Agudo 1

Name: Marelene J. Agudo Date:

Course&Year: BSEd-English III Score:

Learning Activities

I. Read and research about selected ancient civilization art. Identify five (5) art
contributions of these civilizations and write it down on their respective columns
below:
(5pts each)
Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Ancient China Ancient Japan
1. Anubis Ancient 1. The Pergamon 1. The Colosseum 1. Calligraphy 1. Tenmyouya
Egyptian Art Altar- Hisashi -
Anubis, or Anpu in Japanese Spirit
ancient Egyptian No. 14

The art of
calligraphy - and
It is served as an for the ancient
important way for Chinese it
the Attalids to certainly was an
stake their claim as art - aimed to
As the blog stated it is legitimate inheritor demonstrate
the Greek name for the s of Alexander’s superior control
god of death, empire and, by and skill using Tenmyouya
mummification, extension, the It was the scene of brush and ink. Hisashi is
embalming, the legacy of Classical thousands of hand-to- Calligraphy contemporary
afterlife, cemeteries, Greece. hand combats established itself Japanese artist,
tombs, and the https://smarthistory.o between gladiators, of as one of the who is best-
Underworld. The god is rg/the-pergamon- contests between men major Chinese known for his
depicted in Egpytian art altar/ and animals, and of art forms during “Neo-Nihonga”
as a canine or a man many larger combats, the Han paintings. He
with a canine’s head, including mock naval dynasty (206 participated in the
whose sacred animal is engagements. BCE - 220 CE), revival of the old
the African golden However, it is and for two Japanese painting
wolf. It is considered uncertain whether the millennia after, tradition, and it
the protector of the arena was the site of all educated men represents an
graves as well as an the martyrdom of were expected to antithesis to a
embalmer. In the early Christians. be proficient at modern Japanese-
Middle Kingdom, the it. style painting. In
god Osiris replaced 2000, he also
Anubis in his role as created his new
ruler of the underworld, style “Butouha”
but he remained which shows the
prominent as the leader resistant attitude
of souls into the for authoritative

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 Agudo 1

afterlife. He also art system

operated the weighing through his
scale during the paintings.
“Weighing of the Japanese Spirit
Heart,” which No. 14 was
determined whether or created as part of
not a soul would be the “BASARA”
able to enter the art scheme,
underworld. interpreted in
Japanese culture
https://www.invaluable. as a rebellious
com/blog/ancient- behavior of
egyptian-art/ lower-class
aristocracy during
the Warring
States Period to
deny authority in
pursuit of an ideal
lifestyle by
dressing in
magnificent and
luxurious
costumes and
acting in free will,
did not match
their social class
identities

https://www.wide
walls.ch/magazin
e/japanese-
painting/japanese-
spirit-no-14

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2. Ancient Egyptian 2.The Parthenon 2. The Equestrian 2.Seated 2.Jōmon pottery

Wall Art/ Relief Of Statue Marcus Buddha, Cave
sculpture and Aurelius 20, Yungang,
painting/ Tomb Northern Wei
Dynasty, ca.
is a resplendent 460 C.E.
marble temple built
between 447 and
432 B.C. during the
height of the
ancient Greek Appropriate for
Empire. The cooking, serving,
Parthenon was the depicts the famous and providing
center of religious Roman Emperor on storage on flat
architecture life in the powerful horseback. The earthen floors
For Egyptians the Greek City-State of emperor is over life- correlates with
decoration of tomb Athens, the head of size and extends his These cave the evidence of
walls the Delian League. hand in a gesture used chapels were not the gradual
with reliefs or painted Built in the 5 by emperors when only places of formation of pit-
scenes provided some century B.C., it was addressing their army worship and house villages.
certainty of the a symbol of the and legions. destinations for
perpetuation of life; in a power, wealth and It is an image pilgrims, they
temple, similarly, it was elevated culture of designed to portray were also
believed Athens. It was the the Emperor as considered
that mural decoration largest and most victorious and all- sacred spaces
magically ensured the lavish temple the conquering. It is apart from the
performance of Greek mainland believed that a mundane world.
important ceremonies had ever seen. conquered enemy had
and reinforced the Today, it is one of initially been part of https://www.arts
memory of royal deeds. the most the sculpture, based y.net/article/the-
Pyramid of Khufu recognized on accounts from art-genome-
buildings in the medieval times. project-five-
world and an https://joyofmuseums. famous-chinese-
enduring symbol com/museums/europe/ artworks-you-
of Ancient Greece. italy-museums/rome- should-know
museums/capitoline-
https://www.history. museums/equestrian-
com/topics/ancient- statue-of-marcus-
greece/parthenon aurelius/

The monumentality of
the pyramid made it not
only a potent symbol of
royal power but also an
obvious target for tomb
robbers. During the
New Kingdom the wish
to halt the robbing and
desecration of royal

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 Agudo 1

tombs led to their being

sited together in a
remote valley at
Thebes, dominated by a
peak that itself
resembled a pyramid.

https://www.britannica.c
om/art/Egyptian-
art/Pyramid-of-Khufu

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3. Ancient Egyptian 3. The Venus de 3. The Pantheon 3.The Emperor 3. Dōtaku

Papyrus Art Milo Ming Huang
Travelling in
Shu /Picking
Papyrus was used as a Gourds,”
writing material as
early as 3,000 BC in
ancient Egypt, and
continued to be used to
some extent until
around 1100 AD.
The dōtaku appea
r not to have been
used as musical
One of the most instruments in
famous examples The Pantheon (Latin: This painting Japan. Instead,
of ancient Greek pantheum) is the best- depicts what like the
sculpture, the preserved building happened in the bronze mirrors an
Venus de Milo is from An Lushan d other
immediately ancient Rome and was Rebellion that distinguished
recognizable by its completed in c. 125 took place in the and precious impl
missing arms and CE. The purpose of Tianbao era of ements
popularly believed the building is not the Tang transferred and
to represent known for certain but dynasty. Before adapted from
Aphrodite, the the name, porch and rebel troops Chinese and
Greek goddess of pediment decoration captured the Korean forms,
love and beauty, suggest a temple of capital the dōtaku took
who was known to some sort. However, of Chang’an (Xi on talismanic
the Romans as no cult is known to all ’an), Emperor significance, and
Venus. of the gods and so the Minghuang (Xu their possession
Pantheon may have anzong) escaped implied social and
been designed as a the chaos by religious power.
place where the taking an
emperor could make imperial journey
public appearances in to Shu
a setting which (Sichuan).
reminded onlookers of Historical
his divine status, equal records mention
with the other gods of that the
the Roman pantheon entourage
and his deified crossed small
emperor predecessors. bridges below
lofty cascades
on narrow plank
paths so
frightening that
even
the horses feared
to go. Such a

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 Agudo 1

scene is depicted
here, in which
the red-robed
figure is none
other than
Emperor
Minghuang.
https://artsandcu
lture.google.co
m/asset/emperor
-
minghuang%E2
%80%99s-
journey-to-shu-
anonymous/GQ
Eg4omB_ZFqdg
?hl=en

4. Ancient Egyptian 4.The Erechtheion 4. Ivory Carving 4.Shang 4. Haniwashorse

Cat Art (or Erechtheum) Dynasty head
Bronze Zun

Egyptians believed cats

They seem to
were magical
have served both
creatures, capable of
To make large as protective
bringing good luck to
quantities of high This vessel was figures and as
the people who housed
Is an value works of art, made for use in some type of
them. To honor these
ancient Greek temp precious religious rites performed support for the
treasured pets, wealthy
le constructed on objects, and on an ancestral deceased in the
families dressed them
the acropolis of At decorative boxes for altar or cast afterlife. There is
in jewels and fed them
hens between 421 costly objects. Ivory specifically for some suggestion
treats fit for royalty.
and 406 BCE in the was often used to burial with the that, similar to
When the cats died,
Golden Age of form the white of the dead. tomb figurines
they were mummified.
the city in order to eyes of statues. https://artmuse found in
house the ancient um.indiana.edu other cultures,
wooden cult statue /collections- they symbolized a
of Athena and online/features/ retinue of living
generally glorify asian- servants who
the great city at the islamic/chinese- might otherwise
height of its power bronze- have been
and influence. vessels.php sacrificed upon

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 Agudo 1

the demise of
their master. They
are regionally
distinctive and
show a stylistic
development from
the decidedly
schematic to
realistic.

5. Hieroglyph 5. krater, also 5. The Portrait of the 5.Hongshan 5. Shūkongōjin

spelled crater, Four Tetrarchs Jade Dragon
ancient Greek ves
sel

depicts the four

rulers of the Empire
instituted by Emperor
Used for Diocletian - the first In particular, it is
diluting wine associated with
Tetrarchy. He Modeled on
with water. It usually Chinese
appointed as co- conceptions of the Chinese statues of
stood on a tripod in augustus Maximian; guardian generals,
A character used in a the dining room, soul and
they chose Galerius immortality due the Shūkongōjin
system of where wine was
and Constantius I as to its subtle and is
pictorial writing, mixed. Kraters were
made of metal their caesares; translucent a formidable imag
particularly that form
or pottery and were Constantius was father colours. It was e of swirling
used on ancient also used for
often painted or to Constantine the power and force
monuments. ceremonial and
elaborately Great. and is the best
Hieroglyphic symbols ritual purposes.
ornamented. preserved of the
may represent the
Nara period clay
objects that they depict sculptures, which
but usually stand for
like their hollow
particular sounds or lacquer
groups of sounds. counterparts were
Hieroglyph, meaning formed on
“sacred carving,” is a armatures.
Greek translation of the

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Egyptian phrase “the

god’s words,” which
was used at the time of
the early Greek contacts
with Egypt to
distinguish the older https://www.brita
hieroglyphs from nnica.com/art/Jap
the handwriting of the anese-art/Jomon-
day (demotic). period

List down and discuss two (2) artists from each period and their works. You may
conduct research from the internet. (10 pts each)

a. Early Renaissance Art

1. Masaccio, byname of Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Cassai

 Masaccio is often credited as the first truly Renaissance artist. A tragically early
end to his life cut short his progress, yet his outstanding work altered the course of
Western art. The Early Renaissance was a time of cultural flourishing in Florence, and
Masaccio was able to take advantage of the significant patronage of the arts among
the nobility, who were keen to show off their wealth and prestige in the form of alter-
pieces and friezes decorating private chapels. Little is known about his life; what we
do know is that his work was unlike that of any other artist working in Florence at the
time, following a rational approach that would come to characterize the broader
Renaissance. By taking the principles of perspective from architecture, and the study
of light and form from sculpture, and applying them to painting, Masaccio created
works of remarkable realism, that were completely different to any other painting of
the time. His religious figures appear as solid objects in three-dimensional space. In
this way they occupy an extension of the viewer's world, as if behind a pane of glass,
rather than a wholly separate, pictorial plane as in Medieval art. On the latter part he
was one of the first artists to use naturalism and perspective in this way, creating a
space so realistic that the picture plane appears more as a window than a flat surface

Important Art by Masaccio

 San Giovenale Triptych (1422)- This is the earliest known work by Masaccio, dated
April 23rd 1422 in the inscription running along the bottom edge of the three panels
 Madonna and Child with St Anne (1424-25)- This panel, again showing the Virgin
and child, this time with her mother sitting behind her, is thought to have been a
collaboration with Masolino.

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 Payment of the Tribute Money (1425-27)- This fresco scene is one of several
depicting scenes from the life of St Peter, painted by Masaccio in collaboration with
the painter Masolino in the Brancacci Chapel of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence.
This painting exemplifies Masaccio's skilful use of perspective - atmospheric
perspective in the mountains to the left, and linear perspective in the building to the
right,a technique that would have a significant influence on later Renaissance artists
such as Piero della Francesca and Paolo Uccello.
 Expulsion from Eden (1425-27)- One of the best-known scenes painted by Masaccio,
this fresco forms part of the cycle he painted in the Brancacci Chapel. It depicts the
moment Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of Eden after committing the
Original Sin.
 Predella Panel, The Pisa Altarpiece (1416) - This is a panel from the lower edge of
an altarpiece, known as the 'predella', commissioned for the church of Santa Maria del
Carmine
 The Trinity (1427-28) - The painting depicts the crucifixion of Christ, with the
customary figures of the Virgin and St John at the foot of the cross. However, the
scene defies Renaissance convention in so many ways that it has remained an enigma,
despite being studied by scholars for hundreds of years. The painting is known as The
Trinity due to its depiction of Christ with God behind him, and the white dove of the
Holy Spirit hovering between their heads.

2. Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi (generally known as Donatello)

 was born in 1386 in Florence to Niccolo di Betto Bardi. Donatello would

become known as the most important sculptor to resuscitate classical sculpture from
its tomb in antiquity, through an invigorated style that departed from the Gothic
period's flat iconography. He broke ground by introducing new aesthetics in line with
the time's flourishing move toward Renaissance Humanism- a movement that
emphasized a departure from medieval scholasticism and favored deep immersion
into the humanities, resulting in art that no longer focused solely on the secular realm
of religion but explored man's place in the natural world. Donatello's signature lifelike
and highly emotional works would place him as one of the most influential artists in
15th century Italy, and an early forefather to the Italian Renaissance. Along with the
other artists, he has a great accomplishment in life. His work was highly influenced by
the revival of interest in the sciences, mathematics, and architecture that was taking
place in Florence. This included the use of one point perspective to create a new kind
of bas-relief for architectural works and a precise anatomical correctness for his
figures. The figure was a central point of mastery for the artist, and he was in fact the
first to reintroduce the nude sculpture. With the addition of realistic proportion,
emotionality, and expression to his subjects whether they be mythic, historical, or
everyday people, he created works that conveyed a genuine reality over the idealized
imagery of before. Donatello was a prolific master of many mediums including stone,
bronze, wood, stucco, clay, and wax. He was the first to illustrate the art of sculpture
among the modern artists. His versatility and ingenuity would lay a foundation for
many future sculptors looking to discover new possibilities in materiality.

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Important art work by Donatello

 Saint John the Evangelist (1408-15) - the artist worked on this large-scale marble
figurative sculpture depicting Saint John the Evangelist. Typically depicted as a
young man, Donatello decided to portray the apostle as an aging prophet, holding the
Bible, which was a departure from legend toward a more humanizing rendition. While
the top half of the sculpture still represents an idealized point of view, the subject's
facial expression is carefully considered, and the sculpting of the legs and hands
points to a more realistic figuration.
 St George ( 1415-17) - The work is a life-sized depiction of the saint standing atop a
marble panel which is carved to illustrate the famous mythical moment when George
slayed the dragon. The work marks an important moment in the development of
sculpture because Donatello brought back the ideals of classical sculpture and married
them with a new realism, departing boldly from the prior Gothic mannerism.
 Bust of Niccolo da Uzzano (1433) - Niccolo da Uzzano was an important figure in
Florentine politics in the early decades of the 15th century, who acted as a respected
intermediary figure between the city's powerful rival families. Donatello produced the
bust (although its authorship is sometimes contested) soon after Uzzano's death in
1433. It was the first half-bust of a private citizen produced since antiquity.
 Cantoria ( 1433-39) - The work also reflects Donatello's mastery of sculpture and his
signature techniques, cultivated to manipulate the viewing experience. As the art
historian Timothy Verdon notes, "the sculptor's design took carefully into account his
cantoria's principle light source: mere feet below the work was a group of torches and
candles elaborately ordered atop an architrave". Instead of polishing the marble to a
customary sheen, Donatello left parts rough so that when hit by the candlelight
coming up from below, various shadows, textures, and points of luminosity would
add another element to the overall composition. It is interesting that Donatello took
such pains over the materiality of marble in this work, as it was the last major
commission that he completed in this medium.
 David (1440-43) - This small but exquisite bronze is one of Donatello's most famous
works. It is a five foot, freestanding bronze sculpture of David, from the classic story
David and Goliath. He stands in contrapposto, a traditional classical stance of bearing
more weight on one leg than the other. Instead of being depicted as a powerful man,
he is presented as a young, nude boy wearing an unusual hat wreathed with laurels (a
motif of victory), and a pair of elaborately gilded boots.
 Magdalene Penitent ( 1455) - Donatello emphasizes the humanity of biblical
characters, presenting Mary Magdalene as a relatable figure to be pitied and admired
on a human level as a well as idolized on a saintly level.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donatello

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b. High Renaissance Art

1. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

 He was a painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. His
natural genius crossed so many disciplines that he epitomized the term “Renaissance
man.” Today he remains best known for his art, including two paintings that remain
among the world’s most famous and admired, Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Art,
da Vinci believed, was indisputably connected with science and nature. Largely self-
educated, he filled dozens of secret notebooks with inventions, observations and
theories about pursuits from aeronautics to anatomy. In his early career, he received
no formal education beyond reading, writing and math, but his father appreciated his
artistic talent and apprenticed him at around age 15 to the noted sculptor and painter
Andrea del Verrocchio, of Florence. For the record, he refined his painting and
sculpting techniques and trained in mechanic arts for about a decade ago. In 1472, the
painters’ guild of Florence offered him a membership; however, he remained with
Verrocchio until he felt to be an independent individual not until the year of 1478.
Around 1482, he began to paint his first commissioned work, The Adoration of the
Magi, for Florence’s San Donato, a Scopeto monastery. This piece has not been
completed long after Da Vinci relocated to Milan to work for the ruling Sforza clan,
serving as an engineer, painter, architect, designer of court festivals and, most
notably, a sculptor. After his family asked a favor to create a magnificent 16- foot-tall
equestrian stature, in bronze to honor dynasty founder Francisco Sforza, he never let it
slip but he worked it out for 12 years on and off and in 1493 a clay model was ready
to display.

10 Famous Artworks by Leonardo da Vinci

1. Mona Lisa (c. 1503–19) - The world’s most famous artwork that draws thousands of
visitors to the Louvre Museum each day, many of whom are compelled by the sitter’s
mysterious gaze and enigmatic smile. The painting’s simplicity belies Leonardo’s
talent for realism.
2. Last Supper ( 1495- 98) - One of the most famous paintings in the world, that was
commissioned by Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan and Leonardo’s patron during his

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first stay in that city, for the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie.
Depicting a sequential narrative, Leonardo illustrates several closely connected
moments in the Gospels, including Matthew 26:21–28, in which Jesus declares that
one of the Apostles will betray him and then institutes the Eucharist.

3. Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) - Leonardo’s pen-and-ink drawing Vitruvian Man comes
from one of the many notebooks that he kept on hand during his mature years. It is
accompanied by notes, written in mirror script, on the ideal human proportions that
the Roman architect Vitruvius laid out in a book on architecture from the 1st century
BCE. It became the most iconic, partly because its combination of mathematics,
philosophy, and art seemed a fitting symbol of the Renaissance. The drawing is now
housed in the Gallerie dell’Accademia, Venice, where it is not typically on display but
kept in a climate-controlled archive.

4. Self Portrait ( 1490/1515-16)- Long regarded as a self-portrait, the red chalk drawing
of an old man with long wavy hair and a beard has been reproduced to such an extent
that it defines how most people think of Leonardo’s appearance. Yet some scholars
argue that the figure, with its craggy features, furrowed brow, and downcast eyes,
appears much older than the age Leonardo ever reached; Leonardo died at age 67.

5. The Virgin Of The Rocks (1483-86) –in its first version (1483–86) is the work that
reveals Leonardo’s painting at its purest. It depicts the apocryphal legend of the
meeting in the wilderness between the young John the Baptist and Jesus returning
home from Egypt. The secret of the picture’s effect lies in Leonardo’s use of every
means at his disposal to emphasize the visionary nature of the scene: the soft colour
tones (through sfumato), the dim light of the cave from which the figures emerge
bathed in light, their quiet attitude, the meaningful gesture with which the angel (the
only figure facing the viewer) points to John as the intercessor between the Son of
God and humanity—all this combines, in a patterned and formal way, to create a
moving and highly expressive work of art.

6. Head of a Woman (1500-10) - a small brush drawing with pigment, depicts a young
woman with her head tilted and her eyes downcast. Her posture recalls the Virgin
Mary in Leonardo’s The Virgin of the Rocks, suggesting that the drawing may have
served as a model. The drawing’s nickname, La scapigliata, translates to “disheveled”
and refers to the young woman’s wayward strands of hair. The loosely sketched
tendrils and shoulders contrast with the highly finished face, where Leonardo gently
modeled the woman’s delicate features, from her heavy eyelids to her tender lips. It
reveals Leonardo’s fluid means of working, utilizing both expressive drawing to
create form and controlled layering to provide detail.

7. Lady with an Ermine (1489-91) - Although the painting has been heavily over
painted, notably the dark background, it nonetheless reveals Leonardo’s knowledge of
anatomy and his ability to represent character in posture and expression. He captures
the girl’s youth and genial nature in her guileless features, attentive gaze, and tender
embrace of the ermine, which sits with its head, cocked regally and alert. Her slender

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hand reveals the complicated bone structure beneath the skin, just as the head of the
ermine suggests the skull underneath the finely rendered fur.

8. Salvator Mundi (1500) - The head-on portrait of Salvator Mundi (c. 1500; “Savior of
the World”) made headlines in 2017 when it sold for a record-breaking $450.3 million
at auction. However, it had a questionable history because of the high price for
Salvador Mundi was in poor conditions that time in which the reason why it was
subject of debate among scholars and critics. The attribution debate continued well
after the sale, but the interest in the work and the large sum paid at auction attested to
Leonardo’s enduring celebrity and to his powerful position in the art history canon
five centuries after his death.
9. Ginevra de’ Benci (1474/78) - the only painting by Leonardo publicly displayed in
the Western Hemisphere. It is one of Leonardo’s earliest works, finished when he was
in his early 20s, and shows some of the unconventional methods he would use
throughout his career.
10. The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (c. 1503–19) - Some scholars believe that The
Virgin and Child with Saint Anne was Leonardo’s last painting, and in this work he
used many of the conventions that he had established throughout his career to depict
three generations of the Holy Family—Saint Anne, her daughter, the Virgin Mary,
and the Christ Child. Anne, at the apex of the pyramidal composition, watches Mary,
who sits on her lap, as the Virgin tenderly restrains the Christ Child from mounting a
lamb. The painting also shows Leonardo’s lifelong interest in believably representing
three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. As in many of Leonardo’s
paintings, the figures sit amid a fantastical landscape.

https://www.britannica.com/list/10-famous-artworks-by-leonardo-da-vinci

2. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni ( Michelangelo) – (1475-1564)

`
 He was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. He was
considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he has been
held to be one of the greatest artists of all time. Several of his works in painting,
sculpture, and architecture, rank among the most famous in existence. Michelangelo
Buonarroti was born to a family that had for several generations belonged to minor
nobility in Florence but had, by the time the artist was born, lost its patrimony and
status. He was apprenticed to the city’s most prominent painter, Domenico
Ghirlandaio, for a three-year term, but he left after one year, having (Condivi
recounts) nothing more to learn. Several drawings, copies of figures by Ghirlandaio
and older great painters of Florence, Giotto and Masaccio, survive from this stage;
such copying was standard for apprentices, but few examples are known to survive.

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Notable Works

 Bacchus- This is the case with Michelangelo’s first surviving large statue,
the Bacchus, produced in Rome (1496–97) following a brief return to Florence. It
relies on ancient Roman nude figures as a point of departure, but it is much more
mobile and more complex in outline. The conscious instability evokes the god of wine
and Dionysian revels with extraordinary virtuosity. Made for a garden, it is also
unique among Michelangelo’s works in calling for observation from all sides rather
than primarily from the front.
 Crucifixion of St. Peter - This is one of the final frescos that Michelangelo completed
before his death. It was commissioned by Pope Paul in 1541 after his work on the
Sistine Chapel was completed. It depicts the raising upright of the cross which Peter is
already painfully nailed to through his hands and feet. Peter himself is not shown by
Michelangelo in the typical renaissance martyrs pose.
 David - The Statue of David embodies the city of Florence, symbolizing
independence and strength in the perfect image of youthful beauty. Michelangelo's
David took on new meaning shortly after its creation as both a symbol of the
Renaissance and a representation of the city itself.
 Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John - one of the reliefs (Madonna and Child
with the Infant St. John) are full of motion; they show arms and legs of figures
interweaving in actions that imply movement through time. The forms carry symbolic
references to Christ’s future death, common in images of the Christ Child at the time.
 Moses - In about 1513–15 he carved the Moses, which may be regarded as the
realization in sculpture of the approach to great figures used for the prophets on the
Sistine ceiling. The control of cubic density in stone evokes great reserves of strength;
there is richer surface detail and modeling than before, with bulging projections
sharply cut. The surface textures also have more variety than the earlier sculptures,
the artist by now having found how to enrich detail without sacrificing massiveness.
 Pietà - It depicts the dead body of Jesus after his crucifixion, draped across the Virgin
Mary’s lap as she looks down upon his body in grief.
 The Last Judgment – He painted this piece according to what is written in the bible
where ‘The Last Judgment of all people’ who lived on Earth is an important aspect of
the Christian religion. It is described as a moment, in which all people will come to
life again, and the good people will be rewarded by going to Heaven, and the evil
people will go to Hell. This used to be interpreted as the saints calling for the

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damnation of those who had not served the cause of Christ, but other interpretations
have become more common, including that the saints are themselves not certain of
their own fate, and try at the last moment to remind Christ of their sufferings.

 https://www.britannica.com/summary/Michelangelo
 https://www.florenceinferno.com/the-last-judgement-michelangelo
 https://www.tripimprover.com/blog/the-last-judgment-by-michelangelo
 https://www.michelangelo.net/pieta/
 https://www.michelangelo.net/martyrdom-of-st-peter/

c. Renaissance Art in Practice

1. Giorgione, also called Giorgio da Castelfranco, (born c. 1477/78,

 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giorgione

Notable works

 The Tempest - is a milestone in Renaissance landscape

painting, with its dramatization of a storm about to break. It has
been the subject of numerous interpretations, none of them
definitive.
 The Three Philosophers (1510) - is one of the works Michiel
saw and specifically identified as being by Giorgione. He
stated, however, that it was completed by the Venetian
painter Sebastiano del Piombo after the master’s death.
 Sleeping Venus, (1510) was left unfinished at Giorgione’s
death. Michiel stated that the task of adding the landscape
background fell to Titian.
 Boy with an Arrow- Is an Italian Renaissance oil on panel
painting created by Giorgione in 1505. It lives at
the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna in Vienna. The image is
in the public domain, and tagged portraits and men.

 https://arthistoryproject.com/artists/giorgione/young-man-with-arrow/

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 Shepherd with a Flute- an oil on canvas painting, was

executed by Giorgione in 1510–15. this painting is believed to
be a copy of his lost original painting. The painting is similar in
mood and composition to Giorgione's Boy with an Arrow in the
Vienna-based art museum Kunsthistorisches Museum, which is
one of the rare examples of paintings still attributed to the
Italian painter. This is partly because Marcantonio Michiel
mentioned it in 1531 together with a lost shepherd holding a
fruit in his hand. This type of painting originated from
Leonardo da Vinci and was taken up by other artists in the early
sixteenth century.
 https://www.giorgione.net/shepherd-with-a-flute/

2. Titian, Italian in full Tiziano Vecellio or Tiziano Vecelli,

 (born 1488/90, Pieve di Cadore, Republic of Venice [Italy]—died August 27,

1576, Venice), the greatest Italian Renaissance painter of the Venetian school. He was
recognized early in his own lifetime as a supremely talented painter, and his
reputation has in the intervening centuries never suffered a decline. In 1590 the art
theorist Giovanni Lomazzo declared him “the sun amidst small stars not only among
the Italians but all the painters of the world.” Titian was an Italian artist who is
considered among the greatest painters of all time. He was a versatile painter, adept
with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His
use of color and painting methods, particularly his emphasis on the touches of the
brush and even sometimes of fingertips, exercised profound influence on future
generations of Western art. Know about the art of Titian by studying his 10 most
famous paintings which include great masterpieces like Bacchus and Ariadne; Diana
and Actaeon; and Assumption.

10 MOST FAMOUS PAINTINGS BY TITIAN

1. ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN- was the first commission of Titian in Venice and
it established Titian as lead painter of the city. The painting depicts the ‘assumption of
the virgin’ which is celebrated every year on August 15 and commemorates the rising
of Mary to heaven before the decay of her body. In the painting, Virgin Mary is raised
to the heavens by a swarm of cherubim while standing on a cloud. Assumption of the
Virgin is among the most famous paintings of the Renaissance and is considered
the greatest masterpiece of Titian.
2. BACCHUS AND ARIADNE- This painting was one of the compositions he created
in response. It depicts Ariadne, who has been deserted by her lover on an island, being
discovered on the shore by the god Bacchus. The masterful depiction of the scene and
Titian’s humorous interpretation of an idyllic world of antiquity make Bacchus and

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Ariadne one of the miracles of Renaissance art. It now hangs in the National
Gallery in London.
3. DIANA AND ACTAEON- this painting portrays the moment in which the
goddess Diana, depicted on the right side of the painting, is surprised in her bath by
the famous Theban hero Actaeon. She subsequently turns him into a stag leading to
him being devoured by fifty hounds. Considered among Titian’s greatest works,
Diana and Actaeon was acquired by the National Gallery, London and the National
Gallery of Scotland for £50 million in February 2009.
4. VENUS OF URBINO- This painting was commissioned by Guidobaldo Rovere, the
Duke of Urbino. It shows the goddess Venus, reclining on a couch or bed in the
surroundings of a Renaissance palace. The painting is unapologetically erotic with
Venus staring straight at the viewer, unconcerned with her nudity.
5. THE RAPE OF EUROPA- This painting is one of seven famous canvases,
the “poesies”, depicting mythological scenes from Ovid’s Metamorphoses that Titian
made for Philip II of Spain during the 1550s. The painting depicts Jupiter, in the guise
of a bull, snatching the Princess Europa and carrying her off to Crete over wine-dark
seas. In contrast to the clarity of Titian’s early works, the painting is almost baroque
in its blurred lines, swirling colors, and vibrant brushstrokes. Considered among
Titian’s greatest works, The Rape of Europa, in a way, prefigured the work of Rubens
and the Baroque.
6. DANAË WITH NURSEMAID - Titian’s Danaë series is considered among his
greatest works and this paining, which is also known as Danaë Receiving the Golden
Rain, is the most famous of the series. In it, the magnificent nude Danae lies upon her
couch as Jupiter descends to her in the form of golden rain, and her nursemaid rather
amusingly attempts to catch the coins in her apron.
7. POPE PAUL III AND HIS GRANDSONS - his painting depicts the thorny
relationship between Pope Paul III, born Alessandro Farnese, and two of his
grandsons, Ottavio and Alessandro. The feeble pope, then aged 78, appears to turn
suddenly in his chair toward Ottavio. It is widely accepted as one of the most
politically difficult portrait commissions in art history and due to Titian’s masterful
and subtle depiction of the complex reality in the family, the portrait is ranked as
his best work in the genre and among his finest and most penetrating works.
8. SACRED AND PROFANE LOVE - It shows two women, one richly dressed while
the other naked, sitting on either side of a stone coffin with Cupid in the center,
dipping his hand in water. The interpretation of the allegory is debated but it is
generally considered that the two women are twin Venuses with one representing
forces of nature while the other standing for eternal and divine love. Painted by Titian
when he was twenty five, the painting is his most famous work from the early period.
9. 9 PESARO MADONNA - Also known as Madonna di Ca’ Pesaro, this painting was
commissioned by Jacopo Pesaro, whose family acquired in 1518 the chapel at
the Frari Basilica in Venice for which the work was painted. It shows its patron in a
devotional pose, kneeling before the Virgin and presented to her by Saint Peter. The

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painting is perhaps the most studied work of Titian and in it the master established a
classic formula which was followed by several later artists.
10. EQUESTRIAN PORTRAIT OF CHARLES V- This portrait was designed to
commemorate the victory of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, over the Protestant
armies at the Battle of Muhlberg in 1547. The skilfully depicted armor which shines
brightly, brilliant use of color and the superb sunset landscape all contribute to make
it one of the masterpieces of all time. Such was the impact of the painting that it
established a new genre, that of the grand equestrian portrait.

https://learnodo-newtonic.com/titian-famous-paintings

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Marelene J. Agudo

Yesha Paje /Instructor

GEE 12 BSED 3 ENGLISH

21 June 2022

Speculate about why images might be important in non-literate cultures?

What might be one concern about images used in religious rituals?

Visual representations of concepts are certain to be effectively and successfully

understood by others, as far as potential is concerned. Pictures are important, especially in

non-educated cultures, because not everything can be understood through words or letters,

especially for people who have no concept how to read or write. In my perspective, even

those who are illiterate might comprehend what was being demonstrated by simply seeing it.

However, because of our religious beliefs, it is improper for anyone to share photos without

first seeking the opinion of these people or groups. Regarding sharing such visuals or

imagery, some religious traditions could have some reservations.

All monotheistic religions—including Buddhism—appears to have engaged in some

form of so-called aniconism throughout history, which restricts the use of images,

representations of humans especially sacred ones such as to those of deities or prophets.

Other religious groups, such as the Amish, restrict photography and other depictions of

people, thus their children's dolls often have blank faces.

A quick glance at the britanica.com reveals that Islamic aniconism combines two

ideas: the first is the rejection of any images that could be used as idols, and the second is the

rejection of any representations of living creatures. Other Muslim-majority nations, such as

North Africa, Egypt, and India, are continuously expressly restrict representational art.

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Marelene J. Agudo

Yesha Paje /Instructor

GEE 12 BSED 3 ENGLISH

21 June 2022

What are your insights about the Age of Renaissance to Realism Arts and how

did it affect the period of time?

The term "renaissance" refers to a resurgence, awakening, or rediscovery of

knowledge. It suggested a fresh approach to science and technology. This new movement

began in Europe when the dominance of the church was shattered and people began to think

for themselves, ask more questions, and be more willing to learn new things. This was

beneficial for man since it gave him the chance to advance technology while also having the

freedom to learn, experiment, develop, and innovate. From the 14th to the 17th century,

Europe underwent the Renaissance, which is recognized as the transitional period between

the middle ages and modern history.

The Early Modern Age began with the Renaissance, a cultural movement that

originated in Italy during the Late Medieval era and eventually expanded to the rest of

Europe. The Renaissance brought about a revolution in science and the arts as a cultural

movement. And was influenced the evolution of communication norms and habits in politics.

It also increased the use of observation and inductive reasoning in science.

Although the Renaissance saw changes in numerous areas, its contributions to art are

perhaps best known. Especially in making realism arts which perhaps allows artist to paint or

sculpts what is seen in this real world such as the human body, the natures and the other

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paints that depict what has happened in the past and what could be happening in the future for

example the work by Michelangelo the last judgment. In this piece, Michelangelo was trying

to communicate the people of what will be happening on the second coming of Christ which

is in the future. He made this piece inspired by the book of the Holy Bible.

Prepared by:

YESHA M. PAJE, LPT

Instructor 1

GEE 12: Reading Visual Arts