“A STUDY ON VENTURE CAPITAL AND INDIAN

ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA”

Field Study Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for
the

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (BBA)

OF
BENGALURU CITY UNIVERSITY (BCU)

Submitted by,
MR. AKASH NEGI
(Reg. No. B1926019)

Under the guidance of

CHETHAN.S, M.Com
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT

ACHARYA INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE STUDIES

SOLDEVANAHALLI, BANGALORE-560090

2021-22
 DECLARATION

I Mr. AKASH NEGI hereby declare that this field study report entitled
with “A STUDY ON WASTE & WASTE MANAGEMENT” is a
Bonafede record originally done by me under the guidance of Mr.
CHETHAN.S. Being submitted to Bengaluru City University, in
fulfilment of the requirement of Bachelor of Business Administration
during the Year 2021-2022.

I declare further that this field study report is my original work and has

not been submitted to any other University, Institute for the award of

any Degree, Diploma or any other similar titles

Place: Bangalore AKASH NEGI

Date: / / (B1926019)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My sincere thanks to Prof. GURUNATH RAO VAIDYA, Principal,

Acharya Institute of graduate studies, for his immense help and
guidance which was inspiring, cheering factors for successful
completion of this Field study.

I would like to thank Dr. SUDHA .M, Head, Department of

Commerce, Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies, for giving her
valuable suggestion for successful completion of this Field study.

I thank my field study guide Mr. CHETHAN. S, Faculty, Department

of Management, Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies, for his
guidance and valuable input and advice during my field study.

Last but not the least; I want to thanks my parents and all my friends
for their moral support and helping me to overcome the hurdles that I
faced during the entire course of the study.
TITLE: -
TOTAL WASTE & WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

Abstract: The objectives of writing this paper is to study the current practices
related to the various waste management initiatives taken in Bengaluru for
human wellbeing. The other purpose is to provide some suggestions and
recommendations to improve the waste management practices in India. This is
based on secondary research. Existing reports related to waste management
and recommendations of planners/ NGOs / consultants/ government
accountability agencies/ key industry experts/ for improving the system are
studied. One thing that is still not clear however is what exactly constitutes a
waste? How much do we know about what should be classed as waste? What
are the historical contexts of waste managements?

CHAPTER - ONE

INTRODUCTION: -
In the present century the study of total waste management is an
important field of analysis in Public Administration. The concept of
Development depends on the qualitative progressive growth and
change in the environment. The concept of Total Waste Management
occupies an important place in the study of Modern Political Systems,
It is very much essential for developing countries to reach a maximum
level in economic growth and development. The concept of Waste
Management has become a major threat to sustainable development.
Waste, also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, is
unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many
unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living
organisms; such as urea, sweat or feces. Litter is waste which has been
disposed of improperly. Waste is directly linked to human
development, both technologically and socially. The compositions of
different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial
development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials.
Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. Some
components of waste have economical value and can be recycled once
correctly recovered. Waste is sometimes a subjective concept,
because items that some people discard may have value to others. It
is widely recognized that waste materials are a valuable resource,
whilst there is debate as to how this value is best realized. Such
concepts are colloquially expressed in western culture by such idioms
as "One man's trash is another man's treasure."
There are many waste types defined by modern systems of waste
management, notably including:
• Municipal Waste includes household waste, commercial waste,
demolition waste
• Hazardous Waste includes Industrial waste
• Bio-medical Waste includes clinical waste
• Special Hazardous waste includes radioactive waste, Explosive’s
waste, E-waste

Classification of Waste: -
There may be different types of waste such as Domestic waste,
Factory waste, Waste from oil factory, E-waste, Construction waste,
Agricultural waste, Food processing waste, Bio-medical waste, nuclear
waste, Slaughter house waste etc. We can classify waste as follows:
• Solid waste- vegetable waste, kitchen waste, household waste etc.
• E-waste- discarded electronic devices such as computer, TV, music
systems etc.
• Liquid waste- water used for different industries, tanneries,
distilleries, thermal power plants
• Plastic waste- plastic bags, bottles, bucket, etc.
• Metal waste- unused metal sheet, metal scraps etc.
• Nuclear waste- unused materials from nuclear power plants .
Further we can group all these types of waste into wet waste
(Biodegradable) and dry waste (Non Biodegradable).

Wet waste (Biodegradable) includes the following:

• Kitchen waste including food waste of all kinds, cooked and
uncooked, including eggshells and bones.
• Flower and fruit waste including juice peels and house-plant waste.
• Garden sweeping or yard waste consisting of green/dry leaves.
• Sanitary wastes.
• Green waste from vegetable & fruit vendors/shops.
• Waste from food & tea stalls/shops etc.

Dry waste (non-biodegradable) includes the following:

• Paper and plastic, all kinds.
• Cardboard and cartons.
• Containers of all kinds excluding those containing hazardous
material.
• Packaging of all kinds.
• Glass of all kinds.
• Metals of all kinds.
• Rags, rubber.
• House sweeping (dust etc.)
• Ashes.
• Foils, wrappings, pouches, sachets and tetra packs (rinsed).
• Discarded electronic items from offices, colonies viz. cassettes,
computer diskettes, printer cartridges and electronic parts.
• Discarded clothing, furniture and equipment In addition to the
above wastes, another.
Domestic Hazardous Waste:
These include used aerosol cans, batteries, and household kitchen
and drain cleaning agents, car batteries and car care products,
cosmetic items, chemical-based insecticides/pesticides, light bulbs,
tube-lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), paint, oil, lubricant
and their empty containers.
Generally, hazardous waste “is waste that is dangerous or potentially
harmful to our health or the environment. Hazardous wastes can be
liquids, solids, gases, or sludge. They can be discarded commercial
products, like cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the by-products of
manufacturing processes (EPA Wastes Website, 2010)”.
Non-Hazardous waste:
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines solid non-
hazardous waste as “any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control
facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid,
or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial,
mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities”
(EPA Wastes Website, 2010). The definition of non-hazardous waste
can also include financial waste.
Waste Management:
Waste minimization is a methodology used to achieve waste
reduction, primarily through reduction at source, but also including
recycling and re-use of materials, as shown in the figure below.

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling

or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually
relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally
undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover
resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid,
gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields
of expertise for each. Waste management practices differ for
developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for
residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous
waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while
management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is
usually the responsibility of the generator. The major epidemics which
are threatening the world, because of the pollution, environment,
medical waste, solid waste, Industrial waste, Nuclear waste, plastic
waste, hazardous waste and so on. Another fact here is the growth of
industries which is the major cause for all types pollution. The urban
waste management in the industrialized and developing worlds is
different. Though the developed countries generate larger amounts of
wastes, they have developed adequate facilities, competent
government institutions and bureaucracies to manage their wastes.
Developing countries are still in the transition towards better waste
management but they currently have insufficient collection and
improper disposal of wastes. Clear government policies and
competent bureaucracies for management of solid wastes are needed
urgently especially in countries where there is rapid population
growth through urbanization into peri-urban areas. Services and
programmes that include proper waste disposal for management of
hazardous biological and chemical wastes, minimization and recycling
will be needed. Disposal of wastes is commonly done by dumping (on
land or into water bodies), incineration or long term storage in a
secured facility. All these methods have varying degrees of negative
environmental impacts with adverse environmental and health risks if
wastes are improperly disposed or stored. A. Waste management in
developing countries must emphasize and be linked to the creation of
jobs, poverty alleviation and community participation. Too often
authorities in poor Third World cities seek to imitate the technology
and equipment used in developed countries. This is misguided and
linked to corruption through kickbacks from purchases of transport
fleet or from contractors. Often does not make economic and social
sense for the poor. For example, there is often an informal sector of
refuse collectors and scavengers that has developed their livelihoods
from collection and sales of materials. They minimize the volume of
wastes to be collected for disposal. Adoption of waste management
systems from developed countries will reduce access of garbage and
displace such informal refuse collectors and scavengers, who end up
poorer than before the “development” plan was implemented.
Further, households in many developing countries do not sort their
garbage (as done in industrialized countries) and so the adopted
technology will simply collect to dispose all wastes without recovery
of reusables and recyclables. National policies should promote
efficiency in the use of resources, emphasizing waste prevention and
the productive use of wastes. There is increasing evidence that
community-based approaches to waste management can promote a
more sustainable development. Grassroots efforts can be more
successful than top-down programs created by bureaucrats or experts
with little or no community participation. During most of human
history, the approach to waste management in many cultures and
civilizations was the recovery of materials. Only around the turn of the
twentieth century the emphasis shifted from recovery to disposal.
During the nineteenth century there were pioneering efforts in
England to minimize waste as a way to improve industrial
competitiveness. The industries themselves are not aware of how and
what to do with the waste. So also the hospitals. Human health is very
closely connected with this waste management. The problems of
health of the people depends not an any one pollution problem. So
the researcher is concentrating on Total Waste Management. The
field of study is BENGALURU, for obvious reasons that BENGALURU
the capital city of Andhra Pradesh is growing day by day industrially.
Because of I.T. sector the floating population is increasing. This city
needs improvement from all sides.

Waste Management Cycle

Types of waste disposal:

➢ Landfill: The Landfill is an effective procedure of waste disposal

in present time. This process of waste removal focuses attention
on burying the waste in the land. Landfills are found in all areas.
There is a process used that reduces the odours and hazards of
waste before it is placed into the ground. While this is the most
popular way of waste disposal, it is surely far from the only
procedure and one that may also bring with it an assortment of
space. In the operation of landfill, the garbage collection trucks
are weighed at entrance and their load is checked for wastes.
Then, these vehicles drop their load. After loads are dumped,
compactors or dozers spread and compress the waste on the
operational field. This flattened waste is enclosed with soil every
day.
➢ Incineration: Incineration or it is also called combustion is also
an important waste disposal procedure in which municipal solid
wastes are burned at high temperatures so as to convert them
into remains and gaseous products. Major benefit of this type of
method is that it can reduce the volume of solid waste to 20 to
30 percent of the original volume, reduces the space they take
up and reduce the stress on landfills. This process is also
recognized as thermal treatment where solid waste materials
are converted by Incinerators into heat, gas, steam and ash.
➢ Recovery: Resource recovery is the method of collecting useful
leftover items for further use. These discarded items are then
processed to extract or recover materials and resources or
convert them to energy in the form of useable heat, electricity
or fuel.
➢ Recycling: Recycling is also effectual process of managing waste.
It is the collection and use of materials that would otherwise
have been unwanted as the raw materials in the production of
new products. It is the process of converting waste products into
new products to avoid energy usage and utilization of fresh raw
materials. Recycling is the third component of Reduce, Reuse
and Recycle waste hierarchy. Main principle of recycling is to
reduce energy usage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce air and
water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and preserve
natural resources for future use.
➢ Plasma gasification: Plasma gasification is one of the types of
waste management. Plasma is mainly an electrically charged or
a highly ionized gas. In Plasma Gasification Process the matter
gasified in an oxygen-starved environment to decompose waste
material into its basic molecular structure. It does not combust
the waste as in the incinerators. Electricity is fed to a torch,
 which has two electrodes, creating an arc. A constant flow of
electricity through the plasma maintains a field of extremely
intense energy powerful enough to disintegrate the garbage into
its component elements. Lighting is one type of plasma which
produces temperatures that exceed 12,600°F. In this procedure
of waste disposal, a vessel uses characteristic plasma torches
operating at +10,000 °F which is creating a gasification zone till
3,000 °F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into a syngas.
During the treatment solid waste by plasma gasification, the
waste's molecular forms. This form of waste disposal provides
renewable energy and beneficial for human beings.
➢ Composting: Composting is a natural procedure to handle waste
in this method, food scraps, yard trimmings, and other organic
materials are collected and allowed to decompose under
controlled conditions into a rich, soil-like substance called
compost. Composting is an easy and natural bio-degradation
method that takes organic wastes that is remains of plants and
garden and kitchen waste and turns into nutrient rich food for
plants. Composting, normally used for organic farming, occurs
by allowing organic materials to sit in one place for months until
microbes decompose it. It is considered best procedure waste
removal as it can turn dangerous organic products into safe
compost.

➢ Waste to Energy (Recover Energy): In Waste to energy method,

non-recyclable waste items are converted into useable heat,
electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes. This type of
source of energy is a renewable energy source as non-recyclable
waste can be used over and over again to create energy. It can
also assist to decrease carbon emissions by offsetting the need
for energy from fossil sources.
 ➢ Avoidance/WasteMinimization: The simple procedure to
manage waste is to reduce creation of waste materials thus
reducing the amount of waste going to landfills. Waste reduction
can be done through recycling old materials like jar, bags,
repairing broken items instead of buying new one, avoiding use
of disposable products like plastic bags, reusing second hand
items, and buying items that uses less designing.

Review of Literature:
Total Waste Management study and research is a very important field
of study. Particularly in the present century pollution is a great hazard
to the people world over. There are number of books and literature
emerging in this field. The researcher has gone through published and
unpublished literature available in the field of Total Waste
Management. The following are a few important.
The book ‘E-Waste’ by Rakesh Johri [6] covers all aspects of E-waste.
The generation, migration, disposal, re-cycling of E-Waste are
explained. There are four sections which covers 12 chapters. The first
section deals about the current status of E-Waste in India and Europe.
The second section highlights hazardous substances in waste electrical
and electronic equipment and occupational and environmental health
perspectives of E-Waste recycling in India. Section three exposes the
E-waste legislation in the European Union and the Basel Convention
along with regulating perspective of E-Waste. Fourth chapter
concentrated fully on recycling technologies for E-Waste. This book
pointed that more and more people getting engaged in the studies,
research and discussions but the issue still remains confined to some
of the major cities of the country. The effort towards creating
awareness in common citizens has been driven by civil societies. It is
lamented that awareness level on E-Waste among citizens is almost
negligible, or if available, is sketchy and insufficient. The demand
towards safer E Management in the country does not exist because of
the absence of substantial information.
The adverse effects that can result from improper disposal of hospital
wastes range from transmission of infectious diseases to humans,
animals, toxicity in plants, plankton, aquatic animals, humans and
animals form dioxins released in the environment form burning
plastics and toxicity due to several substances used in medical care
including disinfectants, catatonics, radioactive substance and others.
Hazards form air pollution and land pollution, propagation of files,
insects and rodent vectors, bad odour and enlightens are other
adverse effects that can be produced from poor management of
waste. To prevent risks to patients, staff, visitors and community, the
hospitals must be concerned with such hazardous waste from the
point of generation to the point of final processing/disposal of waste.
Efforts should be made to contain and confine bio-medical wastes
especially because they can spread infectious microorganisms and
diseases. At various locations, the waste can be either reduced in
converted from a hazardous form.
Irrespective of the knowledge of dangerous in the unsafe disposal, the
management of the majority of above establishments does not adhere
to desired norms. Perhaps they may have some problems However,
the fact remains that these highly infectious materials are being
thrown at the unsuspecting public at large. Unsafe recycling is not
practiced, but is flouring. The price differential of genuinely safe
material & such unsafe recycled material is perhaps too attractive;
however, it must stop.
The quantum of hospital waste generated in a large teaching hospital
in India was estimated to be 0.775 kg per patient per day. Out of this,
biomedical waste constituted only 6.27 percent. However, with no
segregation at source, the entire an amount would be biomedical
waste. Through all effects are being made for providing resources to
health care establishment for separating wasters at sources, there is a
wide gap between the bio-medical waste. Cost of incineration
however is Rs.3.5 per patient per day would be very expensive for a
healthcare establishment and would ultimately be added on to the
patient’s bill.
United States hospitals generate a median of 6.93 kg of hospital waste
per patient per day and infectious waste makes up 15% of the total
hospital waste. Most hospitals (greater than 90%) considered blood,
microbiology, sharps communicable diseases isolation waste,
pathology, autopsy and contaminated animal carcass wastes as
infectious are sources are surgical, dialysis and miscellaneous
laboratory wastes. Infectious wasters are normally (80% of the time)
treated by incineration or steam sterilization before disposal, whereas
non-infectious wasters are discarded directly in a sanitary landfill.
Awareness is one of the major aspects to be considered while
managing wasters. Hospitals were provided a definition of medical
waste in the survey, but were queried about how they define
infectious waste. The result implied that there was no consensus
about which agency or organization definition of infectious waste
should be used in their waste management programmers. Confusion
around the definition of infectious waste may also have contributed
to the finding that almost half the hospitals are not segregating
infectious waste from other medical wastes. [15] All 64 dentists
working in a teaching hospital of New Delhi participated in a survey. A
pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to assess
knowledge and practices of biomedical waste management and
infection control among these dentists were aware of the risks they
were exposed to and only half of them observed infection control
practice. In addition to this, a majority of them were not aware of
proper hospital waste management practices. The dentists need to be
educated on biomedical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998
through extensive training programmers.
To evolve a proper system for regulation of treatment and disposal of
hospital waste, the Government of India came out with Bio-medical
waste (Management and Handling) Rules in 1998 following a Supreme
ruling in this regard to bring an end to the problem of biomedical
wasters getting mixed in the municipal wasters. Although there has
been support from various state governments to enforce these Rules
in 1998 following a Supreme ruling in this regard to bring an end to
the problem of biomedical wasters getting mixed in the municipal
wasters. Although there has been support from various state
governments to enforce these rules, no state government can claim
to have implemented these Rules totally as yet. The first deadline has
been subsequently extended to June 30, 2000 for December, 1999.
The deadline has been subsequently extended to June 30, 2000 for
hospitals with a bed capacity of over 500 following requests from
several large private and government hospitals. The deadline for
hospitals with bed capacity from 200 to 500 is set for December 31,
2000 while hospitals with a bed capacity ranging from 50 to 200, it is
December 31, 2000 while hospitals with bed capacity above 500 are
also required to follow a set of detailed norms regarding collection,
transportation and treatment of bio-medical wastes. Even after June
2000 deadline most of the large hospitals have not complied with
these Rules. As of the amendment to the rules in June 2000, the state
Pollution Control Boards have been proclaimed as the prescribed
authorities to monitor the implementation of these Rules, thus
enforcement of these Rules needs to be done by the state pollution
control boards. But the fact is fact in most of the states; the pollution
control boards do not have adequate mechanisms to enforce the
Rules. In short, short strict implementation of this set of Rules is not
going to take place that easily in most parts of the country even after
expiry of the new deadlines. In a situation like this, NGOs and other
voluntary bodies have to come forward and compel the hospitals and
nursing homes to fall in the line with the Rules.
Central Pollution Control Board has published many volumes. [17]
Some of them are
1. Envenomisation and Management of Hazardous Waste Generation
in West Bengal, 2001-2002

2. Manual for Design Construction and Quality Control of Liners and

Covers for Hazardous Waste Landfills, 2002-2003
3. Guidelines for the selection of site for landfilling, 2002-2003
4. Guidelines for Conduction Environmental Impact Assessment: Site
Selection for Common Hazardous Waste Management Facility,2003-
2004
5. Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams their Characterization
and Management Options in Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Sectors,
2005-2006
6. Guidelines for Common Hazardous Waste Incineration, 2005- 2006
7. Management of Hazardous Waste Pre-requisites for Issuing
Authorisation by SPCB/PCC, 2005-2006
8. Management of Hazardous Waste Guidelines for Proper
Functioning and upkeep of Disposal Sites, 2005-2006
9. Management of Hazardous Waste Guidelines for Transportation of
Hazardous Wastes, 2005-2006
10. Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of E-waste,
2006-2007.
Neelima Raj Vaidya and Dilip Kumar Markandey[19] narrate the term
“environment” which includes everything one can feel and observe
too. The dictionary that they compiled has the answer for every
question related to environmental science and technology. It is
presented in 13 different volumes and includes up to date information
and terminologies. Following areas included in various volumes are –
Anaerobic digestion, particles separation, coagulation, flocculation,
filtration, sedimentation, atmospheric emission, waste-water
treatment system, aquatic and environmental microbiology, hazards
assessment, control of environmental contaminants, nutrient and
their removal, river basins management, water reclamation, recycling
and reuse, waste stabilization, urban storm drainage, macrophytes
application, submarine outfalls, activated sludge system, industrial
effluent treatment, chemical and biochemical waste treatment,
appropriate technologies, clean technologies, sludge management,
biofilm reactors, reservoir protection, membrane technologies,
environmental engineering, 2004.
 CHAPTER-TWO
Research Methodology: -
This study is adopted analytical and descriptive method. The data is
collected through Government reports, Government orders, all the
available documents, books, Journals and Newspapers. The study is
undertaken in an activity-based manner to make a systematic
collection of materials on waste management. The researcher has
collected materials from the libraries of Osmania university library,
From many universities, libraries. Immense source of information is
collected from pollution control board, Municipal Corporation of
different cities. Newspaper reports also collected to make the thesis.
1 Data collection methods:

Data was collected by primary as well as secondary method. Primary

data was collected through questionnaire and discussions with the
people from different cities like Delhi, Noida and Ghaziabad, while
secondary data were collected from the research papers, articles,
internet search e.g. blogs, official environmental programmes and
ministries of government of India websites.
2 Sampling technique:

To select the sample for the purpose of research a non- probability

sampling technique (Convenience and judgemental) was used on a
Sample size of 100 people. (28% respondents from Delhi, 35% from
India & 37% from Ghaziabad).
3 Scaling technique:

The ‘Non-Comparative Scaling Technique.’ was used in the research.

The rating scales used was Nominal Scale, respondents were asked to
register their responses on the questionnaire by answering the
questions to understand the patterns of activity amongst people for
waste disposal and waste generation.

Research Gap: -
➢ Reduction

The reduction is the process through which the size of the waste is
decreased as much as possible. That process of reduction of the size
of the waste is requisite for the better transport, dumping and
recycling. Shredders are using for the reduction of the size of the
waste. A well efficient can be achieved by segregating the waste which
further reduces the waste at landfill sites. There are ways to reduce
the waste generation either by no generation of waste or by
converting waste into useful material. Generating zero waste is not
possible because of urbanization and industrialization.
➢ Recycling

Recycling of waste reduces the waste disposal at the dumping sites.

There is different type of waste dumping in the wasteland fields the
waste consists of food waste, paper, packaging fibres, plastics
packaging, renovation waste, glass containers, sanitary products and
diapers, pet waste, textiles etc. the effective approach is to use the
material and again use for different manufacturing procedures this
could help to reduce the waste coming to sanitary landfill for final
disposal. The level of recycling method it relies on the cost-benefit
study of the procedure.
➢ Reuse

Reuse of some waste which is being generated and collected. The

reuse of waste includes reusable bottles, paper, scrap, metals etc.
After shredding tyres or plastic could be used for road constructions.
➢ Recovery
The recovery of paper, metal, recycling plastic, textile and organic
waste contribute recycling and reuse which then helps to manage the
solid waste. For instance, the organic waste generation in developing
countries is used for making compost for the plant. The paper and
metal are recyclable material they recovery of this material is also
possible.

Objective of Study: -
1. To know the meaning and analyse the problems of waste.
2. To make a detailed study of E-waste, Municipal Solid waste, Bio-
Medical waste and hazardous waste in Hyderabad city.
3. To analyse the problems faced in the total waste management in
Hyderabad.
4. The role of Pollution Control Board in solving the problems.
5. To trace the different legislation on waste management.
6. To give suggestions to improve the total waste management.
7. To assess the activities involved for the proposed and determine the
type, nature and estimated volumes of waste to be generated.
8. To identify any potential environmental impacts from the
generation of waste at the site.
9. To recommend appropriate waste handling and disposal measures
/ routings in accordance with the current legislative and
administrative requirements.
10. To categorise waste material where practicable (inert material /
waste fractions) for disposal considerations i.e., public filling areas /
landfill.
Scope and Limitations: -
This research is mainly focusing on the wastes minimization in India
construction industry. In this research, a case study of construction
wastes minimization in India construction industry which mainly
focusing on cities or town area such as Delhi & Bengaluru.
Firstly, this research is carry out to ensure whether that the practise
of reuse and recycle waste has been implemented in India
construction industries. Besides that, to investigate the current trend
of the waste management in India construction industry in order to
find out the waste minimization method that provides smooth flow of
process.

Secondly, this research is carrying out by questionnaires to the

relevant respondents that have the skills and knowledge regarding to
the research topic. Not all respondents has the knowledge that can
contribute to the research topic due to not many respondents had the
experience and knowledge regarding to the construction waste
minimization.

The targets of the respondents are mainly focus on who have the
experiences and knowledge regarding to the waste minimization in
many cities such as contractors, specialists, professionals, project
manager, etc.
 CHAPTER – THREE
Analysis and final outcome: -

Inference:
a) 20% Families with 2 members in the family generate 1-2 bags of
garbage daily, 4% generate 3- 4 bags & 2% generate more than 4 bags.
b) 45%Families with 3-4membersin the family generate 1-2 bags of
garbage daily, 5% generate 3-4 bags.
c) 20% Families with more than 5 members in the family generate 1-2
bags of garbage daily & 8% generate 3-4 bags.

Inference :
a) 20% of the people who are hiring garbage collection services are
residents of Noida, followed by Ghaziabad and Delhi.
b) Interestingly the residents of Ghaziabad are the maximum amongst
people who have not hired garbage collection service.

Inference:
a) 60% Respondents who have already get their garbage collected by
somebody else are willing to pay for a hire garbage collection service.
b) 4% of the Respondents who throw their garbage on road are also
willing to pay for the service.
c) About 10% of the Respondents who dispose of in municipal bin are
willing to pay for the service.

Inference:
a) 40% of the people who get their waste collected by somebody have
hired a service.
b) The above saying true the hiring of services is still not practiced by
people irrespective of their garbage disposal behaviour.

Inference:
a) The chart shows 48% of biodegradables which is making half of
what the waste is generated.
b) It means a large amount of waste is available which can be recycled
and treated.
 CHAPTER – FOUR
Future scope: -
Site formation works for Telegraph Bay are expected to generate a
number of waste materials. These include:
· vegetation from site clearance works
· waste spoil from excavation and site preparatory works
· sediments from marine dredging
· construction waste materials
· chemical wastes (limited quantities)
· municipal / sewage wastes
· The municipalities have to work more effectively by increasing the
capacity of waste treated & collected on daily basis by strengthening
the partnerships with PPP projects
· The Private waste management companies should be given tax
evasions and relaxations on loans on investments made for business
operations to increase the entrepreneurial initiatives.
· Working with the informal sector would increase the efficiency and
coverage of the waste management process across the initiatives.
· Reducing the amount of garbage tipped in the landfills should be
regulated by checking that the waste has been strictly passed through
segregation and treatment process to reduce the carbon foot print
and pollution of the environment.
· As the society is susceptible to throw the garbage anywhere
unthinkably many public dustbins should be placed at 10 metres
distance, educating the citizens about the civic sense and hygiene is
important. Most importantly public areas like vegetable and meat
markets.
· Collection of garbage from source and segregation of garbage from
source so that the quality of garbage procured for recycling is good.
As the waste gets more contaminated or decomposed for days the
treatment of the garbage for recycling gets ineffective and difficult.
· The municipalities should give licenses to the private players in
waste management, if contractual system is in place that will give
more autonomy to the players and also flourish the garbage collection
service.
· For a successful PPP competition, transparency and accountability
are necessary which must be encouraged by municipalities.
· For waste management to work well, the city needs to address
underlying issues relating to management structures, contracting
procedures, labour practices, accounting, cost recovery and
corruption.
· It is reflected through study that more than 50% of people who get
their garbage collected from somebody are willing to pay for the
service.
· From the primary study that was conducted the metropolitan cities
like Delhi and Noida are more receptive to the idea of hiring services.

Key takeaways: -
Waste management is our responsibility. While we advocate that the
sector is growing, the sustainability of the sector is only dependent on
our responsible attitude and behaviour towards managing our waste,
avoiding littering, segregating and submitting waste to the assigned
vendors in the prescribed way.
• The waste management sector as a whole is changing in India and
people, business houses and the government are gradually taking
steps which should have been taken a decade back. Some of the facts
such as change of rules and regulations happening after a span of 16
years gives an indication of the upward movement of affairs in this
segment of an important urban infrastructure.
• Last two years witnessed a wave of cleanliness drives and some
change in the Indian mind set with respect to waste management. The
momentum should be utilised for the benefit of the sector and
implementation of the rules and regulations should now be started on
a serious note.
• In the municipal solid waste management sector, there are a few
rules and regulations that must be included in absence of which waste
management will not be taken seriously.

Conclusion: -
In conclusion, the study of waste management as a whole is very
complex, as all of its aspects are so field-specific. Even though certain
companies seem to have mastered the idea of implementing and
getting some serious benefits out of waste management, it is still an
area among organizations that needs more attention. There is no time
to waste, but instead get serious with the matter of diminishing the
amount of waste and see more action from organizations. Soon, in the
near future, efficient waste management will not be an option
anymore, but more of a compulsory act for organizations, due to the
Earth not being able to continue accepting the amount of waste we
produce and governments intervening on the issue.
Waste disposal has evolved into a business and it has numerous
functions including removal of waste. The organic waste is separated
from non-recyclable and inorganic waste. This has allowed metropolis
to make use of organic waste to create compost for public areas.
There are even some cities that package and sell the compost to make
money. These items can be reprocessed and recycled and will be used
in producing new products. This technique assists to decrease further
consumption of natural resources and at the same time lowers the
ultimate needs for waste disposal.

Bibliography/ References: -

1
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/26087/bachel
or_Saari_Annastina_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
2
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311161719_The_Concep
t_of_Waste_and_Waste_Management
3 https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/waste-
management-in-india-shifting-gears.pdf
4
https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Management/notes/wast
e-management.html
5
https://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_01199/v
1a-8.pdf
6
https://iul.ac.in/DepartmentalData/Management/JP/IRJM_Paper3_d
ec2012.pdf
APPENDIX: -
LINK OF QUESTIONNAIRE:
https://d.docs.live.net/a03607fc95441ab0/Documents/FD%20FINAL.
pdf