VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

LAB REPORT
CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

Subject: Laboratory of Unit Operations

Class: CC02
Lecturer: Dr. Nguyễn Thị Lê Liên & Dr. Phạm Huy Hoàng Phước Lợi

Group members Student’s ID Scores

Trương Ngọc Kim Ngân 1952351

Ho Chi Minh city, 2/5/2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. OBJECTIVES 2
2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT 2
2.1. Contents 2
2.2. Requirements 2
2.3. Raw result 3
3. THEORY 3
3.1. Heat balance equation 4
3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient 6
3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold stream in
the pipe (αN or αtr) 6
3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam 8
4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT 9
4.1. Equipment 9
4.2. Method 9
5. EXPERIMENT RESULT 11
5.1. Calculation from raw result 11
5.2. Determine the physical properties 12
5.3. Heat calulation, determine the heat loss 13
5.4. Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation 13
6. CHART 15
6.1. Graph show the correlation of NuN = f (Re) 15
6.2. Graph show the correlation of Ktt = f (Re). 15
6.3. Graph show the correlation of (αN)TT, (αN)TN and Re. 16
6.4. Graph show the correlation of (αC)TT, (αC)TN and Re. 16
6.5. Graph show the correlation of KTT, KTN and Re. 17
7. DISCUSSION 17
8. APPENDIX 21
9. REFERENCES 23
1. OBJECTIVES
1) Help students reinforce their theoretical knowledge about convection.
2) Help students get used to the structure, operation principle of the equipment and
experimental method of convection.
3) Study the thermal transmittance coefficient of the fluid stream without phase
changing and the fluid stream with phase changing through condensation laminar
flow regime in two cases: natural convectional forced convection.
4) Compare the theoretical thermal transmittance and heat transfer coefficient with
the practical thermal transmittance and the heat transfer coefficient.
5) Establish the heat balance in the convection process.

2. CONTENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

2.1. Contents

In this experiment, some quantities need to be measured:

1) In and out temperature of the cold stream (water inside the pipe)
2) Temperature of the pipe outer wall (the wall where stream is condensed) at the
position where the cold stream flows in and out.
3) Temperature, volume of condensed water flowing out and time to measure that
volume.
4) Volume of water flowing in the vertical pipe and time to measure the volume.
5) Saturated vapor pressure condensed in the experimental chamber.

2.2. Requirements

1) Students must have a thorough understanding of the theory and understand the
structure operation principle of the equipment as well as the experimental
method before operating.
2) The experiment must be performed by at least 4 people to operate the equipment
and measure the required quantities.

2
 3) If there is a reason the experiment cannot be performed completely, at least the
experiment must be carried out with the position of the overflow plate at
1 1
0; ; 1; 1 .
2 2

4) The experiment must be performed in a stable heat transferring condition.

2.3. Raw result

Table 1: Experiment result

No Parameters Overflow plate position (in)

1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
o
1 t1 ( C) 30 30 30 29 29 30 31
o
2 t2 ( C) 95 84 94 98 98 95 96
o
3 t3 ( C) 64 53 50 54 52 47 51
o
4 t4 ( C) 88 74 84 84 81 88 84
o
5 Temperature T3 ( F) 210 210 210 210 210 210 210
o
6 Temperature T2 ( F) 110 110 110 110 110 110 110
7 Pressure P3 (PSI) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8 Pressure P2 (PSI) 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
9 Amount of condensed 23 21 25 26 25 24 26
water (ml)
10 Time to measure the 50.8 51.6 41.0 41.2 30.6 39.4 38.7
condensed water
amount (s)
11 Condensed water 83.7 83.7 81.3 71.8 75.1 69.9 64.2
temperature t’C ( C)
o

12 Amount of water 500 500 500 630 590 750 600

flowing inside the tube
(ml)
13 Time to measure the 50.8 51.6 41.0 41.2 30.6 39.4 38.7
amount of water
flowing inside the tube
(s)

3. THEORY
The heat transfer between the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the vertical
pipe and the cold-water stream inside the pipe is a heat transfer which is specified by
two processes: convection in the case of phase changing (saturated vapor condensed on
the wall of the vertical pipe) and convection in the fluid stream without phase changing
(the cold-water stream inside the pipe). The heat resistance of the pipe wall can be
neglected.

3
The condensation of the stream in the experimental equipment is considered as the
condensation with laminar flow.

The cold-water stream inside the vertical pipe (shortened as cold stream) is operated
with two regimes: natural moving and forced moving.

The convection diagram is shown on picture 1

δv, δC: the thickness of the pipe wall and the thickness of
the condensed water,m.

dtr, dng: the pipe inner and outer diameter,m.

Ftr, Fng: the inner and outer surface area of the vertical pipe
with height H.

ts: saturated vapor temperature, oC.

tN: average temperature of water inside the pipe, oC.

tVtr, tVng: average temperature of the inner and outer pipe

wall, oC.

αC = αng: thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed

stream (outside fluid), W/m2K.
Picture 1: Convection
αN= αtr: thermal transmittance coefficient of the cold water mechanism diagram
(inside fluid), W/m2K.

q: heat flux transferring through the wall, W/m2K.

3.1. Heat balance equation

The heat the cold stream receives:

Q1= GNCPN(t3 - t1), W (1)

The heat released when the stream condensed:

Q2= GC [r + CPC(tS – 𝑡C)], W (2)

4
In the case of stable heat transferring and without heat loss, we have the heat balance
equation:

Q=Q1=Q2= GNCPN(t3 - t1)= GC [r + CPC(tS – 𝑡C)], W (3)

Where:

GN, GC: Mass flow rate of the water stream inside the pipe and the condensed water
stream, kg/s.

t1, t3: beginning and final temperature of the water stream inside the pipe, oC.

tS: temperature of saturated vapor condensed in the experimental pressure, oC.

𝑡C: average temperature of the condensed water, oC.

𝑡𝑆−𝑡′𝐶 o
𝑡C= , C. (4)
2

t’C: temperature of the condensed water flowing out (in reality, t’C is the sub cool
temperature of the condensed water).

CPN: Heat capacity of the water flowing inside the pipe, determine the average
temperature of water, J/kg.K.
𝑡1+𝑡3 o
𝑡N= , C. (5)
2

CPC: Heat capacity of the water condensed at temperature 𝑡C, J/kg.K.

r: condensation latent heat of the saturated vapor at the temperature tS, J/kg.

The heat balance can also be demonstrated with the convection equation in the stable
condition without heat loss:

Q’=Q’1+Q’2

Where:

Q’1 = qtrFtr = αtr(tVtr - 𝑡𝑁 )Ftr, W

𝑄’1
→ αtr = , W/m2K
(𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 − 𝑡𝑁 )𝐹𝑡𝑟

(6)
5
Q’2 = qngFng = αng(ts - 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 )Fng, W

𝑄′2
→ αng = , W/m2K (7)
(𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 )𝐹𝑛𝑔

Theoretically:

Q’1 = Q’2 = Q1 = Q2 = Q

From two formulas (6) and (7), it is possible to determine the practical thermal
transmittance coefficient of the cold stream inside the pipe (αtr) and the thermal
transmittance coefficient of the saturated vapor condensed on the outer wall of the pipe
(αng).

In case the thermal resistance of the wall is negligible (copper pipe has high thermal
conductivity: λV = 1272 W/mK and the wall is thin), we have:
𝑡2 +𝑡4
𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 ≈ 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = , oC (8)
2

𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 , 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 : Average temperature at the inner and outer wall of the pipe, oC.

t2, t4: outer wall temperature at the inlet (lower) and outlet (upper) of the pipe, oC.

3.2. Overall heat transfer coefficient

𝑄
𝐾= , W/m2K (9)
𝐹𝑡𝑟 ∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔

Q: heat calculated as in formula (1).

(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡3 )−(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡1 )
∆𝑡𝑙𝑜𝑔 = (𝑡𝑆 −𝑡3 ) ,K (10)
𝑙𝑛𝑙𝑛
(𝑡𝑆 −𝑡1 )

3.3. Convection coefficient (thermal transmittance coefficient) of cold

stream in the pipe (αN or αtr)

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) is determined basing on the kind of heat
transferring (natural convection or forced convection) and the flow regime of the fluid:
laminar flow, turbulent flow or transition. The fluid being natural or forced convection
𝐺𝑟
can be distinguished basing on the ratio 2.5.
𝑅𝑒

Forced convection Mixture of 2 Natural convection

convectional stream

6
Here:
𝑤𝑑𝑡𝑟 4𝐺𝑁
𝑅𝑒 = = (11)
𝜈 𝜋𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝜌𝜈

With:

w: stream velocity, m/s.

ν: fluid viscosity, m2/s.

ρ: fluid density, kg/m3.

a. Natural convection

Thermal transmittance coefficient αN (or αtr) in the natural convection case is

determined from Nusselt number (Nu):

𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝐻 1 0.75

𝑁𝑢 = {1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [−16 ( ) ]} (12)
32 𝐻 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟

Where:
𝛼𝑁 𝑑𝑡𝑟 𝛼𝑡𝑟 𝑑𝑡𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = = (12a)
𝜆 𝜆

3 ∆𝑡
𝛽𝑔𝑑𝑡𝑟
𝐺𝑟 = (12b)
𝛾2

∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 − 𝑡𝑁
𝜈
𝑃𝑟 = (in the table)
𝑎

𝑡1 +𝑡3 o
Physical properties of water are determined at the average temperature: 𝑡𝑁 = , C.
2

b. Forced convection
𝑑𝑡𝑟
● In the laminar flow regime (Re < 2,300) with 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 > 10
𝐻

𝑑𝑡𝑟 1/3 𝜇 0.14

𝑁𝑢 = 1.86 (𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟 ) ( ) (13)
𝐻 𝜇𝑉𝑡𝑟

𝑡1 +𝑡3 o
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature𝑡𝑁 = , C. Only μVtr
2
is determined at the average temperature of the inner wall tVtr.
𝐻
● In the transition (2,300 < Re < 10,000) with 0.7 < Pr < 120 and > 50
𝑑

𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟1/3 (14)

7
If the effect of the lifting force with the flow is neglected, we can apply Mikhaev’s
formula to calculate Nu*:
𝑁𝑢∗
𝑀= 𝑃𝑟
0.14 = 𝑓(𝑅𝑒) (15)
𝑃𝑟 0.43 ( )
𝑃𝑟𝑉𝑡𝑟

The practical experimental value of M is in followed table 2.

Table 2

Re.10- 2.2 2.3 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3

M 2.2 3.6 4.9 7.5 10 12.2 16.5 20 24 27 30 33

3.4. Thermal transmittance coefficient of condensed steam

The thermal transmittance coefficient in the case of condensing pure saturated steam is
determined basing on the flow regime of the condensed liquid stream.

With all the cases of laminar flow of condensed compounds, the thermal transmittance
coefficient when pure steam is condensed on the pipe surface is determined with Nusselt
theoretical formula (establishing by calculus):
2 3 0.25
𝑔𝑟𝑠 𝜌𝐶 𝜆𝐶
𝛼𝐶 = 0.943 ( ) (16)
𝜇𝐶 𝐻∆𝑡 𝑚

Here:
𝑡2 +𝑡4
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑆 . 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = (𝑡𝑆 − ), K
2

𝑡𝑆 +𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔
Physical properties are determined at the average temperature: 𝑡𝑚 = , oC. Only
2
rS is determined at the temperature tS for saturated steam.

Formula (16) can be converted into similar standard equation:

0.25
3
𝛼𝐶 𝐻 𝑔𝐻 𝜈𝐶 𝑟𝑆
𝑁𝑢𝐶 = = 0.943 [ 2 . . ]
𝜆𝐶 𝜈𝐶 𝜆𝐶 𝐶 (𝑡 − 𝑡 )
𝜌𝐶 𝐶𝑃𝐶 𝑃𝐶 𝑆 𝑉𝑛𝑔
𝑚

= 0.943(𝐺𝑎𝐶 . 𝑃𝑟𝐶 . 𝐾)0.25 0.25

𝑚 = 0.943(𝐾0 )𝑚 (17)

Here:

8
 𝑟𝑆
𝐾= is the similar standard number of Kutatelagze.
𝐶𝑃𝐶 (𝑡𝑆 −𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 )

In the case when condensed water laminar flow does not depend on the velocity (does
not depend on Re), the thermal transmittance coefficient of the condensed steam laminar
flow can be determined from Nu number by the following practical formula:
0.25 0.25
𝜇𝑆 𝜇𝑆
𝑁𝑢𝐶∗ = 0.42(𝐺𝑎. 𝑃𝑟. 𝐾)0.28
𝑆 ( ) = 0.42(𝐾0 )0.28
𝑆 ( ) (18)
𝜇𝑉𝑛𝑔 𝜇𝑉𝑛𝑔

Different from formula (16), in this formula, physical properties are determined at
temperature tS. Only PrVng is determined at the average temperature of the outer wall
𝑡2 +𝑡4 o
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = , C.
2

4. EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

4.1. Equipment

In the equipment, the heat transfer process happens on the vertical copper pipe with the
measurements as followed:

Height: H = 60.96 cm = 0.61 m

Outer diameter: dng = 15.8 mm = 0.0158 m

Inner diameter: dtr = 13.8 mm = 0.0138 m

Pipe wall thickness: δ = 1 mm = 0.001 m

Thermal conductivity of the copper pipe: λV = 1272 W/mK

4.2. Method

1. Preparation
● Experiment apparatus and condition

1) Graduated cylinder

2) Water flow meter

3) Thermometer.

4) Timer.

● Preparation for cold water inlet

9
1) Close valves V1, V4, S1 and open valves V2, V5.

2) Adjust runoff plate as experiment required.

3) Open valve V1 and adjust water level stably in runoff pot.

● Preparation for water vapor

a. Close valves: S1, S3, S5, V3, V6 and V8.

b. Open valve S4 emit in excess of condensed water.

c. Open valve V7.

d. Put water in tank at ¾ of the tank’s height open the tank’s top. Open valve V8 to
supply water for boiler and close valve V8 when water level in boiler reaches 2/3 the
height of graduated tube.

e. Close valve V7.

f. Supply electricity for R1 until pressure in boiler is about 13 PSI.

g. Supply electricity for R2 to heat water vapor (if R2 exists).

2. Method
1) Adjust cold water flow as experiment required.

2) When boiler’s pressure reaches 15 PSI, open totally valve V7 and slowly open
valve V6 and adjust for vapor tank with residual pressure at about 1.2 PSI. Valve V6
must open to have enough condensed vapor on surface of conductive tube and pressure
in experimental space equals to atmosphere pressure.

3) When conduction is stable, calculate following quantities at the same time:

● Condensed water amount in a specific and its temperature.

● Water flow in tube in a specific time.

● Temperature t1, t2, t3, t4(timer).

● Vapor tank pressure (manometer P1).

● Vapor temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T2).

● Water temperature in vapor tank (thermometer T1).

● Vapor pressure calculated by manometer P2.

● Vapor temperature in condense vessel by thermometer T3.

10
 3. Stop to switch experiment
1) After measuring, stop supplying electricity for vapor tank, close valves V6, V7,
open valve S5 to release vapor. Add water into tank. Open valve V8 to supply water for
vapor tank and then close V8, S5.

2) Close valve V1, open S4 to release all hot water and then close S4.

3) Switch runoff plate positions as experiment required and repeat steps as previous
experiment.

4) Experiments is run with following runoff plate positions:

● At “0”: natural convection

● At ¼; ½; ¾; 1; 1 ¼ and 1 ½ (inch): forced convection.

4. End experiment
Steps to end experiment:

1) Turn off electricity supply for vapor tank

2) Turn of timer

3) Close water supply valve

4) Close and open valves like before doing experiment

5. EXPERIMENT RESULT

5.1. Calculation from raw result

Table 3: Calculation from raw result

Parameters Overflow plate position (in)
1 1 3
0 /4 /2 /4 1 11/4 11/2
t1 (oC) 30 30 30 29 29 30 31
t2 (oC) 95 84 94 98 98 95 96
t3 (oC) 64 53 50 54 52 47 51
t4 (oC) 88 74 84 84 81 88 84
t’C (oC) 83.7 83.7 81.3 71.8 75.1 69.9 64.2
Ps (bar) 1.6900 1.6900 1.6900 1.6900 1.6900 1.6900 1.6900
ts (oC) 114 114 114 114 114 114 114
𝑡 +𝑡
𝑡𝑁 = 1 3 . oC 47 41.5 40 41.5 40.5 38.5 41
2
𝑡2 + 𝑡4
𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 = . oC 91.5 79 89 91 89.5 91.5 90
2
𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 ≈ 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔 91.5 79 89 91 89.5 91.5 90
(oC)

11
 𝑡𝑠 + 𝑡𝑉𝑛𝑔
𝑡𝑚 = . oC 102.75 96.5 101.5 102.5 101.75 102.75 102
2
𝑡𝑠 + 𝑡′𝐶
𝑡𝐶 = . oC 98.85 98.85 97.65 92.9 94.55 91.95 89.1
2
∆𝑡 = 𝑡𝑉𝑡𝑟 − 𝑡𝑁 . 44.5 37.5 49 49.5 49 53 49
K
GC x 103(kg/s) 0.4389 0.3945 0.5920 0.6171 0.7974 0.5956 0.6590
3
GN x 10 (kg/s) 9.7381 9.6092 12.1006 15.182 19.152 18.898 15.377
3 9 6 6

5.2. Determine the physical properties

Table 4: Determine the physical properties

Overflow plate position

Physical properties
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

CPN (J/kgK) 4180 4180 4180 4180 4180 4180 4180

λ x 102 (W/mK) 63.98 63.28 63.1 63.28 63.16 62.86 63.22

ρ (kg/m3) 989.39 991.67 992.25 991.67 992.06 992.81 991.86

Water ν (m2/s) x 106 0.5862 0.6414 0.6591 0.6414 0.6531 0.6776 0.6472
flowin
g inside β (1/K) x 104 4.294 3.884 3.77 3.884 3.808 3.65 3.846
the
tube Pr 3.766 4.197 4.320 4.197 4.279 4.473 4.238

𝜇 (N.s/m2) x 106 576.4 635.9 653 635.9 647.3 673.1 641.6

𝜇Vtr × 106 309.6 359.6 318.6 311.4 316.8 309.6 315

(N.s/m2)

λC x 102 67.9825 67.76 67.963 67.975 67.952 67.982 67.96

(W/mK) 5 5
Condense
d water ρC (kg/m3) 956.39 960.85 957.3 956.57 957.11 956.39 956.9
3
νC x 106 (m2/s) 0.2862 0.304 0.2896 0.2868 0.2889 0.2862 0.288
2

12
 𝜇C x 106 274.575 292.5 277.95 275.25 277.27 274.57 276.6
(N.s/m2) 5 5

4220.3 4213.5 4218.8 4220 4219.1 4220.3 4219.

CPC (J/kgK)
4

6.8433 6.8433 6.8433 6.8433 6.8433 6.8433 6.843

λs (W/mK)
3

PrS 1.2533 1.2533 1.2533 1.2533 1.2533 1.2533 1.253

3
PrVng 1.927 2.525 1.984 1.938 1.972 1.927 1.960

ρS (kg/m3) 964.16 972.38 965.86 964.54 965.58 964.16 965.3

4207.8 4196.2 4205 4207.2 4205.5 4207.8 4206

CPS (J/kgK)

RS (kJ/kg) 2218.7 2218.7 2218.7 2218.7 2218.7 2218.7 2218.

Saturated
7
vapor

5.3. Heat calulation, determine the heat loss

Table 5: Heat calculation, determine the heat loss

Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

Q1 (W) 1383.97 923.829 1011.611 1586.55 1841.368 1342.93 1285.57

74 0 0 15 5 93 36
Q2 (W) 1001.88 900.540 1354.402 1424.13 1834.642 1376.90 1531.47
42 8 7 76 7 16 51
382.093 23.2882 - 162.413 6.7258 -33.9623 -
ΔQ (W) 2 342.7917 9 245.901
6
ΔQ (%) 27.6083 2.5208 -33.8857 10.2369 0.3653 2.5290 19.1278

5.4. Heat tranfsfer coeficient calculation

Table 6: Heat transfer coefficient calculation

Quantities Overflow plate position

13
 Formul
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
a

Pr
3,77 4,20 4,32 4,20 4,28 4,47 3,77

PrVtr
1,93 2,53 1,98 1,94 1,97 1,93 1,93

Re (11)
1549,93 1394,58 1707,99 2203,40 2728,79 2593,24 1549,93

Heat Gr (12b) 143362 1096329,4 1204849, 1127820,3 1086246,0 1433628,

912764,72
transfer 8,71 3 43 3 4 71
of the (12),
NuN
water (13) 9,34 10,27 11,32 12,20 13,19 13,28 9,34
flowing
inside (αN)TT
the tube or (12),
(αTR)TT, (13) 432,83 470,84 517,77 559,55 603,68 604,72 432,83
W/m2K

(αN)tn
or
(6)
(αTR)tn, 1176,60 932,01 781,05 1212,58 1421,69 958,61 1176,60
W/m2K

(αC)TT,
(16)
Heat W/m2K 1070,35 943,26 1039,62 1063,84 1045,29 1070,35 1070,35
transfer
of (αC)tn,
(7)
condens W/m2K 743,95 793,52 913,35 950,67 1237,20 858,44 743,95
ed vapor
(NuC)tt (17)
960,41 849,15 933,10 954,68 938,34 960,41 960,41
Q=
(1)
Q1, W 1383,98 923,83 1011,61 1586,55 1841,37 1342,94 1383,98

ΔTLOG,
(10)
K 65,54 71,89 73,55 71,78 72,90 75,18 65,54

KTT,
(19)
Overall W/m2K 308,20 314,07 345,63 366,68 382,68 386,41 308,20
heat
transfer KTN,
(9)
W/m2K 798,93 486,18 520,36 836,25 955,65 675,80 798,93

K’TT,
(20)
W/m2K 308,13 313,99 345,54 366,58 382,56 386,29 308,13

K’TT
(21)
/KTT 0,9998 0,9998 0,9997 0,9997 0,9997 0,9997 0,9996

14
6. CHART

6.1. Graph show the correlation of NuN = f (Re)

NuN=f( e)
1 .00

1 .00

1 .00
NuN

11.00

10.00

.00

8.00
1, 00 1, 00 1, 00 1,800 ,000 , 00 , 00 , 00 ,800 ,000
e

6.2. Graph show the correlation of Ktt = f (Re).

KTT=f(Re)
600.00

550.00

500.00

450.00
KTT

400.00

350.00

300.00

250.00

200.00
1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000
Re

15
6.3. Graph show the correlation of (αN)TT, (αN)TN and Re.

αN=F(Re)
1500

1200

900
αN

600

300

0
1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000
Re

(αN)TT (αN)tn Linear ((αN)TT) Linear ((αN)tn)

6.4. Graph show the correlation of (αC)TT, (αC)TN and Re.

αC=F(Re)
2000

1500
αC

1000

500

0
1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000
Re

(αC)tn (αC)TT Log. ((αC)TT) Linear ((αC)TT)

16
 6.5. Graph show the correlation of KTT, KTN and Re.

KTT, KTN and Re

1,200.00

1,000.00

800.00

600.00
K

400.00

200.00

0.00
1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000
Re

KTT KTN Linear (KTT) Linear (KTN)

7. DISCUSSION
1. Explain the reason why when the experiment occurs when the runoff plate
is at “0” but the water still runs in the tube.
- Initially, the 0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1,… indicate the distance of water level in the
runoff pot relative to the highest point in the coolant trap heat exchanger tank.
- Theoretically, with the initial water level at 0 mark, the water should be
at the highest state of attitude in the tube and cannot be moved due to no pressure
differential.
- In reality, when we conduct the experiment, we have to pre-heat the water
stream first to a certain degree and this cause a change in the fluid temperature hence,
alter the fluid density. The different in density between separate areas cause the water
stream to move in the pipe although the initial water level at 0 mark.
2. Discussion on the level of loss heat.
Overflow plate position

0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

ΔQ (W)
-107,99 -618,07 172,87 208,68 -601,96 -309,25 90,77
ΔQ (%)
12,74 36,47 18,41 21,20 36,62 20,87 9,54

The result of the heat loss is rather questionable. As most of the result Delta Q is >0
in contrast to the theory that while we not using a resistor to create overheated vapor,
17
the amount of temperature loss must be <0. The errors can be accounted from many
sources:
+ Discontinue in the volume of the condense water flow cause the measurement to
be inaccurate.
+ Wrong value from measuring equipment due to equipment degraded from old
age.
+ Some important variables have changed in the process of measuring unbalance
units cause the measurement point to be wrong.
3. Discuss and explain the effects of the location of the runoff plate on αtr, αng
and K.
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½

(αN)TT or
(αTR)TT, 388,9 421,5 409,6 390,6 429,6 432,4 410,4
W/m2K

(αN)tn or (αTR)tn,
W/m2K 929,1 1686,6 780,4 759,8 1090,4 933,7 544,9

(αC)TT, W/m2K 919,1 1003,3 998,2 1008,6 1135,2 1171,2 1210,7

(αC)tn, W/m2K 626,4 1226,4 1244,8 1382,7 1859,6 2346,4 2373
KTT, W/m2K 273,2 296,8 290,4 281,5 311,6 315,8 306,5
KTN, W/m2K 439,7 980,6 475,7 481,9 828,6 736,1 447,4

a) In theory:

Theoretically, the higher the runoff plate, the higher the α value will be. This is because
the higher the runoff plate means bigger pressure different in the stream that leads to
higher flowrate of the cold stream. With the high velocity of the stream, the Re number
will also increase and led to the increment of α. (due to α calculation formula above)

Also, with the high runoff plate comes a low heat transfer efficiency. As the result, the
average temperature of the stream decrease and led to the increment of Pr and μ.

As experiment goes, the result is quite reasonable. The increment of the runoff plate
comes with the increment in α except for some abnormal points like ½, ¼, 1.25.

18
As the runoff plate comes to a higher position, the heat that the cold stream received
from the remaining position increase, too. Therefore, the change of α should follows
the rule and formula. In reality, this change without a clear pattern in mind. This can be
cause by measurement errors or operation errors.

For K values, K is calculated by the formula , W/m2.K. Therefore, K

increment is accounted by the fluctuation of (αN)tt and (αC)tt. Overall, with the
increment in the position of the runoff plate, the value of K also increases.

In general, it is hard to comment and explain in a correct way about the effect of position
of the runoff plate because the vapor pressure entering the experiment P3 at different
plate location and the degree of open of valve V6 to let the vapor into the tank is also
different. Besides, there are still many minor errors when operating the experiment.

4. Comparison and explanation of the correlation between the mathematical

value and the experimental value of the temperature supply coefficients of water
inside tube, outside tube and the overall thermal coefficient
● Thermal coefficient inside tube:
According to graph 7. : All of values of (αN)TN> (αN)TT, the remain: (αN)TN< (αN)TT
● Thermal coefficient outside tube:
According to graph 7. : the first value of (αN)TN< (αN)TT , the remains of (αC)TN > (αC)TT
● Overall thermal coefficient:
According to graph 7.5: All of values of KTN > Ktt
Explain:
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
KTT,
273,2 296,8 290,4 281,5 311,6 315,8 306,5
W/m2K
KTN,
439,7 980,6 475,7 481,9 828,6 736,1 447,4
W/m2K

All values of thermal coefficient inside tube, outside tube, temperature supply
coefficient of condensed water outside tube and heat transfer coefficient K must be
bigger than practice corresponding value. We assume in heat exchanging process all
heat loss is ignored. However, in the process of experiment, there will always have heat
loss at different stages depending on the system and our manipulation.
The experimental values are bigger than calculated because of error in experiment
process.

19
 𝜹
5. Discussion about the effect of thermal resistance on tube shell ( 𝒗)
𝝀𝒗

1
K tt =
1 1
+
We have ( N )tt ( C )tt when ignoring thermal resistance on tube shell.

1
K tt ' =
1 1 V
+ +
( N )tt ( C )tt V when considering the thermal resistance on tube shell.

- The thermal resistance has impact on the final result. In calculation, the different
in formula cause the different in K values. As the final result, the K value with the
resistance should be smaller than the K value that doesn’t account for the resistance.
- But the ratio between K and K’ is approximately equals to 1 and in general can
be passed.6. Discuss about the reliability of the results, estimate the error and
suggest the reason for error.
a) The reliability of the result.
- As we mentioned above, most of the result have notable errors and so the
reliability is considerably low. Objectively, The construction of the experiment is not
ideal as we have to depend on the stable amount of the condensed water outlet. This can
be different to different people as how stable the outlet is. And result in wrong
measurement point. The different in perception also cause the operating process of the
experiment to be inadequate..
b) Error estimation.
Based on graph 7. , graph 7. , graph 7.5 we can see the change of (αN)TT and(αN)TN;
KTN and KTT has the same kind. Only (αC)TT and (αC)TN have unique trend
Coefficient errors of the experiment compared to the mathematical values.
Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αN)TT or
(αT )TT, 388,83 421,45 409,55 390,55 429,58 432,39 410,43
W/m2K
(αN)tn or
(αT )tn, 929,10 1686,60 780,37 759,74 1090,36 933,67 544,89
W/m2K
Error (%) 58,150 75,012 47,518 48,594 60,602 53,689 24,676

20
 Overflow plate position
Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
(αC)TT, 1003,2 1008,5 1135,1 1210,6
919,11 998,21 1171,23
W/m2K 8 9 7 6
(αC)tn, 1226,3 1382,7 1859,6 2372,9
626,41 1244,80 2346,38
W/m2K 9 0 0 9
Error (%) -46,73 18,19 19,81 27,06 38,96 50,08 48,98

Overflow plate position

Quantities
0 ¼ ½ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½
KTT, W/m2K 273,24 296,78 290,40 281,53 311,64 315,80 306,52
KTN, W/m2K 439,72 980,64 475,72 481,86 828,56 736,09 447,44
Error (%) 37,86 69,74 38,95 41,57 62,39 57,10 31,50

There is a huge error between mathematical and practice => the reliability of the
experiment is low.
Accounted for the low reliability and errors can be traced to different sources.
+ operating process is not stable
+ Measurement indicator is unstable that result in inaccurate measurement.
+ Wrong point of measurement due to different perception of stable indicator
+ α value calculation highly depends on the assumption that condense water flow
through the membrane, condensed on the surface of the tube shell but in reality, these
conditions might not be met.
+ error in calculation and operation

8. APPENDIX:
1. Calculation for table 3:
Convert the unit of temperature, pressure, flow rate of water:
5 o
(t F − 32)
toC = 9
1PSI = 0,069bar
1at = 0,981bar
From the abundance pressure measured from the manometer P3, indicate ts from table
57/ page 46/ Lookup table Mechanical process – Heat transfer – Mass transfer.
𝑉
Volume flow rate: 𝐺𝑉 =
𝑡

21
∙ V: volume of water measured (m3)
∙ t: measurement time (s)
𝑉
Mass flow rate: G = Gv. = .
𝑡

2. Calculation for table 4

The physical parameters involved in the calculation process are:
Physical parameters of water flowing in tube: CPN, , , , , Pr, , Vtr
These parameters are determined at average temperature of flowing water in tube
t1 + t 3
tN = t Vtr  t Vng
2 (table 3). Except for Vtr which is indicated at .
Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].
Physical parameters of condensed water at experiment pressure: C PC, C, C, C, C,
CPS, S, S, PrS, Prvtr
t S + t Vng
tm =
Parameters have “c” are determined at average temperature: 2 (table 3).
Parameters have “s” are determined at tS.
Parameters have “vng” are determined at tVng.
Look up at table 1.249, p310, [1].
Physical parameters of saturated vapor at experiment pressure:
rS is determined at tS.
Look up at table 1.251, p314, [1].
3. Calculation for table 5
∙ Heat capacity Q1 is calculated by formula (1)
∙ Heat capacity Q2 is calculated by formula (2)
∙ Heat loss is calculated by: △Q = Q2 - Q1
∆𝑄
∙ Heat loss ratio: △Q(%) = 𝑥100%
𝑄1

4. Calculation for table 6

a) Determine the temperature coefficient of the water inside in the pipe.
In case of natural convection runoff plate at “0”), Nu and 𝛼N (𝛼 tr) are calculated by
formula (12).

22
In case of force convection (runoff plate at “0, ¼, ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼,1 ½”) Nu and 𝛼N (𝛼tr)
are calculated by formula (13) or (14) depends on each specific mode.
The values of 𝛼N (𝛼 tr) calculated in 2 cases above are called calculated temperature
coefficient (𝛼N)TT or (𝛼tr)TT. The values of 𝛼N (𝛼tr) are calculated by formula (6) are
called practice temperature coefficient (𝛼N)TN or (𝛼tr)TN.
b) Determine the temperature coefficient of condensed water.
In case the condensed water flowing through the membrane, temperature coefficient 𝛼C
is calculated by formula (16) or from Nu in formula (17). 𝛼C or Nu calculated by
formula (16) and (17) is called mathematical (𝛼C)TT, (Nu)TT.
Practice temperature coefficient (𝛼C)TN of condensed water is calculated by formula (7).
5. Calculation general heat transfer coefficient
● General transmission coefficient is calculated follow this equation:
1 (𝛼 ) .(𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡
𝐾𝑡𝑡 = 1 1 = (𝛼 𝑁) 𝑡𝑡 , W/m2K (19)
+
(𝛼𝑁 )𝑡𝑡 (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡 𝑁 𝑡𝑡 +(𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡

Where:
Ktt: the calculated heat transfer coefficient (calculate follow (𝛼𝑁 )𝑡𝑡 . (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡 , ignored
𝛿
effect of thermal resistance on tube shell ( 𝑣))
𝜆𝑣

● Experimental heat transfer coefficient KTN is calculated follow equation (9),

where Q=Q1
● Calculating heat transfer coefficient have effect of thermal resistance on tube
𝛿
shell ( 𝑣)
𝜆𝑣

1
𝐾′𝑡𝑡 = 1 1 𝛿 , W/m2K (20)
+ +( 𝑣 )
(𝛼𝑁 )𝑡𝑡 (𝛼𝐶 )𝑡𝑡 𝜆𝑣

● Calculating comparision between Ktt and K’tt:

𝐾𝑡𝑡 1 𝛿
= 𝛿 , ( 𝑣) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 (21)
𝐾′𝑡𝑡 1+( 𝑣 )𝐾𝑡𝑡 𝜆𝑣
𝜆𝑣

9. REFERENCES
[1]. Group of writers, “Process and Mechanic of Technological Chemicals handbook –
vol.1”, Ha Noi Technology publisher, 1 , pages.
[2]. Pham Van Bon –Vu Ba Minh – Hoang Minh Nam, “Process and Mechanic of
Technological Chemicals –vol.10 Exercies and examples”, HCM City BKU, 8 pages.

23