of industrial accidents. An accident, then is an unplanned and un-

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controlled event in which an action or reaction of an object a
substance, a person, or a radiation result in personal injury.

Definition [Safety]:

Safety means prevention to danger or risk injury or loss. Industrial

safety or employee safety to protection of workers from the danger of
Industrial accidents.

Working conditions affecting health:

Cleanliness :

Hygiene is essential of health dirt should be removed daily from the

workplace, furniture, staircases etc. properly cleaned and his infected
spittoons must be provided at convenient places.

Lighting :

Adequate and proper lighting is essential for higher efficiency and

good quality of work. Poor lighting on the other hand causes eye
strain mental fatigue, accidents and spoilage of materials.

Temperature and Ventilation :

Flow of fresh air with right temperature and humidity is necessary for
protection of health in hat and humid climate employees feel tired and
sleepy ventilation fans coolers, heaters, air conditioners help to
maintain right temperature and humidity.

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Freedom from Noise :

Too much noise inside and outside the work place causes disturbance.
It does not allow workers to concentrate on the work and their
efficiency declines.

Working space and Seating arrangements : Adequate space should be

provided for free movement of persons machines etc. overcrowding
should be avoided as it spoils health and efficiency.

OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AND DISEASES:

Chemical substances :

Carbon di oxide, sulphuric acid, limes and alkaline cause injury when
they are absorbed through skin and inhaling.

Biological Hazards :

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, insects malnutrition excessive drinking and

job stress affect employer health.

Environmental records :

These include radiation, noise, vibrations shocks etc. X-rays are

radioactive exposure may cause eye train genetic disorders and cancer.

4.Atmospheric conditions :-

Ventilation improper lighting extreme temperature etc., effect health

and efficiency of employees.

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Under the factories act 1948. hazardous process to defined as “any
process or activity in relation to are industry specified in the first
schedule. Where unless special care taken raw material used there in
or the intermediate are finished products.

Protection against health hazards :-

The types of measure can be taken to protect employee health against

occupational hazards.

1.Preventive measures

2.Curative measures

The former category includes

a) Pre-employment and periodic medical examination.

b) Removal of health hazards to the maximum possible extent.

c)Check over women and alter workers exposed to especial risks.

d)Training of first aid staff.

e) Education workers in health and hygiene etc...

The curative measures consist of treatment for the effect workers. Use
of less toxic materials, providing protecting devices, controlling dust,
fumes gases etc.. are some of the convenient and inexpensive
measures that can be taken by the employers to prevent health hazards
to employees.

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 Statutory provisions concerning health:

The factories act 1948 says down the following provisions concerning
employees health.

1. Cleanliness :-

Every factory shall be kept clean and free from effluvia arising from
any drain.

Privy are other nuisance. The flavor of every work room shall be
cleaned at least once in every week by washing.

Where a flavor is likely to become wet increase of any manufacturing

process to such an extent as is capable of being drained effective
means of drainage shall be provided.

Walls partitions ceiling doors, windows etc... shall be painted

varnished, white color washed in the prescribed manner.

Disposal of waste and Effluents:-

Effective arrangement shall be made in every factory for the treatment

of wastes and effluents due to manufacturing process carried on there
in, so as to render them for their disposal.

Ventilation and Temperature :-

a. The every factory for securing and maintaining in every work room
the circulation of fresh air and such a temperature as will secure to
workers there in reasonable conditions of comfort and prevent injury
to health.

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b) The process which provides high temperature shall be separated
from the work room by insulating the hot parts or by alter effective
means.

Artificial Humidification :-

In any factory in which the humidity of the air is artificially increased,

the water use for the purpose shall be taken from a public supply are
other source of drinking water or shall be effectively purified before it
is so used.

Over Crowding :-

There shall be in every work room of a factory at least 9.9 cubic

meters [for the factories existing before this act] and 14.2 cubic
meters [for factories built after this act] of space for every worker. In
calculating such space, no account shall be taken of any space which
is more than 4.2 metres above the level of the room’s floor.

Lighting :-

In every part of the factory where workers are working are passing
there shall be provided and maintained sufficient and suitable lighting
material are artificial or bath.

All glazed windows and sky lights used for lighting shall be kept
clean and free from obstructions.

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7. Drinking:-

In every factory effective arrangement shall be made so provided and

maintain at suitable points conveniently situated for all workers.

All such points shall be marked “drinking water” in a language

understand by a majority of workers employed in the factory.

8. Latrines and urinals :-

In every factory :- Sufficient latrine accommodation of prescribed

type shall be provided conveniently situated and accessible to workers
at the time while they are at the factory.

In every factory where in more than two hundred and fifty workers
are ordinarily employed. All latrine accommodation shall be of
prescribed sanitary types

9. Spittoons :-

In every factory there shall be provided a sufficient number of

spittoons at convenient places and they shall be maintains in a clean
and hygienic condition. No person shall spit within the premises of a
factory except in the spittoon provided for the purpose.

Types of Accidents

Accidents are of different types. They may be classified as major and

minor ones, depending upon the severity of the injury. An accident
which ends in a death, or which results in a prolonged disability to the
injured is a major one.

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 Accidents

Internal External

Major Minor

Fatal Disability

Temporary Permanent

Partial Total Total Partial

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 Need for Safety Eliminate the causes for accidents and industrial
safety is ensured.

Why safety?

An accident-free plant enjoys certain benefits.

Major ones are substantial

Savings in costs

Increased productivity 3. And moral and legal grounds.

Cost Saving :

Two types of costs are incurred by the management when an accident

occurs. There are the direct costs, in the form of compensation
payable to the dependents of the victim if the accident is fatal, and
medical expenses incurred in treating the patient if the accident is
non-fatal, the management, however, is not liable to meet the direct
costs if the victim is insured under the ESI scheme. When the victim
is uninsured, compensation and medical expenses are the
responsibility of the management. There is the cost of risk
management, which the management must bear.

More serious than the direct costs are the indirect or hidden costs
which the management cannot avoid. In fact, the indirect costs are
three to four times higher than the direct costs. Hidden costs include
loss on account of down-time of operators, slowed-up production rate
of other workers, materials spoiled and labor for cleaning, and
damages to equipment.

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When an injured worker returns (if he/she is lucky to do so), he/she
may operate at less than his/her normal efficiency for some time. Co-
workers, too, may become emotionally upset for some time and
consequently turnout fewer and inferior goods. Finally, customers
may be lost because of the nonexecution of orders on time.

A safety plant, by avoiding accidents, eliminates these direct and

indirect costs.

Increased productivity :

Safety plants are efficient plants. To a large extent, safety promotes

productivity, employees in safe plants can be devote more time to
improving the quality and quantity of their output and spend less time
worrying about their safety and well-being.

Moral :

Safety is important on humane grounds too. Managers must undertake

accident prevention measures to minimize the pain and suffering the
injured worker and his/her family are often exposed to as a result of the
accident. An employee is a worker in the factory and the bread-winner
for his/her family. The happiness of his/her family depends upon the
health and well-being of the worker. It is no secret that the dependents
of a worker look forward to his/her reaching home safe every day.
Imagine their agony when they receive the news that the fingers, legs,
eyes, hands or the life itself of their breadwinner has been in jeopardy.
True, a fatal or non-fatal injury entitles his/her dependents or him to

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monetary a compensation, as per the workmen’s compensation act,
1923. But is monetary compensation a substitute for the person?

Legal :

There are legal reasons too for undertaking safety measures. There are
laws covering occupational health and safety, and penalties for non-
compliance have become quite serve. The responsibility extends to
the safety and health of the surrounding community, too. The
Supreme Court held:

An enterprise which is engaged in a hazardous or inherently dangerous

industry which poses a potential threat to the health and safety of the
persons working in the factory and industry in the surrounding areas,
owes an absolute and non-delegable duty to the community to ensure
that no harm result to anyone on account of the hazardous or inherently
dangerous nature. This implies unlimited liability.

The civil law established the extent of damages or compensation.

Under the criminal law, sentences are prescribed under the pollution
control laws. There is no legal ceiling on the extent of liability.

Finally, financial losses which accompany accidents can be avoided if

the plant is accident free. Financial losses can be considerable as
revealed in table.

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 Safety programme

Safety programme deals with the prevention of accidents and with

minimising the resulting loss and damage to persons and property.
Five basic principles

must govern the safety programme of an organisation. The five

principles are:

1. Industrial accidents result from a multiplicity of factors. But these

have to be traced to their root causes, which are usually faults in the
management system arising from poor leadership from the top,
inadequate supervision, insufficient attention to the design of safety
into the system, an unsystematic approach to the identification,
analysis and elimination of hazards, and poor training facilities.

2. The most important function of safety programmes is to identify

potential hazards, provide effective safety facilities and equipment
and to take prompt remedial action. This is possible only if there are:

Comprehensive and effective systems for reporting all accidents

causing damage or injury;

Adequate accident records and statistics;

Systematic procedures for carrying out safety checks, inspections and

investigations;

Methods of ensuring that safety equipment is maintained and used;

and Proper means available for persuading managers, supervisors and
workers to pay more attention to safety matters.

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3. The safety policies of the organisation should be determined by the
top management and it must be continuously involved in monitoring
safety performance and in ensuring that corrective action is taken
when necessary.

4. The management and the supervision must be made fully

accountable for safety performance in the working areas they control.

5. All employees should be given thorough training in safe methods

of work and they should receive continuing education and guidance
on eliminating safety hazards and prevention of accidents.

A safety programme generally contains six elements, namely

1. Making strategic choices.

2. Development of policies, procedures and training systems.

3. Organisation for safety.

4. Analysis of the caused and occurrence of accidents.

5. Implementation of the programme.

6. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the programme.

Strategic Choices

The first step in a safety programme is for managements to make

decisions regarding safety of their workers. Many of the decisions
made are based on strategic choices available to the organisation.
Some of these strategic choices are;

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Managers must determine the level of protection the organisations
will provide for employees. Some companies, for financial or liability
reasons, prefer a minimum level of protection, while other
organisations choose a maximum level of protection, while other
organisations choose a maximum level of protection.

Managers can decide whether a safety program will be formal or

informal. Formal programmers will have return regulations and are
carefully monitored. Informal regulations are enforced through peer
pressure or good training.

3. Managers can also be proactive or reactive in developing

procedures or plans with respect to employee safety. Proactive
managers seek to improve the safety of employees prior to a need to
do so, while reactive managers fix safety problems after they occur.

4. Managers can decide to use the safety of workers as a marketing

tool for the organisation. This type of strategy would involve
publicizing what the company has done to promote safety and how
safe the plant is to work with.

The four strategic choices listed above will also apply to issues
relating to health of workers.

Safety Policy

The second step in evolving a safety programme is to have a safety

policy. A policy specifies the company’s goals and designates the
responsibilities and authority for their achievement. It may also provide
caveats and sanctions for failing to fulfil them. There are differences in

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the form and content of corporate policies. Their style, however, is
not as important as the clarity with which they identify functional
responsibilities and authority.

Specifically, a safety policy must contain a declaration of the

organisation’s intent and the means by which the intent is to be
realized. As a part of the intent, the statement should emphasize four
fundamental points4 (i) the safety of employees and the public is of
paramount importance; (ii) safety will take precedence over
expediency; (iii) every effort will be made to involve all managers,
supervisors and employees in the development and implementation of
safety procedures; and (iv) safety legislation will be complied with, in
the spirit as well as the letter of the law.

The means to realize the intent part of a policy refers to the

organisation for safety.

Organisation for safety

The third step in evolving a safety programme is to constitute an

organisation for safety. Companies constitute safety committees
which are, composed of employees from across the organisation.
Typically, safety committees serve in advisory capacities and are
responsible for such tasks as reviewing safety procedures, making
recommendations for eliminating specific safety and health hazards,
investigating accidents, fielding safety related complaints from
employees and monitoring statutory compliance.

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Most companies employ safety specialists to design and handle the
day-to day activities of the safety programme. Responsibility of
employee safety devolves upon the HR department whose task is to
co-ordinate the activities of all those concerned with safety.

The top management cannot absolve itself of the responsibility of

ensuring employee safety. In fact, the managing director of the
company is held responsible for an accident and is punished with fine,
imprisonment or both.

Risk management is becoming very common these days. A typical

modern corporation carries a portfolio of risks. They include risks
associated with industrial safety, process technology, hazard
insurance, materials management and environment degradation. The
simplest way of safeguarding oneself is insurance. But insurance to
cover all risks may not be available or will be expensive, if available.
Industrial risk management is the answer to

the problem. The job of risk management is to assess all risks for
frequency, probability and severity, and to take necessary steps to avoid
or reduce the impact of potential losses, besides monitoring the results.

The trend nowadays is to constitute a separate department for risk

management. Essar, for example, has a 22-member department which
is called the department of environment, risk and insurance
management. The team comprises experts in insurance and risk
management, chemicals, electronics, mechanical and electrical
engineering, and environmental science.

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Consortium approach is spreading to safety, too. In Mumbai, a
handful of companies have taken the initiative in setting up a mutual
aid programme. They have written a ready reckoner called the Mutual
Aid Response Group (MARG). In the event of a hazard, expertise is
pooled in by the companies to ward off or control the hazard.

Extent and Remedies for Accidents

Causes for accidents are many and various. Broadly speaking, these
causes may be classified into two groups

1. Human failure

2. Machine failure

Human failure leads to an accident when the employee ignores safety

precautions and commits an unsafe act. Majority of accidents occur
because of human failure. Machine failure refers to faulty mechanical
or physical conditions leading to accidents.

They are:

1. Lack of adequate inspection adds to the problem of industrial

accidents. We have the factories act, the boiler act, the Indian
explosives act, the Indian electricity act, the pesticides act, the water

(Prevention and control of pollution) act, the air (Prevention and

control of pollution) act, and the environment protection act. All these
contain elaborate provisions to ensure employee and public safety,
and also punishment for noncompliance. Things usually go wrong in
the implementation of the laws.

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Here comes the need for stringent inspection which is not forthcoming.
Partly, the problem lies with the inadequate strength of inspectors.

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

Unsafe Mechanical or Unsafe Acts of Persons

1 Operating or working 1 Unguarded, absence

at an unsafe speed. of required guards.
. .

2 Making safety devices 2 Defective, rough,

inoperative. sharp, slippery,
. .
decayed, cracked,
etc.

3 Using unsafe 3 Unsafely designed

equipment, or using machines, tools, etc.
. .
equipment unsafely.

4 Unsafe loading, 4 Unsafely arranged,

placing, mixing, poor housekeeping,
. .
combining, etc. congestion, blocked
exits, etc.

5 Taking an unsafe 5 Inadequately

position or posture. lighted, sources of
. .
glare, etc.

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 Working on moving or 6 Inadequately
Dangerous
equipment. ventilated, impure
. oil source, etc.

Distracting, teasing, 7 Unsafely clothed, no

8abusing, startling, etc. goggles, glares or
. masks, high heels,
etc.

Failure to use safe 8 Unsafe processes,

mechanical,
attire or personal .
Chemical, electrical,
Protective devices.

Abrol of the Delhi science forum observes that Indian plants are not
designed with enough backup safety systems. Others in the industry
point to corruption in the factories’ inspectorate, the government arm
that is supposed to check on safety at the factory level. A
manufacturer confesses that he bribed a boiler inspector with Rs 5000
after the inspector said that the boiler’s tube outlet for steam should
have been stamped “boiler quality tested”. The newly set-up plant
could not go on stream because the boiler had not been certified by
the factories inspectorate.

In the name of the nature of industry, workers are crushed to death.

Child labor in diamond cutting industry is common. Workers are often
locked from outside to prevent them from smuggling out diamonds. The
latter custom killed 127 workers as they stampeded against bolted doors
when the January quake struck polishing units in Ahmedabad.

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Because of their arduous calling, most workers, including children,
end up with failed eyesight early in life.

As companies globalize and projects especially, large ones involving

greater complexities increase, new risks emerge. Technological
advancement has brought in threats of obsolescence, which itself is a
big risk.

Accident Rates

Accidents are described in terms of frequency, severity and incidence.

Organisations generally maintain frequency, severity and incidence
records. Mathematical formulae are used to calculate accident rates.

The supervisor or the foreman is the key person in industrial accident

prevention. His/her application of the art of supervision to the control
of worker performance is a factor which exerts the greatest influence
in successful accident prevention.

The humanitarian incentive for preventing accidental injury is

supplemented by a realization of two powerful economic factors,
namely:

A safe establishment is efficient productively, and an unsafe

establishment is inefficient.

The direct employer costs of industrial injuries for compensation claims

and for medical treatment are but one-fourth of the total which the
employer must bear Safety should be driven internally, not externally.

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Do not count on common sense for safety improvement. Safety
incentive programs should focus on processes rather than outcomes.
Behavior is dictated by activators and motivated by consequences.
When people feel empowered, their safe behavior spreads to other
situation.

These axioms give us an idea of various safety measures to be

implemented by the management. However, we discuss here certain
important safety measures. The measures are applicable to all
industrial establishments, irrespective of their size and age.

Training in safety

Systematic training of industrial employees is necessary if they are to do

their jobs efficiently and safely. This is an inescapable requirement,
regardless of how carefully employees are selected or how much
aptitude and experience they may have for the jobs to which they are
assigned. Training practices in the industry will be found to vary widely
with respect to method, content, quality, quantity, and source of
instruction. The differences are influenced, strongly by the size of the
company, the types of jobs performed, and the awareness of the
management regarding the importance of training.

Example: Electrical Safety Training:

It is not enough if workers are trained on the methods of avoiding

accidents. They must be trained on the ways of minimizing damage,
should an accident occur. For example, high-voltage line repairs must
be given thorough indoctrination in correct work methods before they

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are permitted to undertake more hazardous phases of their work.
Additionally, the employees must be given instructions in first-aid
procedures, including specialized techniques for resuscitation, using
prescribed methods that can be applied while the victim is still at the
top of a high-voltage line pole. A similar problem might occur in a
chemical plant. Employees may be working with compounds that, if
accidentally released or spilled in large volumes, would cause severe
injury upon contact with the skin or body tissues.” In such situations,
a common safety device is the installation of emergency showers that
provide a deluge of water to thoroughly flush the dangerous
compound off the skin of a victim. Training for such workers requires,
therefore, not only what to do and what not to do in performing the
job properly, but also thorough instructions on the use of special
devices and procedures, in the event an emergency occurs.

Training may be given by the foreman or supervisor responsible for

the job. However, nowadays, the management is finding it worthwhile
to use specialists in training to supplement the work of the supervisor,
as in the case of job analysis and injury prevention. Training
specialists do not necessarily do the job for which the supervisor is
responsible. The function of the specialist is to set up the procedure so
that the training can be imparted by qualified persons in the plant or;
individual departments. The specialist will prepare the instructional
manuals and other details for conducting the training programme, and
supervise the activity.

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The National Organic Chemical Industries (NOCIL) has unique
training programmes on safety. The company has a risk management
team comprising medical officers, nursing and pathological staff and
safety officers-all numbering 20. The team’s agenda includes safety,
health and environment protection. NOCIL’s training programmes
consist of mandatory training programmes like mock safety drills
(every week) and evacuation drills (at least once in a year). In
addition, the company has organized a modular approach to step up
safety measure.

There is the departmental module in which all departments at the plant

are in an integrated safety programme. A regular duty system enables
every department to participate. This team is led by the particular
department head assisted by a fire marshall, an operations expert, four
engineers (mechanical, electrical, inspection and instrumentation) and a
product transport specialist to take accountability of in-transit cargo.

The second module extends itself beyond the plant. NOCIL’s sales
and marketing teams at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi and Chennai have
been geared to take charge in the event of any perilous occurrence.
About 50 sales persons have been trained to respond to any mishap.

At Burroughs Welcome India seminars, training programmes and

workshops are a regular feature. In fact, these programmes have
yielded good results to the company.

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 Physical and Mechanical Conditions:

Safety measures should be kept in mind while planning a layout and

constructing a building. Workers must be provided with safe tools and
equipment to work with. All machinery must be fended, and
mechanically and physically unsafe conditions should be eliminated.

No new machine should be installed without being sufficiently

guarded and fenced. The practice of supply of safety accessories by
the manufacturers on request at an extra cost must be discontinued.
Machines must be designed, manufactured, priced, and supplied with
necessary built-in safety measures. The safest way would be to install
machines – as in industrially advanced countries – which would
automatically stop working as soon as the worker’s hand crosses the
danger zone.

Protective equipment of good quality and proper size, goggles, gloves,

ear muffs, safety belts and shoes, helmets, and so forth, should, be
supplied to workers, who must be educated to wear them while on duty.

Aisles and passages should be free to permit easy movement of

workers and materials. Proper storage facilities should be provided for
materials and work in-progress so as to prevent collision and
stumbling, and to facilitate escape in emergencies.

There is a need for periodic inspection to ensure safety of workers and

machines. Defective tools and equipment must be discarded. Safe
electrical wiring adds to the safety of a plant.

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In this context, it is useful to recollect the provisions of the Factories
Act, 1948 relating to safety. Sections 21 to 41 of the Act deal with
safety. The safety provisions are absolute and obligatory and the
occupier of every factory is bound to follow them.

HEALTH

The well-being of the employee in an industrial establishment is

affected by accidents and by ill health-physical as well as mental. In
this section, we shall discuss the need for healthy workers and health
services to be provided by the management to ensure the continuing
good health of their employees.

We propose to examine employee health from the following angles-

physical health, mental health, noise control, stress management,
AIDS, alcoholism, and drug abuse, and violence in work place.

i. Physical Health

III health of employees results in reduced productivity, higher unsafe

acts, and increased absenteeism. A healthy worker, on the other hand,
produces results opposite to these. In other words, healthy employees
are more productive, more safety conscious, and are more regular to
work. The worker who is healthy is always cheerful, confident
looking, and is an invaluable asset to the organisation.

But the physical health of an employee can be adversely affected by

several causes as shown in the below Table.

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Health Hazards:

Health Hazards Causes

Lung cancer Coke oven emissions, asbestos,

active or passive cigarette smoke

White lung disease Asbestos

Black lung disease Coal dust

Brown lung disease Cotton dust

Leukaemia Benzene, radiation

Cancer of other Asbestos, radiation, vinyl organs chloride,

oven emissions Sterility/reproductive Radiation problems
coke

Deteriorating eye Chemical fumes, office

sight equipment Hearing impairment High noise levels

A realization of the advantages which flow from a healthy workforce

has impelled many managements to provide health services to their
employees, which vary from the simple provision of first-aid
equipment to complete medical care. Many progressive organizations
maintain well-equipped dispensaries with full-time or part-time
doctors and full-time compounders/nurses. Unlike his/her counterpart
of yesteryears, who would take every precaution to protect his horses
against diseases but felt that the health of the human worker was his
own business, the manager of today is fully aware of the advantages
of having a healthy workforce.

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The protection of the health of the workers is a legal requirement too.
Sections 11 to 20 of the Factories Act, 1948 deal with the health of
workers.

Health Services: A typical organisation renders the following health

services to its employees. It may be stated that these services, at best,
offer first-aid treatment to the victims. For any major ailment,
employees are advised to go to ESI or authorized clinics/nursing
homes.

1. Pre-hiring medical check-up for all employees.

2. Periodical physical, check-up of all employees. Regular medical

check-up of executive to detect early signs of tension, ulcers, diabetes
and the like.

3. First-aid treatment following an accident training in first-aid to all

employees.

4. Treatment of minor complaints, such as cold, cough, fever and

headaches.

5. Rehabilitation and job placement of seriously injured workers who

have been cured but suffer from some disability.

6. Control of occupational health hazards.

7. Provision of healthy sanitary facilities, such as supply of portable

water, disposal of waste and effluents; provision of healthy food;
elimination

Page | 29
of insects and rodents; provision of personal services; good
housekeeping and the like.

8. Special examination of eyes, teeth and ears, when needed.

9. Co-operation with family physicians, local hospitals, clinics, as well

as with specialists. Special care of employees working in painting,
welding and foundry sections where the risk of their health is greater.
Maternity and child welfare, including family planning. Adequate
ventilation, good lighting, tree planting and good residential quarters.

II. Mental Health

In recent years, mental health of employees, particularly that of

executives, has engaged the attention of employers. Three reasons may
be given for this development. First, mental breakdowns are common in
modern days because of pressures and tensions. Second, mental
disturbances of various types result in reduced productivity and lower
profits for the organisation. Third, mental illness takes its toll through
alcoholism, high employee turnover, and poor human relationships. A
mental health service is generally rendered in the following ways:

Psychiatric counselling, Co-operation and consultation with outside

psychiatrists and specialists.

Education of company personnel in the nature and the importance of

mental health.

Development and maintenance of an effective human relations

programme.

Page | 30
 CHAPTER - 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Introduction:

Research methodology is way to systematically solve the research

problem in this study. The research adopted various steps for
collecting the data.

Sampling Plan:

The sampling plan is having three parts (or) division are as follows.

Sampling method

Sampling unit

Sample size

Sample method:-

Simple random sampling was the sampling techniques used for

collecting the data.

Sample unit:-

The sample unit selected for the study was the employees. The
employees of tanfac (pvt) ltd., in cuddalore is being selected for this
sample unit study.

Page | 31
Sample size:-

25 employees were selected for the survey in the various department

of employees.

Method of data collection:-

Data’s are collected through survey method by using a structured

questionnaire.

Source of data Collection:-

The research has used both the primary data & Secondary data.

Primary data:-

Data are being collected from the employees directly from the work
field for the first time by the researcher is called primary data.

Secondary data:-

The secondary data is collected from various books, magazines and

company records. It is also used in this project.

Tools used:-

The main tool used for data analysis is percentage analysis.

1. Percentage analysis:-

The percentage method was extensively used for finding various

details as mentioned in the chapter analysis and interpretation.

Page | 32
 CHAPTER – 5

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Primary Objectives

1.To know the satisfactory level of employees and employer health &
Safety.

2.To study the employees awareness about the health and safety
provisions.

Secondary Objectives

1.To study the effectiveness of the health and safety measures

provides by the company

2.To study the employee’s expectation towards various health and

safety measures.

3.To find the satisfactory level of employees with regard to welfare

provisions that binds the health and safety.

4.To know the medical availability in the company.

5. To know the ambulance and other emergency facilities available in

the company.

Page | 33
 CHAPTER – 6

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

i. Hesitation on the part of the employee and employer to come out

with their opinion regarding the present position.

ii. Some of the employees and employer contacted were reluctant to

another some questions

iii. Tea employees and management staff are not willing to answer
properly.

iv. Sampling is done randomly.

v. The data has been collected using questionnaire which has the
known problem of respondent not sizing factual information on many
occasions.

Page | 34
 CHAPTER - 7

DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

AGE WISE CLASSIFICATION

S.NO AGE NO. OF

PERCENT
. GROUP RESPONDENS

Between
1 31-40 15 60

years

Between

2 41-50 5 20

years

Above
3 3 12
50 years

4 Between 2 8
20-30

years

TOTAL 25 100

Page | 35
INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is observed that 60% of the respondents

belong to 31- 40 age group and 20% of the respondents belong to 40-
50 age group and 12% of the respondents belong to bath above

50 years.

AGE WISE CLASSIFICATION

GENDER WISE CLASSIFICATION

S.N NO. OF
GENDER PERCENT
O. RESPONDENTS

1 Male 25 100

2 Female - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the

100% of

Respondents are male.

Page | 36
GENDER WISE CLASSIFICATION

100 %

MARITAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION

S.N MARITAL NO. OF PERCENTAGE

O. STATUS RESPONDENTS

1 Married 23 92

2 Unmarried 2 8

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the 92% of respondents says in
married and 8% of respondents says in un-married.

Page | 37
MARITAL STATUS

CLASSIFICATION

MAR

100 %

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

S. EDUCATIONAL NO. OF PERCEN

N T
QUALIFICATIO RESPONDENT
O. N S

1 Diploma / 14 56
Graduate

2 Below S.S.L.C 4 16

3 P.G 4 16

4 HSC 3 12

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that 56% of respondents were

having diploma / graduation, 16% of respondents were below S.S.L.C
and P.G respectively remaining 12% of respondents were H.S.C.

Page | 38
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

S.N YEARS OF NO. OF

PERCENT
O. EXPERIENCE RESPONDENTS

Above 15
1 11 44
years

2 11-15 years 8 32

3 5-10 years 3 12

4 Below 5 years 3 12

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table shows that 44% of respondents are having above
15 years experience and 32% of respondents are having 11-15 years’
experience and 12% of respondents are having between 5-10 years’
experience and 12% of respondents having above below 5 years’
experience.

Page | 39
YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

SAFETY

HEALTH & SAFETY POLICY

S.N HEALTH NO. OF PERCENT

O. & RESPONDENTS

SAFETY

POLICY

IS

AVAILABLE

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that 100% respondents says that
have health & safety policy in our company.

Page | 40
HEALTH & SAFETY POLICY

Table

WORK PERMIT SYSTEM

S.N WORK NO. OF PERCENT

O. PERMIT RESPONDENTS

SYSTEM

IS PROVIDED

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table is shows they are 100% respondents were
exposed work permit system in our company.

Page | 41
Table

FACTORY SAFETY COMMITTEE

S.N FACTORY NO. OF PERCENT

O. SAFETY RESPONDENTS

COMMITTEE

AVAILABLE

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the table it shows that all the respondent says the safety
committee more arranged in our company properly.

Page | 42
SAFETY COMMITTEE MEETING

SA

100 %

90 %

Table

ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

ON-SITE

EMERGENC
S. Y PLAN ARE NO. OF
N PERCEN
PREPARE RESPONDENT T
O. S
IN OUR

COMPAN Y

1 Yes 24 96

2 No 1 4

TOTAL 25 100

Page | 43
INTERPRETATION:

If is found that 96% of respondents expressed that the on site

emergency plan is durable. A remaining 4% respondents are
expressed that on site emergency plan is not available.

Table

FIRE – EXTINGUISHERS & FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM

PROVIDED

FIRE –

EXTINGUISH
S. ERS & NO. OF
N PERCE
HYDRANT RESPONDE NT
O. NTS
SYSTEM

PROVIDED

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the table it is observed that 100% of respondents are having

adequate fire extinguishers in our company.

Page | 44
FIRE-EXTINGUISHERS &

FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM PROVIDED

FIRE – EXTINGUISHERS

Table

SAFETY TRAINING PROGRAMME

SAFETY

TRAINING
NO. OF
S.N PERCENT
PROGRAM
RESPONDE AGE
O. ME
NTS
CONDUCT
ED

1 Yes 20 80

2 No 5 20

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that 80% of respondents were

facilitated with safety training program at work place and 20%
respondents were not provided with safety training program.

Page | 45
PRESSURE VESSELS CRANES & CHAIN BLOCKS PRESSURE

Table

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL

PROTECTIV

S. E NO. OF
N PERCEN
EQUIPMENT RESPONDENT T
O. IS S

BEING

USED

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above the table obtained about result that 100% of
respondents are says that are using protective equipment to all
employees.

Page | 46
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

SAFETY SHOE & SAFETY HELMET

SAFETY

SHOE &

SAFETY
NO. OF
S.N PERCENTA
HELMET
RESPONDE GE
O.
IS NTS
BEING

PROVID
ED

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the 100% of respondents says
that safety shoe & safety helmet is being provided.

Page | 47
SAFETY SHOE & SAFETY HELMET

NEAR MISS REPORTING SYSTEM

NEAR MISS

REPORTING NO. OF
S.NO. PERCENT
SYSTEM IS RESPONDENTS

AVAILABLE

1 Yes 20 80

2 No 5 20

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the 80% of respondents says
that has near miss reporting system in our company.

Page | 48
NEAR MISS REPORTING SYSTEM

RECOMMENDATION GIVEN BY THE

SAFETY COMMITTEE IS IMPLEMENTED

RECOMMENDATI
S. ON GIVEN BY NO. OF
N THE SAFETY PERCE
RESPONDEN NT
O. COMMITTEE IS TS

IMPLEMENTED

1 Always 15 60

2 Some times 4 16

2 Never 6 24

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that 60% of respondent are always
and 24% of respondents are never and 16% of respondents are
sometimes.

Page | 49
RECOMMENDATION GIVEN BY THE SAFETY COMMITTEE IS
IMPLEMENTED

NATURAL VENTILATION

NATURAL

VENTILAT NO. OF
S.N PERCENT
ION IN RESPONDE
O. AGE
WORK NTS

SPOT

1 Yes 18 75

2 No 7 25

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

Above the table shows that the 72% of respondents says that are
having adequate ventilation facility and 25% of respondents are says
have not ventilation facility in the work spot.

Page | 50
NATURAL VENTILATION

WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

WASTE

DISPOSAL

S.N SYSTEM NO. OF

PERCENT
O. IS RESPONDENTS

AVAILAB
LE

1 Yes 22 88

2 No 3 12

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the 88% of respondents says
that are satisfied in the waste disposal system and 12% respondents
says are not do the waste disposal system.

Page | 51
AMBULANCE VAN IS AVAILABLE

AMBULAN

CE VAN IS
S. NO. OF
N AVAILABL PERCENTAG
RESPONDENT E
E IN
O. S
EACH
SHIFT

1 Yes 23 92

2 No 2 8

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is classified that 92% of respondents also says
that are opinion were having ambulance van facility and 8% of
respondents says that are not have ambulance facility.

Page | 52
MEDICAL ATTENDENTS / DOCTOR AVAILABLE

MEDICAL

ATTENDE

NTS /
NO. OF
S.N PERCENT
DOCTOR
RESPONDE AGE
O.
AVAILABL NTS
E IN YOUR
FACTORY

1 Yes 25 100

2 No - -

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

From the above table it is inferred that the 100% of employees says
that are have in sufficient medical attendants / doctor available in our
factory.

Page | 53
OPINION / SUGGESTION REGARDING

HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURE OF COMPANY

OPINION /

SUGGESTION
NO. OF
S.N FOR HEALTH PERCEN
RESPOND TAGE
O. AND SAFETY ENTS
MEASURE OF
COMPANY

1 Yes 23 92

2 No 2 8

TOTAL 25 100

INTERPRETATION:

Most of the respondents says health & safety facility is enough but
some of the respondents says are not have the sufficient health &
safety measure in the company.

Page | 54
 CHAPTER - 8

FINDINGS

60% of respondents were belong of the age group 31-40 years.

Fully 100% respondents were male.

Mostly 92% of respondents were married.

About 56% diploma / graduate.

Majority 44% of respondents were having above 15 year’s experience.

Almost 88% of the respondents to give the opinion for yes about
safety budget & safety department.

Almost 88% of respondents says that safety budget & safety

department is having in our company

Page | 55
Fully 100% of respondents were satisfied with health & safety policy.

Mostly respondent were satisfied give with work permit system in our
company.

Mostly respondent were satisfied with work permit system in the

organisation.

Mostly 100% of respondents are fully satisfied for factory safety

committee.

All respondents says that the company arranged in factory safety

committee.

The 100% of respondents were satisfied with the monthly once safety
committee meeting conducted by the company.

It is that new employees not inducted about o & EP.

The 96% of respondents were satisfied with the firefighting facilities for
fire extinguishers & fire hydrant system are available in the factory.

The 80% of respondents to have attend safety training programme in

last one year.

Fully 100% of respondents says that periodic inspection for company

like pressure vessels cranes & chain blocks.

Fully 100% of respondents are using personal Protective equipment

during the working hours.

Page | 56
Fully 100% of respondent says that company provide with adequate
personal protective equipment like safety shoe & safety helmet.

The 80% of respondents says that plan is having near miss reporting
system in working area.

The 60% of respondents says were recommendation given by the

safety committee is implemented in a company.

About the 72% of respondents were satisfied with natural ventilation

in a work spot.

About 88% of respondents were satisfied with waste disposal system.

Mostly 92% of respondents are says that ambulance van id available

in each shift.

Fully 100% of respondents were satisfied with medical attendants 1

doctor available in a factory.

The study understand the overall health and safety measure of company
about 92% of respondents opinion suggestion were says really good.

Page | 57
 CHAPTER - 9

SUGGESTION AND

RECOMMENDATION

Safety training programme to be participated by all employees. [

Note :- Without Absent ]

Personal protective equipment to be fallowed strictly by all workers

at working place.

To give the recommendation in proper way about safety oriented.

Fresh air facilities to be improved in the company.

[Note :- Concentrate on ventilation facilities] Wastage disposal

system to be improved.

Health and safety measures to be improved for effectively.

Page | 58
 CHAPTER – 10

CONCLUSION

The study on Employee health and safety measures of tanfac (pvt)

Ltd., cuddalore, reveals that there is a satisfactory level regarding
health and safety measure.

Through this study. I got some findings and also I have to give some
suggestion based on the findings. I hope that my suggestion will help
to improve the health & safety measures in future.

Page | 59
 APPENDIX

A STUDY ON HEALTH AND SAFETY

MEASURES OF

TANFAC (PVT) LTD

CUDDALORE

Name :

Age :

Between 20-30 years Between 31-40 years

Between 41-50 years Above 50 years

Educational Qualification

Below S.S.L.C. HSC

Diploma / Graduate P.G.

Years of Experience

Below 5 years 5-10 years

11-15 years above 15 years

Does your department is having safety budget and safety department?

Page | 60
 Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Does the factory has safety committee?

Yes No

Weekly once Two weeks once

Monthly once Yearly once 12.

Does your plant is having On-site

Emergency Plan?

Yes No

The Fire Fighting facilities like Fire Extinguishers & Fire Hydrant
system are available?

Yes No

Do you have attended any safety training programme in last one year?

Yes No

Page | 61
Does your plant is doing periodic inspection for pressure vessels
cranes & chain blocks?

Yes No

Are you using all Personal Protective Equipment during the working
hours?

Yes No

Do you have provided with adequate Personal Protective Equipment

like Safety Shoe & Safety Helmet?

Yes No

Are your Plant is having Near miss reporting system?

Yes No

Do you think the recommendation given by the safety committee is

implemented?

Always Sometimes Never

Whether natural ventilation in your work spot is adequate?

Yes No

Are you satisfied with waste disposal system?

Yes No

Is Ambulance van is available in each shift?

Page | 62
 Yes No

Are the Medical attendants / Doctor available in your factory?

Yes No

Mention you opinion / suggestion regarding health and safety measure

of company?

Yes No

Page | 63
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

“Human Resource Management” C.B.

Gupta [1996]

Sultan Chand & Sons Publications.

New Delhi – 110002

“Marketing Research, New Delhi.”

D.D.Sharma [1999]

Sultan Chand & Sons Publications

New Delhi – 110002

“Human Resource and Personnel

Management”

Tata McGraw – Hll Publishing.

New Delhi – 110002

“Published by the health and safety executive”

Page | 64