Mansi Manek

SY BSC ECONOMICS
ROLL NO : 10

POPULATION POLICES FOR

POPULATION EXPANSION

A population policy is a set of measures taken by a State to

modify the way its population is changing, either by promoting
large families or immigration to increase its size, or by
encouraging limitation of births to decrease it. A population
policy may also aim to modify the distribution of the
population over the country by encouraging migration or by
displacing populations.
All of the measures explicitly or implicitly taken by the
authorities aimed at in uencing population size, growth,
distribution, or composition.

WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR POPULATION

POLICY?

Population dynamics can pose both challenges and

opportunities to development efforts. While one country may
be struggling to ensure universal access to services in a context
of rapid population growth, another may see the realization

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of demographic dividend derived from the decline of fertility

and mortality. Whether demographic changes can be
harnessed for the success and sustainability of development
strategies at the international, regional and national levels, is
determined by the implementation of effective population
policies that are rights-based, evidence-informed and gender-
responsive.

As the world’s population size continues to expand and

countries strive to deal with the challenges of development,
the formation of population policies and laws that focus on
fertility will become more important. The focus on population
numbers at the expense of human rights is counter-effective
and even harmful to the goals of social and economic
development. In contrast, laws and policies that promote
women’s rights—their human rights, their right to holistic
reproductive health care, the improvement of their social,
political, and economic status, and their unique rights and
needs during adolescence—will lead to success in the larger
goals of national development. Since these laws and policies
affect the most basic functions and needs of human life, it is
crucial that they are created and implemented in a manner
that protects the rights of all people. As has been the case
previously and as is the case currently, women are particularly
vulnerable to violations of their reproductive rights when
governments attempt to affect their population growth rates
rapidly. Therefore, the four guiding pillars we elucidate in this
paper—human rights, a holistic approach to reproductive

health, women’s advancement, and adolescent issues—should

always be considered when population policies are enacted.

ADVERSE EFFECT OF POPULATION

DECLINE ON ECONOMY

Population decline has many potential effects on individual

and national economy. The single best gauge of economic
success is growth in GDP per capita, not GDP. GDP per
capita is an approximate indicator of average living standards,
for individual prosperity.[Therefore, whether population
decline has a positive or negative economic impact on a
country's citizens depends on the rate of growth of GDP per
capita, or alternatively, GDP growth relative to the rate of
decline in the population.

The simplest expression for the size of a country's economy is

GDP = total population × GDP/person[4]
GDP/person is also known as GDP per capita or per capita GDP.
This term is a simple de nition of economic productivity as well
as individual standard of living.
The real change in total GDP is de ned as the change in
population plus the real change in GDP/capita.[4] The table
below shows that historically, for every major region of the world,
both of these have been positive. This explains the enormous
economic growth around the world brought on by the industrial

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 revolution. However, the two columns on the right also show that,
for every region, population growth in the future will decline and,
in some regions, go negative. The table also shows that two major
economies, Japan and Germany, may face the same conditions.

CASE STUDY : SOUTH KOREA

South Korea plans to provide every family with a newborn
child a monthly allowance of 1 million won ($740), in its latest
move to encourage more births and try to address the world’s
lowest fertility rate.
The handout will begin next year at a level of 700,000 won a
month and then rise to the full amount in 2024, according to a
budget proposal unveiled In august last week 2022 . Once the
child turns one, the stipend will be reduced by half and run
for a further year.
Dubbed locally as “parent pay,” the 1 million-won allowance
was among a series of election campaign pledges by President
Yoon Suk Yeol to address Korea’s low birth rate. Yoon, who
took of ce in May, has described the demographic outlook as
a national “calamity.”
Back to the Future
By century's end, South Korea may have as many people as it
did after war
• Total Population

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The expanded support for parents comes even as the nation

shifts to a more stringent scal policy in order to rein in
pandemic-era debt. The spending initiative on new-borns
underscores the urgency of tackling one of the nation’s
greatest long-term risks.

Under the previous administration of Moon Jae-in, who ran a

more expansionary scal policy, each new-born child was
provided with 300,000 won a month over their rst year. That
program will now be subsumed by Yoon’s.

Korea shattered its own fertility record in 2021 when the

expected number of babies per woman slipped to 0.81 from
0.84 a year earlier. That shone a light on an already dire
outlook with the United Nations predicting the population of
51 million will more than halve by the end of this century.
A shrinking workforce presents an array of challenges for
policy makers that includes everything from stagnant

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 economic growth to soaring welfare payments. Korea’s

demographic problem may be a harbinger for the rest of the
developed world that is also aging rapidly.
Among economies with per capita GDP of at least $30,000,
Korea is the fastest-aging, according to UN and World Bank
data. By 2100, its population is projected to fall by 53% to 24
million.
In the decades following the 1950-53 Korean War, the
population at least doubled, and in an effort to curb the baby
boom in the early years of economic development the
government encouraged couples to have only one child. That
policy was scrapped around the turn of the century as births
started to tumble.

Korea is estimated to have already spent hundreds of billions

of dollars on trying to reverse the decline. The results so far
have been underwhelming, with only 260,600 babies born last
year, or 0.5% of the population.

OTHER CASE STUDY

Singapore
Singapore spends over $1.3 billion on policies to encourage
having more children; it also provides tax breaks and extended
maternity leave. A video commercial for a breath mint, which
tried to do its bit to further the cause, went viral on YouTube
in 2012. "I'm a patriotic husband, you're my patriotic wife,

 let's do our civic duty and manufacture life!" went one of the
lines in the video.

Turkey
In 2016, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan urged women to
have at least three children. In his controversial remarks, he
said, "A woman who abstains from motherhood saying 'I am
working' means she is in fact rejecting motherhood." In 2015,
he announced a slew of incentives for couples, including gold
coins for rst-time mothers and the exibility for mothers to
work part-time which the government paid for.

Japan
Japan saw its fertility rate rise marginally to 1.46 in 2015, the
highest in over two decades. (The rate should be 2.1 for the
population to remain stable.) While two years of economic
growth may have contributed to it, many attribute the rise also
to perks by the local administration. While residents of one of
Tokyo's wards receive a one-time payment of $1,700 per
birth, another gives $940 for the rst kid and 10 times as
much for the fourth baby.

France
France has one of the highest fertility rates in Europe — 2.01
— and it managed to get there by showing that it does not
hurt to have bigger families. It spent 2.6% of its GDP on

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 aiding families in 2014. Maternity leave, which is 16 weeks for

the rst kid, increases to 26 weeks for the third child. The
government also offers childcare support and other incentives.

Parsis
A fast-dwindling community, Parsis reportedly saw their
population fall 18% to around 57,300 in the decade to 2011.
To arrest the decline, the Indian government in 2013
launched the 'Jiyo Parsi' scheme to promote early marriage in
the community and nancially help childless Parsi couples in
fertility treatments.

A couple with an annual income of Rs.10 lakh or less will

have the entire cost of the treament covered by the
government. The Bombay Parsi Punchayet in 2013 said it
would give Parsi couples `3,000 per month for 18 years for
their second child and `5,000 for their third.

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 CONCLUSION

India’s experimentations with fertility control programs go all

the way back to the period preceding its Independence. In
fact, it was one of the rst countries to introduce an of cial
programme of birth control intended to reduce the rate of
population growth, but to this day the relative population size
and fertility rates remain a contentious issue in electoral
politics.

Improving health outcomes in the world’s poorest countries is

a key priority for the Major Countries. Worldwide an
estimated 300,000 women and three million newborn babies
die every year as a result of pregnancy and childbirth
complications. In addition to the 800 women who die each
day, 20-30 more suffer long-term debilitating pregnancy-
related injuries, such as obstetric stula. Ninety-nine percent
of these deaths occur in developing countries, particularly in
crisis settings; however, the vast majority are preventable.
Often when a mother dies, her family and community also
suffer, and surviving children face higher risks of poverty,
neglect, or even death. To address these issues, Many seeks to
expand efforts to make pregnancy and childbirth safer by
strengthening health systems to provide women with
integrated health services, including increased access to
maternal health care and voluntary family planning.

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I would therefore conclude saying that countries need proper
population policy in order to have a proper population policies
to have a stable growth .

REFERENCE

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/
population-policy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population_planning

homlinson, R. 1975. Demographic Problems: Controversy

over Population Control. 2nd ed. Encino, CA: Dickenson.

Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (1998). Hitler's Priestess: Savitri

Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism. NY: New
York University Press,

https://www.ined.fr/en/glossary/population-policy/

https://timeso ndia.indiatimes.com/india/times-face-off-do-
we-need-population-control-measures/articleshow/
84664667.cms

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4. Birdsall N. and C. Grif n. 1993. Population Growth,

Externalities and Poverty. Policy Research Working Paper No
1158. Washington, D.C., World Bank.

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