2022-2023 P1 141 SB2 - Grammar and Vocabulary Materials

2022-2023
Upper- Intermediate Level

(CEFR B1+)
Period 1
Classroom Materials
1
Student Booklet
 Open Cloze Tests

 Cloze Tests With Options
 Lecture Ready 3 Vocabulary Revision Materials
 Making Connections 3 Vocabulary Revision Materials
CONTENTS
GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: OPEN CLOZE TESTS............................................................................4
CLOZE TEST 1: BEES............................................................................................................................................4
CLOZE TEST 2: DESIGN THROUGH THE AGES.............................................................................................4
CLOZE TEST 3: LIVING TO 100..........................................................................................................................5
CLOZE TEST 4: SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS...........................................................................................................6
CLOZE TEST 5: AN INDEFINABLE QUALITY.................................................................................................7
CLOZE TEST 6: ADVERTISING: THEN AND NOW.........................................................................................7
CLOZE TEST 7: BENEFITS OF E-BOOKS..........................................................................................................9
CLOZE TEST 8: A TRADITIONAL HINDU WEDDING....................................................................................9
GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: CLOZE TESTS with OPTIONS...........................................................10
CLOZE TEST 1: MEDIA ETHICS.......................................................................................................................10
CLOZE TEST 2: CHILDHOOD OBESITY.........................................................................................................11
CLOZE TEST 3: ONLINE LEARNING...............................................................................................................12
CLOZE TEST 4: NONVIOLENCE.......................................................................................................................13
CLOZE TEST 5: FENRIS THE WOLF................................................................................................................14
CLOZE TEST 6: FAST FASHION & POLLUTION...........................................................................................15
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CLOZE TEST 7: THE NEW PRO-GUN LAW....................................................................................................16
LECTURE READY 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS..................................................................................17
LECTURE READY CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................................17
LECTURE READY CHAPTER 10.......................................................................................................................37
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS.....................................................................38
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 1 & 2........................................................................................38
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 3 & 4........................................................................................39
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 5 Vocabulary...........................................................................40
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 READING 1 & 2.....................................................................................41
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 3 and Reading 4........................................................................42
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 5.................................................................................................43
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 1 and Reading 2........................................................................44
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 3 & 4..........................................................................................45
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 READING 1 & 2.....................................................................................48
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 Readings 3 & 4........................................................................................49
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GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: OPEN CLOZE TESTS
CLOZE TEST 1: BEES

Fill in each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only ONE word in each blank.
People have always wanted to learn about bees. This interest may have begun with the honey (1)
__________ bees make. In fact, archeologists have found evidence that people have been eating honey (2)
__________ many thousands of years. In the more recent past, people (3) __________ interested in the way
bees made honey. They admired (4) __________ way bees seemed to work so hard. Some languages even
developed expressions about hardworking people who work (5) __________ bees. In English, for example,
we talk about being a “busy bee.”
Now scientists have a new reason to (6) __________ interested in bees. They have discovered that bees are
(7) __________ to communicate with each other. Research has revealed some surprising facts like this,
(8) __________ there are still many mysteries.
Communication is possible among bees through their sense of smell. A group of bees, called a colony, uses
smell (9) __________ protect itself from other bees. This is possible (10) __________ of the common smell
that all the bees in a colony have. This smell acts like a chemical signal. (11) __________ warns the group
of bees when a bee from a different colony is near. This way, bees from outside cannot enter and disturb a
hive (the bee colony’s home). (12) __________ an outsider does try to enter, the bees of that colony will
smell it and attack it.
CLOZE TEST 2: DESIGN THROUGH THE AGES

1930-1939: In the 1930s, designers increased the efficiency of boats and aircraft by giving them smooth and
curved shapes. (1) __________, in 1934, Chrysler launched its new streamlined car, the Airflow. (2)
__________ was the start of the use of aerodynamics in car design. Streamlining suggested speed, efficiency
and most of all modernity. Designers realized that consumers (3) __________ attracted to other streamlined
products, and therefore began to use streamlining in a wide range of domestic appliances. The designer
Henry Dreyfuss helped to develop a new theory about design called ergonomics. He believed that machines
would be (4) __________ efficient if they were adapted to people’s needs. His reputation was based on the
Bell 3000 telephone. (5) __________ to its ergonomic design, it was easy for people to use. At this time, a
number of new materials were used in design, (6) __________ as Bakelite (an early type of plastic). It was a
perfect material for producing smooth, streamlined products.
1960-1969: This was a period (7) __________ optimism and self-belief, when humans travelled faster than
sound and walked on the moon. During this period, the power of advertising, particularly on television,
created mass consumerism. Manufacturers began to recognize the buying power of teenagers and began to
develop products (8) __________ were aimed at the youth market. These new young consumers wanted
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change and variety. It was a time of short-lived products and the idea of a ‘throwaway’ society. New
materials, new shapes, new colours appeared in all areas of design. There (9) __________ many radical
furniture designs. The Danish designer Verner Panton produced his bright red plastic chair, for example, and
Eero Aarnio created his extraordinary Ball Chair. In fashion, the space age continued (10) __________
influence design. Designers created clothes in futuristic materials. Courreges’ ‘silver foil’ suits were an
example of this.
1990-1999: During the 1990s, many designers worried about the damage to the environment that was caused
(11) __________ industrialization. They were especially concerned (12) __________ the destruction of
energy sources and raw materials. They wanted to find ways of slowing this down. (13) __________
concerns influenced design in many areas. For example, solar cars and electric cars were developed.
Recycling paper and other materials became popular, as in designer Jane Atfield’s plastic shelving unit. The
material (14) __________ she used came from old washing-up liquid bottles. Designers created more
energy-saving products and products which consumers (15) __________ repair or recycle. The focus was on
product durability. Another big influence on design was advances in communication, in particular the
Internet and the mobile telephone. One product that illustrates the two big concerns of designers in the 1990s
(16) __________ Trevor Baylis’ wind-up radio, which was launched in 1995. This product was particularly
useful in Africa because it could generate power (17) __________ having expensive batteries. People made
the radio work simply by turning a small handle.
CLOZE TEST 3: LIVING TO 100

Since the mid-1950s, life expectancy around the world (1) __________ increased dramatically, and
many scientists believe that this trend is likely to continue in the future. The United Nations estimated that in
the early 1950s the world life expectancy rate would increase to 46.4 years. By 1998, world life expectancy
(2) __________ increased to 63 years. In more developed regions, life expectancy was an average of 75 and
in less developed areas it was 62 years. That represents an average increase (3) __________ life expectancy
of about 35 percent for the world.
The main reason for the increase during this period (4) __________ the decline in infant mortality.
Fewer children died at (5) __________ early age, and this was mainly due to improved healthcare and better
food production. Most experts believe that people will continue to live longer in the future (6)__________
of medical advances. Researchers predict that at least half of the North American and Japanese babies who
were born after the year 2000 (7) __________ live to an age of 90, and ten percent to 100 years old.
Furthermore, new drugs are (8) __________ developed, which will slow down the aging process. These will
be available in around 2010, and they will enable people (9) __________ live 20 years longer.
If the current older populations in many countries become healthier, wealthier and live longer, the
trend will have important consequences for people and governments. The cost (10) __________ medical
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care for older people will rise, and governments will have to start thinking hard about (11) ___________ to
fund state pensions for older citizens. Some people will want to keep on working later in their life, (12)
__________ could lead to changes in the age of retirement in many countries. Others would prefer to
enjoy(13) __________ retired at an earlier age and having more time for themselves. This will create
business opportunities for companies in the leisure and entertainment industries and open up new segments
of the market.
Finally, the effect on the world population will be great. Europe’s population has been in decline for
several years now as people prefer to have (14) __________ children and families tend to be smaller.
However, the population will not decline fast once these anti-ageing drugs start to become widely available.
It (15) __________ believed that the populations in China and India could soar by 500 million. An expert
(16) __________ population, Professor Shripad Tuljapurkar, says that “We could expect to see the world’s
population top out at about 11 to 20 billion.”
CLOZE TEST 4: SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS

DISCUSSION: SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS ARE BETTER THAN MIXED SCHOOLS
Message 1- posted by Jane, Amsterdam

I think mixed-sex schools are the only way for children to learn because it is natural. In higher
education and their working life, they (1) __________ be mixed so it makes sense for them to be mixed at
school. An important goal of education is to prepare children for real life. Therefore, schools (2)
__________ reflect the real world.
Message 2- posted by Hans, Germany
My reaction (3) __________ this is very clear. For me, single-sex schools are much better, and the
statistics show that they get better exam results, particularly at the secondary level. Anything (4)
__________ helps children pass exams must be a good thing.
Message 3- posted by Bill, USA
Boys and girls learn in very different ways. I feel that they should (5) __________ educated
separately so teachers can focus on their different needs. The way I see it is that (6) __________ you have a
zoo, you don’t put the lions in with the zebras!
Message 4- posted by Martin, London
My view on this is that it doesn’t really matter. (7) __________ is important is the curriculum, and
keeping students interested. I was a teacher and we had a lot of students who skipped the lessons (8)
__________they found them boring. Never have a timetable with Math as the first class on Monday
morning if you want to see your students in the class!
Message 5- posted Emily, Sydney
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I don’t think there is any question that mixed schools are better. There is too much competition at
single-sex schools, which often means that students don’t make (9) __________ progress. I also think there
is more bullying at single-sex schools, (10) __________ children are picked on because of the increased
competition. Single-sex schools lead to a ‘dog eat dog’ situation.
CLOZE TEST 5: AN INDEFINABLE QUALITY

Bill Clinton, ex-President of the United States, is a very popular speech giver (1) __________
regularly gives talks all over the world to many different audiences. (2) __________ he has a special quality,
which we call ‘charisma’, he is so effective at giving talks.
Nowadays, psychologists are becoming very interested in charisma and want to redefine
(3)__________ meaning. People often misunderstand (4) __________ charisma is and think of it as a kind
of fame, but it is not the same as fame. Charisma is a kind of magic and is relatively rare. A well-known
American psychologist thinks that charismatic people are basically brilliant communicators. (5)
__________, they have other qualities, such as sensitivity, self-confidence, eloquence and vision.
Charismatic personalities are able to draw people to them, and (6) __________ is claimed that people
feel happy in their company. In addition, there (7) __________ a sense of ‘togetherness’ when a charismatic
person is with other people. A good example of this ability, some way, is the famous American, Oprah
Winfrey. She is a highly successful businesswoman and is probably best-known (8) __________ the
presenter of a very popular talk show. Oprah is able to relate to audiences at her shows and they respond
well to her. Her charismatic personality (9) __________ made her one of the richest women in the world.
She owns several houses and publishes her own magazines. Currently, she is presenting a new series of the
Oprah Winfrey show. She also runs a book club, (10) ____________ influences the nation’s reading habits
and may be one of the reasons why people are reading more these days in the USA.
Another woman who had extraordinary charisma was the film star, Marilyn Monroe, who was a
beautiful woman and a talented but underrated actress. She was always the center of attention at the places
(11) __________ she went. She married an ex-baseball player, Joe DiMaggio, and later a famous writer,
Arthur Miller. Marilyn Monroe’s charisma was (12) __________ great that DiMaggio was overshadowed by
her. As he put it so well, ‘It’s no fun being married to an electric light.’
(13) __________ fame, charisma doesn’t fade and disappear over time. Even now, nearly fifty years
after her death, when young people see Monroe in her films, her charisma seems as fresh and powerful as
ever.
CLOZE TEST 6: ADVERTISING: THEN AND NOW

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Most advertising in ancient times was word-of-mouth, that is, people liked something and told others
about it. But even then, in addition to this method, people advertised (1) __________ putting inscriptions on
walls, for example to display political slogans and offer household goods for sale. Also, in Rome and
Greece, in ancient times, it was common for people to use papyrus, a kind of paper, to advertise things they
(2) __________ lost or found. Papyrus was also used for posters to advertise political campaigns. Many
traces of these advertisements have (3) __________ found in the ruins of Pompeii, a city that was destroyed
by a volcano which erupted in 79AD. The tradition of wall or rock painting as a way of advertising goods is
even more ancient and examples can still (4) __________ found in parts of Asia, Africa and South America.
Printing was developed in the 15th and 16th centuries, and due to (5) __________, the forms of
advertising increased. Handbills - small printed notices and advertisements - became common. Then, by
the17th century, advertisements (6) __________ started appearing in weekly newspapers in England,
including classified adverts for personal goods and services. In the 19th century, mail order catalogues that
promoted all kinds of goods appeared.
Finally, (7) __________ 1960s were a key period in the development of advertising. Advertisements
became more creative and more interesting. Also, they began to draw attention (8) __________ the ‘unique
selling points’, the USPs of products. These are the qualities (9) __________ make a product different
from competitors’ products.
These days, advertisers have come up (10) __________ new ways of promoting their products. For
example, product placement is now common. This is advertising in TV programs or films by having a
character, preferably which is played (11) __________ a famous actor, use a particular product. For
example, Tom Cruise’s character in the movie, Minority Report, had a computer with the Nokia logo on it,
and his watch (12) __________ clearly made by Bulgari.
(13) __________ being expensive, TV commercials are a very effective medium for advertisers. If an
organization wants to have a 30-second TV advert during the annual Super Bowl football game in the
United States, they (14) __________ to pay about $2.5 million.
Perhaps the most interesting development is the use of famous personalities that endorse a product.
The basketball player, Michael Jordan, endorsed Nike products and wore them (15) __________ they
were playing. David Beckham, the footballer, endorsed Police glasses.
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To get well-known personalities (16) ____________ endorse a product can be very expensive, but
endorsements certainly increase a product’s sales, especially (17) __________ the personality has a positive
image in the eyes of the public.
CLOZE TEST 7: BENEFITS OF E-BOOKS

E-books are becoming more and more popular. 1. __________ there is nothing quite like the scent of a
newly printed book, there is a variety of benefits of using electronic books. Firstly, e-books are delivered
directly to your computer, e-reader or even netbook almost instantly after purchase, 2. __________ makes e-
books very practical to buy. Secondly, no trees are cut in the making of an e-book and this is 3. __________
makes them eco-friendly and ideal for those ecologically conscious friends. In addition, they can 4.
__________ read anywhere, on the plane or while waiting in a queue. Another benefit is thousands of books
might 5. __________ stored on a small electronic device. This also means e-books don’t need replacing
over time, and the risk 6. __________ leaving them on the coach is far less, as you are unlikely to forget 7.
__________ laptop or iPad. When you can’t sleep, browse a good online bookshop and buy something
fascinating to move the time. 8. __________ the introduction of e-books, there is no waiting for the
bookstore to open up at 9 am. Additionally, if there is a specific area you 9. ________ like to study once
again in the book, or even report to a fellow book-lover, many e-books are searchable – allowing you 10.
__________ type in a key phrase or even expression. The interactive design of e-books is perfect for the
present day world, 11. __________people have little time and a lot of things to do. Finally, a wide range of
totally free e-books are offered. This means people can read as many books as possible 12. __________
having to pay for them.
CLOZE TEST 8: A TRADITIONAL HINDU WEDDING

A traditional Hindu wedding, which can last for days and is held outside, is both a joyous and a sad
occasion. People are happy (1) __________ two families are joining together and a couple is beginning a
new life. At the same time, the fact that the bride (2) __________ leave her parents to become part of her
husband’s family makes them sad. Sometimes the bride and groom hardly know (3) __________ other. The
two families arrange the marriage. A lot of preparations are made (4) __________ this important day and the
wedding is celebrated in a special way.
Many good-luck customs are part of the preparations. It is customary for the bride and groom
(5) __________ to see each other for a whole month before the wedding. Mehndi ritual is another custom.
On the night before the ceremony, the bride’s sisters get together to paint designs on the palm of the bride’s
hands. They use a natural green paint which (6)__________ made from the leaves of the henna plant.
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(7)________________ the dye is green at first, when the bride washes her hands and feet the next morning,
the designs magically become bright red, which is considered a lucky colour. On the day of the wedding,
certain customs are carried out. The bride’s oldest brother goes to the house of the groom’s family with gifts
(8) __________ represent the union of the two families. The groom, who is dressed in elegant clothing, a
headdress, and garland of flowers, drives to the bride’s house in a white car. A young boy accompanies him
(9) __________ bring good luck. Some Indian grooms ride white horses to their weddings. The bride’s
family welcomes the groom with flowers. During the ceremony, the couple sits around a sacred fire. A priest
performs the ceremony (10) __________ singing special wedding prayers. The bride and groom walk
around the fire seven times as the groom makes seven promises. He promises to keep the bride happy, share
his feelings and possessions with her, to be faithful, respect her family and to make her part of his life. The
seventh promise is to keep the other six promises!
GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: CLOZE TESTS with OPTIONS

CLOZE TEST 1: MEDIA ETHICS
Read the text and choose the correct option to complete each gap.
Concerns about the role and responsibilities of the media ____(1)____ become an increasingly important
part of public debate. Media ethics brings together philosophers, academics and media professionals to
debate ethical and moral questions, and they examine basic notions such as truth, privacy, and freedom,
____(2)____ gives the chance to the contributors to explore questions of objectivity, the ethics of political
journalism, the regulation of privacy and media intrusion and the justification for censorship. They also
discuss the relationship _____(3)_____ journalism and public relations, war reporting and military
propaganda during war, media portrayals of sex and violence, photojournalism and the tabloid press.
Media ethics includes all of the points mentioned above and ____(4)____ the wide term that is used to
describe the appropriate ways of behaviour ____(5)____ all branches of the modern media should obey. The
media branches striving to live up to rules of ethics ____(6)____ as TV, newspapers, magazines, and the
Internet. Different problems arise based on the media branch and actually the problems turn out to be
____(7)____ more complicated because of technology. A lot of issues related to media ethics are caused as a
result of the conflict of ethical rules and the media corporations’ wish to make a profit. ____(8)____,
developments in technology have resulted in more ethical problems for the media than they have removed.
Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/media-ethics
1 A will B have C had D has E would

2 A what B but C it D which E who
3 A between B with C through D in E among
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4 A has B had C is D been E was
5 A what B whether C when D even if E which
6 A can be listed B will list C used to list D should have E could have listed
listed
7 A hardly B barely C considerably D many E a bit
8 A As well as B Not only C On the contrary D Furthermore E In spite of
CLOZE TEST 2: CHILDHOOD OBESITY

Jamie Oliver, the famous British chef, thinks ____(1)____ the British people are doing to reduce childhood
obesity in the UK by 2030 is not enough. He believes that childhood obesity is a serious problem in the UK
and to fight this disease, we ____(2)____ need to make changes to the current understanding of food for
children.
Over the past decades, the whole environment of food ____(3)____ intensely. Life is fast-paced and this
may be a good thing, but we now have to fit eating around our busy lives. Food has become very convenient
to acquire; it can be prepared with minimal effort, and available everywhere, ____(4)____ we want.
In the meantime, 20% of children are suffering from obesity. These children are almost six times
____(5)____ likely to become obese when they are adults and have a higher risk of suffering from diabetes,
cancer, or heart disease. So, if we think that what we need is inexpensive, easier, more available food, then
why is the most of it extremely unhealthy? Today, unfortunately convenient food means food ____(6)____
contains unhealthy amounts of salt, sugar and fats. ____(7)____ we need to be creating healthier options
which are easy to access and cheap for the masses.
In the last decades, there have been two major successful health campaigns in the United Kingdom: anti-
smoking and wearing-of-seatbelts. Both of them ____(8)____ people change customs and people were angry
and confused at first. ____(9)____, if with a little determination, optimism and encouragement, seatbelts and
restrictions on smoking have become the rule in the UK.
Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://www.jamieoliver.com/
1 A that B whether C what D even E which

2 A actually B hardly C instead D not only E similarly
3 A changes B has changed C had changed D changed E will be changing
4 A which B that C whenever D what E whatever
5 A less B a bit more C as much D much E more
6 A where B what C it D that E when
7 A Anyway B In contrast C On top of this D Because E That’s why
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8 A forced B made C let D had E allowed
9 A Therefore B However C Since D In other words E Besides
CLOZE TEST 3: ONLINE LEARNING

Thanks to technological innovations, online learning is a part of many institutions' course offerings around
the world. People from different parts of the world can now receive online instruction ____(1)____ they
would receive face to face education.
Some advantages of online learning include tailoring your own flexible schedule, choosing courses in almost
any subject, studying remotely and therefore saving time and money. You don’t even ____(2)____ leave
your own country to get a degree or a certificate from the best universities in the world.
Advances in technology now allow students to study online ____(3)____ still socializing with their peers.
There are different apps that enable students to collaborate and discuss with each other or work on projects
as a team or in pairs. It is also known by many that students can also watch lectures and interact with their
professors via different modes of learning. They can also use e-books, ____(4)____ are almost always
cheaper and easier to use.
Some people believe that online learning requires a greater degree of discipline and self-motivation.
Institutions, ____(5)____, offer extra educational support in the form of tutor feedback to students receiving
online education. The reason for this is that they want to ensure that their students receive the right amount
of support ____(6)____ they come to campus or not.
Right now, over 8 million students are taking online courses as part of their undergraduate studies. More
than 70% of all students enrolled in online courses happily state that online learning is ____(7)____ better
than the traditional classroom experience. For others, it takes a lot longer ____(8)____used to.
Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://www.educations.com/study-guides/study-online/
1 A more difficult B less easily than C as easily as D much worse E as much as

than than
2 A have to B had to C ought to D needed to E could
3 A without B by C in D during E while
4 A there B what C they D which E that
5 A therefore B however C because D rather E also
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6 A that B whether C when D even if E if only
7 A hardly B less C more D much E slightly
8 A get B to get C are D to be E for
CLOZE TEST 4: NONVIOLENCE

Peaceful protests against unequal civil rights or unfair decisions have always had the potential to be
successful throughout history. Nonviolent movements ____(1)____ meaningful systemic and social change
in many parts of the world in different periods of time. Here are some nonviolent protests to create positive
social, and political changes.
The Salt March
In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi ____(2)____ a peaceful protest against Britain’s forced law saying no Indian
could collect or sell salt in India. Followed by dozens of Indians, Gandhi walked almost 250 miles while
leading the other protesters to the Arabian Sea to pick up a handful of salt out of the salty waters of the sea.
This was a peaceful protest as the protestors ____(3)____ clash with the police force. They were calm and
nonviolent ____(4)____ the protest was a disobedient act. Seventeen years later, after Ghandi’s peaceful
protest, India gained independence from Britain. “Nonviolence is an intensely active force when it is
properly understood and used.” – Gandhi
Suffrage Parade
The nonviolent protests of the 1913 Suffrage Parade helped over 5,000 courageous women ____(5)____
their rights. These women spoke out for the right to equal political participation, namely the right to vote.
This protest should remind us ____(6)____ peaceful acts can have the power to change the system as
women in Britain gained the right to vote after the suffrage movement. “We are here, not because we are
law-breakers; we are here in our efforts to become law-makers.” - Emmeline Pankhurst
Delano Grape Boycott
Cesar Chavez, ____(7)____ supported peaceful boycotts and protests, was involved in a nonviolent 25-day
hunger strike. The strike led to legislative changes to end the exploitation of America’s farm workers in the
1960s. Chavez brought together more than 2,000 farmers to demand minimum wage in the US. This caused
almost 20 million Americans to boycott some Californian brands that abused their workers. ____(8)____,
unions were founded and better wages and security for farmworkers were secured. “I am convinced that the
truest act of courage, the strongest act of humanity, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent
struggle for justice.” - Cesar Chavez
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Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence
1 A have led to B led to C will lead to D had led to E will be leading to
2 A has started B started C had started D would start E has been started
3 A shouldn’t B would C had to D had better not E didn’t need to
4 A despite the fact B in spite of C in fact D however E in contrast

that
5 A to claiming B claiming C to be claimed D to claim E claimed
6 A who B when C that D where E how far
7 A that B whom C when D whose E who
8 A Nevertheless B As a result C Alternatively D On the contrary E Rather
CLOZE TEST 5: FENRIS THE WOLF

The Norse gods were not invulnerable – they had weaknesses – and they had frightening enemies in the
supernatural world. Fenris the wolf was one of the cleverest creatures who tortured the gods and
____(1)____ them live in constant fear. This story explains ____(2)____ the gods fought him.
Loki looked like a god and had the talents and mind of a god, but his heart was somewhere else. He
wanted to be with the giants, ____(3)____ is because he was in part a giant by blood. He wanted to live in
Jotunheim, the cold, isolated, and irritating Land of the Giants. Loki had a lovely wife, Sigyn, in Asgard.
Sigyn was loyal to him, but in Jotunheim Loki had another family. There his wife was a beastly giantess.
Hel, ____(4)____ turned people to stone, was his daughter. Another daughter, the Midgard-Serpent, was a
horrible reptile, and, last but not least, the cruel and hungry Wolf, Fenris had such huge jaws and pointed
sharp teeth like swords that people were scared ____(5)____ at him. And these children of Loki just
continued to grow and get stronger.
One day Odin was watching the world with his Eye, his Eye fell upon Loki’s house in Jotunheim,
____(6)____ he saw Loki’s awful children. He saw how strong and big they were getting, and what
horrible problems they would ultimately cause. As a result, Odin sent Thor and Tyr and some of the other
gods to bring them to Asgard. Fenris was a difficult pet to keep. He wandered freely around Asgard,
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frightening the goddesses. He terrified even Odin because Odin knew that later in the Last Battle, he
____(7)____ by Fenris...
One evening, Odin decided it was time to do something about Fenris. He invited all the gods into the
chamber. When the gods had all come in, he closed the door. “What a mistake we have made,” he
complained, “by feeding and taking care of this wolf that is our enemy! What are we going to do when he
grows ever stronger? No, a solution ____(8)____. We cannot kill him as we can’t have bloodshed here.”
…
Adapted by A.U., 2021, from: https://www.storynory.com/fenris-the-wolf/. Readapted by R.L.L., 2022
1 A let B had C made D forced E helped

2 A what B which C how D where E when
3 A which B that C so D also E it
4 A that B who C when D she E had
5 A look B to look C looking D of looking E to be looking
6 A where B there C when D who E what
7 A killed B kill C be killing D would be killed E has to be killed
8 A would be found B can find C must find D is found E must be found
CLOZE TEST 6: FAST FASHION & POLLUTION

The drop in garment prices over the last 20 years has allowed us ____(1)____ more and more clothes. We
now have 5 times more clothes than our grandparents had. It felt great ____(2)____ we found out what
was hiding behind this trend. In reality, this continuous accumulation of cheap garments _____(3)
________ only possible because of a constant reduction in production costs. This, in turn, has serious
consequences on our health, our planet, and on garment workers’ lives. So how can we reduce our impact
on the environment?
1. BUY LESS
Even the greenest garment uses resources for production and transport to your home, creating some
environmental impact. A root of the problem lies ____(4)____ our excessive consumerism: we buy ten
while our grandmothers bought two. We tend to think that buying new clothes will make us happy.
Maybe some foundations of our lifestyle ____(5)____.
2. BUY CLOTHES FROM SUSTAINABLE BRANDS
More and more fashion brands take into account the environmental and social impact of their production.
We will not lie to you: the offer is still limited and it is easier and cheaper to go to the closest shopping
center to refill your wardrobe. ____(6)____, the more we demand sustainable clothing, the more will be
available- just like organic food was difficult to find 15 years ago. Today, it is available in most
15
supermarkets. Pricewise, yes, you will pay more for sustainable clothing than in a fast fashion shop, but
now we know ____(7)____ lies behind those very low prices... Fortunately, sustainable brands will not
necessarily cost more than brand-name clothing, ____(8)____ we sometimes buy for the image, but rarely
for the quality or the sustainability.
Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://www.sustainyourstyle.org/en/reducing-our-impact
1 A buy B buying C not to buy D to buy E not buying

2 A until B because C so D despite E although
3 A were B are C is D have been E had been
4 A that B by C through D for E in
5 A can reconsider B should be C will be D must reconsider E need to reconsider
reconsidered reconsidered
6 A Nevertheless B Therefore C Whereas D In addition E But also
7 A which B that C what D it E why
8 A that B which C when D so E and
CLOZE TEST 7: THE NEW PRO-GUN LAW

A new pro-gun law in Texas went into effect on Wednesday. This law allows most Texans who legally
own a firearm to carry it openly in public without obtaining a permit or training. Experts say this is a
measure which ____(1)____ it more challenging for law enforcement to protect the public from gun
violence in the following days.
The controversial "constitutional carry" legislation is ____(2)____ in a series of pro-gun bills that state
lawmakers passed this year as gun violence incidents rise in Texas and across the country.
The number of shootings in Texas, not including suicides, increased 14% this year with roughly 3,200
shootings ____(3)____ the same period in 2020, which recorded roughly 2,800 shootings, according to
data compiled by the Gun Violence Archive (GVA).
"In Texas, canceling the permit altogether is a radical change," said Andrew Karwoski, a policy expert at
Everytown for Gun Safety, the largest gun violence prevention organization in the country. "Just letting
almost anyone ____(4)____ a handgun in public, no questions asked, no background check or safety
training, is really dangerous."
Conservative activists ____(5)____ for permitless carry proposals for years, but they were stalled in the
past three legislative sessions. Declaring that the law "instilled freedom in the Lone Star State," Gov.
16
Greg Abbott signed the bill into law in June ____(6)____ opposition from Democrats, some policing
leaders and gun control advocates.
Dallas Police Chief Eddie Garcia said people open carrying firearms have made it harder for officers to
differentiate a "good guy with a gun ____(7)____ a bad guy with a gun."
"Owning a firearm and being able to deploy a firearm in a safe manner requires not only familiarity with
the weapon system ____(8)____ a level of proficiency," said Frank Straub, the director of the Center for
Mass Violence Response Studies at the National Police Foundation.
Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/01/us/texas-open-carry-laws/index.html
1 A are going to B has made C will be making D would make E makes

make
2 A the latest B the first C the most D the best E the initial
3 A despite B rather C in contrast D instead of E compared to
4 A to carry B carry C carrying D to be carried E being carried
5 A has been B lobby C had lobbied D are lobbied E will lobby
lobbying
6 A despite B in contrast C however D though E in spite of the
fact that
7 A than B as C without D from E that
8 A but also B which C in D such as E and
LECTURE READY 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS
LECTURE READY CHAPTER 1

Activity 1: Read the text and choose the correct option to complete each gap.
Second language speakers’ pronunciation is related to the age at which they are first exposed to the second
language (L2). Speakers who were very young when they were first exposed to their L2 almost always have
better pronunciation than those who were exposed at an older age. Older learners may begin with an
advantage because they have superior (1) ________________. However, eventually, younger learners
always catch up and overtake older learners, especially in pronunciation. How have scientists driven the (2)
________________ that adult learners rarely attain nativelike pronunciation? One explanation is critical
period hypothesis. This hypothesis (3) ________________ that if humans do not receive the necessary input
during a critical period of development, they will not develop a specific ability. There is one famous case of
Genie, a child who was (4) ________________ by her parents by being locked in a room and never being
spoken to. The authorities found her when she was 13 years old. In her case, the critical period hypothesis
17
was supported: She never fully mastered the language. It suggests that learners who wish to (5)
________________ a nativelike accent need to begin learning when they are children.
Nevertheless, there are adult L2 learners who can pass as native speakers, and there are learners who, with
(6) ________________ exposure to the L2 as children, are not nativelike in their L2. However, both of these
are relatively rare. The ability to pronounce the L2 like a native speaker does not disappear suddenly;
instead, it (7) ________________ gradually.
It should be emphasized that it is possible for learners to achieve very good pronunciation in the L2 by using
effective learning (8) _______________, working hard, and practicing. Second language learners can
develop speech that is grammatical, expressive, and perfectly (9) ______________. They do not need to
sound like native speakers.
Adapted by HC, May 2022
1 A image B applicant C capacity D process E sponsor

2 A affair B conclusion C brand D target E factor
3 A evaluates B demonstrates C accelerates D relies E fulfills
4 A abandoned B sacked C dealt D abused E owed
5 A acquire B taste C purchase D censor E appeal
6 A extensive B unconscious C collective D sacred E irrelevant
7 A subtracts B prevents C decays D swaps E declines
8 A coincidence B duty C strategy D account E progress
9 A particular B temporary C unreliable D adequate E aware
18
EXERCISE 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct FORM of the word at the end of each line. Spelling
mistakes will be penalized.
Our belief is that every life is just as important as the next and the way to
success and progress in any field is through (11) _________________. The (11) EDUCATE
World Education Foundation covers all aspects of education, which allows
individuals to (12) _________________ contribute to society. Our main aim is (12) POSITIVE
to educate organizations and individuals to improve health, education and
infrastructure in developing countries. We want to contribute to the (13) (13) REDUCE
_________________ of extreme poverty by educating pupils from pre-
kindergarten through vocational and higher education. Our initiatives foster (14) HEALTH
a/an (14) _________________ growth in the industries worldwide.
We believe a single type of democracy is not (15) _________________ (15) COMPLETE

appropriate for all people. By understanding the (16) _________________ (16) CULTURE
differences in each region, the WE Foundation is equipped to implement the
best strategy to bring resources and education for enhanced (17) (17) GROW
_________________ opportunities. Therefore, we feel it is essential to provide
a framework for democratic (18) _________________ at all levels, from village (18) CONSCIOUS
associations, organizations and industry leaders; to governments, which have
the (19) _________________ of implementing policy. (19) CAPABLE
The WE Foundation will continue to assist in bridging the disparity gap

throughout the world, giving each individual the opportunity to (20) (20) FULFILLMENT
_________________ their potential in their community and global market
place.
19
EXERCISE 1: Fill in the blanks with one of the words from the box. There are more words than you need.
Do not change the form of the words.
commit imply outstandingly comprehended
sampled risk balance investment
Moving to China
Two years ago, I was offered a good position at an international company but before working in the central
office, I was asked to go to China and stay there for one year to receive training and learn Chinese. I decided
to take the job and go to China because I thought that it would be a/an (1) _________________ in my
personal and professional development. When I first went there, I really felt off (2) _________________.
The food, language, life style, shortly everything was totally different from my culture, so it was a big (3)
_________________ moving there and I faced several challenges. For example, I couldn’t eat anything
other than biscuits during the first two days because most of the food was not cooked at all. I never (4)
_________________ the concept of eating uncooked things. It was disgusting! However, in time I (5)
_________________ many different uncooked foods, got used to it and even started to enjoy eating Chinese
food. I was quite willing to learn Chinese. I thought I could learn it easily as I would be hearing Chinese a
lot but I was wrong. I understood that I should (6) _________________ a lot of time to learning Chinese
because it is really a very difficult language. Therefore, I studied at nights by watching Chinese channels
and I created opportunities to speak with my Chinese friends. At the end of one year, I could communicate
in Chinese and had progressed (7) _________________ .
There have been changes in different aspects of people’s lives over the
20
past few decades and parents’ approach to raising a child is also one of
these changing things. For example, in the past, parents didn’t feel the
need to pay money for their children’s education and they used to send
them to state schools, which was more (8) _________________. (8) ECONOMY
However, now parents want their children to be (9) _________________ (9) COMMIT
to learning both knowledge and different skills and the only way to do
this is sending them to private schools. There are several factors which
(10) GLOBAL
affect parents’ approach. First, with the effect of (10)
_________________, now there is more competition in the academic
world. As parents want their children to be the best in class, they
(11) GRADUAL
encourage them a lot and want to see that they improve themselves (11)
_________________. In addition, now the work life is more competitive,
(12) QUALIFY
too. For example, in order to find a good job and maintain it, a person
(13) CONTEMPORARILY
needs to have various (12) _________________. Some of these are
speaking at least a second language, having (13) _________________
computer skills and being able to communicate with others effectively. (14) SECURE
Because more people are becoming more and more qualified, the job (14)
_________________ also increases because employers know that there
are dozens of qualified people who are looking for a good job.
As a result, parents are aware of the difficulties which changing life (15) INVEST
conditions bring, so they are willing to make (15) _________________
in their children’s education and social life. They want their children to
have hobbies, speak at least one foreign language and be ambitious to (16) APPARENT
learn new things. (16)_________________, they don’t want them to be (17) AIM
(17) _________________ in life, so they are doing their best to

encourage and motivate their kids in the best way.
21
EXERCISE 1: Complete the text by choosing options A, B, C, D or E.
Culture Shock
When you study abroad, your daily routine, culture, and the attitudes of people around you are no longer
familiar. You will have to recognize, understand, and (1)______________ to these changes. This process is
called culture shock. You will often (2)______________ four stages of culture shock:
1 A account B adapt C appeal D aim E adopt
2 A target B implement C celebrate D encounter E commit
22
1. The Honeymoon Stage
This is the (3)______________ stage that you experience when you first arrive; you often feel excited and
happy about your new home. During this stage, you are likely to be (4)______________ and fascinated by
the cultural differences.
3 A initial B final C seldom D contemporary E steady
4 A activated B qualified C charmed D appealed E challenged
23
2. The Shock Stage
Gradually, the feeling of happiness will disappear. You may begin to feel lonely and (5)______________
because you cannot communicate with local people. You may even feel angry and frustrated because many
things are so different from your own country. For example, whereas (6)_________________ may be
considered very important in your own culture, it may be common to show up late for meetings in your host
country.
5 A unattractive B independent C embarrassed D unconscious E secure
6 A punctual B punctuate C punctuality D punctually E punctuation
24
3. The Adjustment Stage
You begin to accept your new home and you learn to deal with the differences. You feel more positive and
interested in learning more about your host country, and you make a(n) (7)______________ to fit in.
7 A desire B risk C aim D mission E effort
25
4. The Acceptance Stage
Reaching a high level of comfort in your new home is the final stage. You (8)______________ the customs
and behaviors of the local people and this helps you to communicate with them more effectively. You no
longer (9)______________ your new environment with negative feelings. Instead, you feel like you belong
there and you have become a part of a new social (10)______________.
8 A abandon B demonstrate C activate D adopt E decline
9 A deal B associate C remain D combine E illustrate
10 A council B media C network D aspect E mobility

Theme parks have been around for decades and are still very popular. For the most part, the physics and
theories used to (11)_______________ these wonderful theme parks in the early years have withheld the test
of time and are still exactly the same. Most people don't stop to think about how much (12)_____________
parks really rely on physics. If the thrilling rides, such as roller coasters, were just built like you might build
a tree house and physics was never applied, then the millions of thrill-seeking adults and
(13)______________ children that flock to these attractions each year would simply have to find something
else to waste their money and adrenaline on.
1 A conduct B apply C invest D construct E acquire
1
1 A institution B amusement C ornament D citizen E architecture
2
1 A unreliable B competitive C lively D impatient E dull
3
26
EXERCISE 3: Fill in the blanks with the CORRECT form of the words in parentheses and write your own
sentence after you find the correct form.
14. Evolution occurs as a result of _________________ to new environments. (ADAPT)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________
15. The ‘sandwich’ feedback method is a popular method of giving _________________ criticism. That is,
advice which is helpful. It is often used in classrooms and corporate environments. (CONSTRUCT)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________
16. The house is in a highly _________________ location. It is close to the shops and the supermarket. And
there is even a bus stop right in front of it. (DESIRE)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________
17. Once know which products you want to sell, the next step is finding a _________________.
(MANUFACTURE)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________
18. The best way to _________________ your water is to use a filter. Often you can build a water filter with
the resources you have available, this gets the particles, dirt and some of the chemicals out of the water. It
is wise to boil the water after you filtered it to ensure that all bacteria and viruses are killed. (PURE)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________
19. ________________ is the physical and mental energy that you spend on doing something.
(EFFORTLESS)
Your sentence: _______________________________________________________________

perceive attend candidates professions seek opponents attach claim
27
Do schools really prepare young people for real life? There are many examples of successful people who
never (1) _________________ university. Similarly, do employers (2) _________________ people with
qualifications in subjects like History or Literature? Research seems to indicate that what employers really
want are (3) _________________ with experience which isn't traditionally part of a school or university
curriculum.
generate perspectives enhance wealthy origins attached classified

We should remember that few of us will become (4) _________________ without an education since
schools do prepare us for the real world because they give the majority of us necessary tools to (5)
_________________ our skills to fit into society so the importance of gaining (6) _________________
through education cannot be denied. At schools, as we progress into higher education, we learn how to
become independent and critical thinkers, how to (7) _________________ new ideas and express them. In
summary, education should be (8) _________________ as important because it is not only about facts and
figures-it is also about developing important personal qualities.
Music is an art form whose medium reaches across all cultures and has inspired
people throughout the centuries, with musical traditions often extending beyond
the culture or country of its origin. One example of how music can go beyond
borders is Jazz, which is an American musical art form that (9) (9) ORIGIN
_________________ in African American communities in the Southern United
(10) ENHANCE
States at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, it has evolved and been
(10) _________________ as it has spread and gained popularity in many parts of
the world. It has popularized instruments that were traditionally associated with
classical music, thereby expanding music’s reach even further.
Throughout history, a variety of methods have been used for musical instrument

(11) CLASSIFY
(11) _________________. The modern system divides instruments into wind,
(12) MASS
string, and percussion, but within those three, there is a(n) (12)
_________________ variety of musical instruments. 'Officially' there are
between 1,500 and 2,000 instruments – with traditional 'classical instruments'
only making up about 300 to 400 of those. Classical orchestras typically have (13) PROFESSION
between 30 and 60 musicians who play (13) _________________.
(14) FORTUNATE
(14) _________________, many traditional instruments face extinction because
28
of the effects of popular culture. If you go and talk to a teenager from the new
(15) _________________, he might not be able to tell you much about (15) GENERATE
‘marimba’. Young people tend to have quite a different (16) (16) PERCEIVE
_________________ of what ‘good’ music is. However, if you ask them whether
they think keeping musical traditions alive is important, most would say it is.
And as they grow older, many find that their musical interests grow with them.
(17) SEEK
Because people love music so much, many specialists have (17)
_______________ to use music to tap into their own emotions and help them
express themselves. Scientists have shown that the music people choose at any
given time can be affected by the mood that they are in and vice versa. Even the
aspects of music that they focus on are affected by their mood. For example,
when people are sad, they tend to focus more on lyrics rather than the melody. In
contrast, if people feel cheerful and happy, they give more attention to the (18) DIVERSE
melody and sounds of instruments; thus, they can distinguish melodic (18)
_______________ better at those times.
29
Why is the placebo effect exploding in the U.S. but nowhere else?
The placebo effect is getting stronger – but only in the United States. That was the finding of the 2015
research by a team from McGill University in Montreal. The team analyzed the findings of 84 drug (1)
______________, which were conducted from 1990 to 2013, for chronic pain medications. The 2015
research (2) _____________ that during the 23-year timeframe, subjects of these clinical drug studies
increasingly reported that their pain levels decreased when taking placebos. Those results are strange enough
on their own, but even more so because they only held true for clinical studies conducted entirely in the U.S.
Experts find it very (3) _____________ that similar trials conducted in Europe and Asia showed no changes
in the placebo effect over the same time period.
1 A brands B trials C purchases D dosages E remedies
2 A commanded B distinguished C activated D evaluated E revealed
3 A approximate B adverse C odd D unpredictable E typical
30
We’ve known that the placebo effect is especially effective for pain drugs ever since Henry Beecher ran out
of morphine to treat injured soldiers during World War II. Instead of telling his patients he couldn’t help
them, he continued telling them he was administering morphine but was really injecting them with saline
solution. To his amazement, in response to his unconventional (4) _______________, 40% of the soldiers
reported feeling less pain. Since then, the placebo effect has been the focus of a(n) (5) _______________ of
controversial studies on antidepressants and other psychiatric meds, reinforcing Beecher’s finding that the
mere expectation of relief can trigger a physiological response. Many have (6) _______________ about the
possible reasons why the placebo effect, at least for chronic neuropathic pain meds, appears to be increasing
only in the U.S.
4 A input B approach C profession D analysis E inspection
5 A effort B source C variety D argument E inspiration
6 A appealed B demonstrated C admitted D enquired E clarified
31
The study’s authors offer a few possible explanations. First, both the size and duration of clinical trials in the
U.S. have increased over the last couple of decades. For reasons that are still unclear, it seems the longer a
trial goes on—and the more people participate—the more pronounced the placebo effect. Another major
distinction between the U.S. and almost every other country in the world may be contributing to an
exploding placebo effect: direct-to-consumer drug advertising. We’re the only country, aside from New
Zealand, that allows drug companies to advertise directly to consumers; these companies (7)
_______________ about the effectiveness of their drugs (interestingly, these ads only became legal in the
U.S. in 1997). While a difficult hypothesis to test, it’s possible that all that (8) _______________ to
carefully created advertising messages about a drug’s effects may cause a placebo response in some patients.
Whatever the causes (and there are almost certainly more than one), the U.S. appears to hold the title of
reigning placebo nation.
Adapted from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2015/10/07/why-is-the-placebo-effect-exploding-in-the-u-s-but-nowhere-else/#2715e4857a0b6582c5e23860
7 A urge B reveal C claim D boast E target

8 A desire B campaign C strategy D exposure E effort

YEŞİLÇAM
Turkish cinema or Yeşilçam (Green Pine) refers to the Turkish Film Industry, which is very similar to
Hollywood in the U.S. Yeşilçam is named after Yeşilçam Street in Istanbul’s Beyoğlu district where many
actors, directors, crewmembers and studios were based. It was the (9) _______________ source of
entertainment and communal activity among middle-class Turks from the 1950s through the 1980s. At first,
people in small towns were not (10) _______________ to the movies because the films were unfortunately
quite expensive and they used to be shown only in major cities. However, it was still an important, (11)
_______________ step in Turkey. The main (12) _______________ for the film producers were American
movies. There were different genres of movies, from horror to comedies. However, the Yeşilçam genres
were not as (13) _______________ as in Hollywood. That is, the ends of the movies were quite (14)
_______________; in almost every Turkish movie, there are happy endings in which the ones who have
suffered from poverty, cruelty of other people, etc. are rewarded.
9 A primary B secure C particular D ancient E sacred

10 A revealed B transferred C exposed D converted E allocated
11 A adverse B odd C unsure D revolutionary E minor
12 A inspiring B inspiration C inspire D inspired E inspirational
13 A coherent B varied C capable D visible E steady
14 A unexpected B immoral C lively D predictable E unintelligible
32
15. Microfibre fabrics are both water ___________________ and windproof. With this
___________________ to the elements, these coats are suitable for a wide variety of outdoor activities.
(RESIST)
16. He’s really _____________________. I mean one day he’s the nicest guy you’ve ever met and the next
day he’s acting like you don’t even exist. I really don’t get him. (PREDICT)
17. He served the Air Force for about 35 years, and then eventually became the _____________________ in
Chief. (COMMAND)
18. Placebo is a kind of ‘fake’ treatment in which patients are given pills that don’t contain any actual active
ingredients, just sugar, or some _____________________ substance. (HARM)
19. Excessive coffee consumption may lead to uncontrolled _____________________, insomnia and even
severe nervous breakdowns. (ANXIOUS)
20. His ideas were _____________________ and didn't seem to follow an organized and logical thought
process. (COHERENCY)
 Speaking Task
Scenario: You have a horrible headache. Someone gives you a sugar pill, but tells you it's pain
medicine.
Questions:
- Do you think it would make some of the pain go away? If it were effective, would you be angry
when you found out the truth?
- Has anyone you know ever experienced the placebo effect?
- Would it be unethical for a doctor to tell a patient he was prescribing pain medicine, but actually
prescribe sugar pills (because he thinks it might help the patient)?
 Writing Task
Nowadays, we have many different types of movies from action to fantasy, epics, musicals and so forth.
Do you think that the film industry can help shape our future? Why/ Why not?
33
Do not change the form of the words. Use each word only once.
regulations visible reputation instant
nationwide ultimate security unwilling
People have different opinions about migration. Some native people believe that immigration is a big
obstacle to the (1) ________________ economic situation of the country, because for them the more people
come to a country, the more jobless people will be around. Even for some groups migration is seen as a
threat to national (2) ______________ because they are not sure about the intentions of new comers. They
worry that immigrants could even be terrorists. As a result, some native people are very (3)
_________________ to welcome new comers in their countries. On the other hand, for others, even though
immigrants are “penniless” and need jobs to survive they are not “cultureless” and in fact through migration
countries can enrich their cultures and make their lives more colourful, so instead of forming (4)
_________________ judgements and bias about the new immigrants they need to form friendship with
them. Therefore, the (5) _________________ goal of the governments should be to minimize the negative
effects like unemployment and maximize the positive ones to create such an atmosphere where everyone can
live and work in harmony without any conflicts. To do this the (6) _________________ which ensure the
integration of new groups into the country is necessary because migration is indeed a fact of life.
insult interfere genuine occupy substitute
justify remark reputation anticipate ultimate
(7) Since he had failed to _________________ the problem, his project ended up being a disaster.
(8) You can study with partners if you want, as long as they don’t _____________ with your work.
(9) He can try to _________________ his actions all he wants, but we all know what he did was wrong.
Deep down, he knows it too!
(10) The presidential candidate made an offensive _________________ during the debate so he had to
apologize publicly.
(11) The "suggestion" was so absurd that we considered it a(n) _________________ to our intelligence.
(12) He has established quite a(n) _________________ for himself as one of the best programmers in the
field.
(13) One might argue that the _________________ purpose of education is to prepare you for the rapidly
changing world.
34
(14) He made a(n) _________________ attempt to understand the topic so that he could write a great
essay.
(15) Cooking and writing poems _________________ most of my leisure time.
(16) When you make a cake, you can _________________ milk for yoghurt.
(7) The development in technology may lead to a(n) _____________ increase in the number of unemployed
people because actually machines are faster and more powerful than men. (JUSTICE)
(8) Entertainment has changed significantly throughout the years. In the early 1900s, the radio was still a
very new _________________ and it remained popular for many years – families used to listen to it
together in the evenings. Now, people have mostly rejected radios and primarily use the internet for all
sorts of entertainment. (PHENOMENA)
(9) For some elderly people technology is very _________________ and they really cannot understand how
to use it. (COMPLICATE)
(10) The things which seem _________________ impossible now might be possible in the future. Man still
has lots of things to discover. (LOGIC)
(11) One of the dark sides of social media is the personal attacks. Some comments can sometimes be quite
_________________. (INSULT)
(12) I need to know what happens in the next book. I can’t stand the _________________. (ANTICIPATE)
(13) The way he talked to me was _________________. It was as if he were talking to a child. (INSULT)
(14) Many people have different opinions on _________________. (IMMIGRANT)
(15) I have a lot of trouble when I try to _______________ poetry. I am just not a poet. (COMPOSITION)
(16) If you see two dogs fighting, it is better to stand back and not _______________. (INTERFERENCE)
(17) How you act is a(n) _________________ of the kind of person you are. (REFLECT)
35
EXERCISE 1: Complete the sentences by choosing options A, B, C, D or E.
An English couple, Amy and John, were going to Paris to celebrate their 20 th wedding anniversary at the
cafe where John (1)__________ to Amy. However, they didn’t know (2)__________ this anniversary would
be the end of their marriage because John decided to confess that he had once cheated on Amy. Amy was on
a business trip in the Netherlands, (3)__________ John went to their destination first and his wife met him
the next day. It was difficult for him and he desperately wanted to be honest with his wife. When he reached
the hotel (4)__________ they had stayed (5)__________ their honeymoon 20 years before, John couldn’t
wait for Amy and decided to send his wife an e-mail about the issue. He knew that after the e-mail, he was
going to regret (6)__________ it, but even so he sent it. The message wrote ‘Dearest wife, I know it is not
fair to say this now, but I want to talk about something, so you need to come straight here as soon as you
finish your trip. I don’t want to give details, but just know that I am not an innocent man’. When Amy got
the message, she immediately set off to Paris to see John. After the conversation they (7)__________, Amy
threw her ring on the ground and left the hotel. One week later they divorced and unfortunately she found
herself in a dire situation. After 20 years of living with John, she was living alone and couldn’t get used to it.
She was still so angry at John for betraying her. She thought to herself: “If I (8)__________ John, I would
have never experienced such pain!” One year later she heard the shocking news that John (9)__________ an
accident and died. She couldn’t speak for a while after hearing about the incident. She decided to attend his
funeral ceremony to watch her 20 year ex-husband be buried. She thought she should feel sad, but after the
ceremony all she could think was that John had deserved this (10)__________ he had ruined her life.
1 A proposed B had proposed C did propose D has proposed E proposes

2 A which B who C where D when E that
3 A so B however C as a result D although E and
4 A on which B in which C by which D to which E from which
5 A in B over C during D of E within
6 A to send B sending C will send D sent E have sent
7 A had B has had C were having D has E have had
8 A never married B never marries C has never D had never E will never
married married marry
9 A had had B has had C had D had not had E has
1 A due to B because of C because D so E thus
0
36
Most people are becoming interested in learning English. A great number of methods and strategies were
used to teach English effectively, however, some of them are (1)__________ now because new ones
continuously take their place. Teaching through activities, especially games, has become popular. Many
educators accept that using games in EFL classes is (2)__________ worth using. Especially in young learner
classes, it is (3)__________ that games are highly useful. Games have many different sorts such as word
games, card games, etc. A teacher should be selective while deciding on game types since organizing in-
class games is not an easy task; it requires imaginative thinking. Games and competitions may help students
learn how to work (4)__________. There are two main benefits to using games. First, being highly
motivating, they promote learning in a fun way. With the help of games, teachers have a chance to work
with students who are willing to learn. Games attract the students’ attention and enable teachers to
(5)__________ an effective teaching and learning atmosphere. Second, games have some uses in terms of
sensory aids. Games lower students’ anxiety in the classroom. Also, by having learners join in a group, they
socialize, which especially benefits shy, non-participatory students. Winning games makes students feel
successful and (6)__________ this reinforces their desire to learn. The integration and presentation of the
games (7)__________ objectives that facilitate students’ learning. To conclude, it is necessary to apply
games to learning and teaching processes because the (8)__________ usage of games in the classroom
makes it possible to learn English entertainingly and permanently.
1 A invalid B innate C valid D desperate E ironic

2 A immediately B tenderly C highly D uniquely E sensitively
3 A unsure B undebatable C regrettable D nonsense E conservative
4 A cooperatively B contrarily C financially D regrettably E desperately
5 A appeal B confess C conserve D accomplish E consume
6 A likely B lively C consistently D unfortunately E eventually
7 A concentrate B balance C target D aim E award
8 A dense B immediate C innocent D sensitive E unconscious
37
(1)__________ within the wreckage of a Spanish old and large sailing ship is thought to be thousands
of emeralds along with gold and silver coins, which are considered a (2)__________ even in our modern
world. Gold worth hundreds of thousands of pounds has previously been found under the Caribbean seas
and the Gulf of Mexico. Historians think the (3)__________ jewels and coins contained within the San Jose
sank off the coast of Cartagena in 1708. A team of experts, the Colombian navy and the country’s
archaeological (4)__________ discovered the wreckage last week near the island of Baru. The Columbian
president said the ship, which sank off the Caribbean coast, was found in Columbian waters. He explained
that 600 people died in the shipwreck and that the (5)__________ historical and archaeological discovery
corresponds to the lost San Jose galleon ship. Sonar images have so far revealed bronze cannons made
(6)__________ for the ship, ceramics, and other historical objects. Archaeological excavation and scientific
tests on the wreck will continue to ensure that its (7)__________ can be properly provided.
1 A Found B Conserved C Consumed D Existed E buried

2 A component B treasure C award D obstacle E remedy
3 A tender B novice C sacred D seldom E secure
4 A institution B profession C sponsorship D composition E reputation
5 A grave B appealing C draught D unique E immediate
6 A literally B specifically C remarkably D ironically E densely
7 A composition B formulation C inspıration D perception E conservation

intelligence evolution aside peaks issue
sacrifices loyal rarely background volunteered
Sherpa People
38
Recently, there has been a lot of news about the Sherpa people, but who are they? Here is some (1)
__________________ information about them and some of the problems they are facing today.
The Sherpa are an ethnic group from the most mountainous part of Nepal. Most Sherpa people live in
Nepal’s eastern regions but as they are nomadic they move around the mountains depending on the season.
Sherpas are highly regarded as skilled mountaineers and experts in their local area. They were invaluable to
early explorers of the Himalayan region, helping them climb the highest (2) ________________ such as
Mount Everest. Sherpas are renowned in the international climbing and mountaineering community for their
ability, experience and (3) _______________. It has been suggested that a part of the Sherpas' climbing
ability is the result of a genetic (4) _________________, a gradual development, due to living in high
altitudes. According to research, 30 genes have changed and developed, allowing the Sherpas to climb the
highest mountains with few difficulties. While climbing, they (5) _______________ suffer from illnesses,
such as brain and lung problems, which are extremely common in people who aren’t Sherpas.
However, life for a Sherpa is quite difficult. They are paid quite badly despite the risks they take. They make
many (6) __________________, such as leaving their family for long periods of time. There are other
problems and the biggest (7) ___________________ at the moment is safety. In April 2015, there was a
huge earthquake in Nepal, which was the worst natural disaster in the country for over 80 years. Many
Sherpas were killed. Other Sherpas who survived the disaster (8) _________________ to help with the
search and rescue. Obviously they weren’t paid for this, and there was no paid work for a long time so many
of them had financial problems.
Being healthy is something that we all take for granted. We don’t realize how
lucky we are to be healthy. For instance, when is the last time that you thought
about how amazing your brain is and how lucky you are that you don’t have
any problems? There are some people who are not so lucky and suffer from
unusual brain disorders. One of the (9) _________________ ones is called (9) STRANGE
Astasia. People who have Astasia have difficulty standing, cannot walk
properly and fall over easily. Nearby (10) _________________ may even think (10) OBSERVE
they are drunk.
(11) OCCASION
The cause of the illness is unknown. (11)_________________ after difficult,
emotional incidents people have been known to develop the illness. With (12) EXPECTATION
treatment, people can (12) _________________ to recover within one month. (13) FOUND
In Sri Lanka, a center was (13) _________________ especially to treat people (14) NORTH
with this illness. The center is in a rural area on the (14) _________________
39
side of the island. The idea is that the patients can relax totally in a beautiful (15) HEAVEN
and (15) _________________ place. So far, the results have been good with
patients recovering quickly but they need to continue to research if this method
works for the long term too.
EXERCISE 3: Writing Task

Some people say that volunteer work should be required as part of university education. What is your
opinion?
Write an essay of about 200 words. Remember to clearly state your opinion and support your point of view.
Try to use at least 10 words (in any form) from the previous exercise in the essay.

Last week the authority of English (1) _________________ delivered its verdict at Southwark Crown Court
where a group of south London graffiti artists were jailed for up to two years for damaging public (2)
_________________. These artists caused (3) __________________ damage costing the taxpayer at least
£1m. Graffiti art has become a/an (4) __________________ issue and arguments of whether it is right or
wrong (5) __________________ since people have mixed opinions about it. Some (6)
__________________ believe that graffiti is a crime and that it should be (7) __________________, while
others feel (8) __________________ when looking at it and say that these artists (9) __________________
great artistic skill and humor to create work that makes people think critically.
Updated by KE, June 2021 and adapted by GI, May, 2022, from: in-house material
1 A principle B parliament C occasion D citizen E candidate

2 A artifact B statue C property D presence E perspective
3 A permanent B unfortunate C adverse D approximate E intense
4 A thorough B moral C eventual D counter E exclusive
5 A consist B justify C ensure D maintain E differ
6 A shareholders B applicants C victims D critics E clients
7 A chased B disturbed C prohibited D conducted E smashed
8 A delight B sympathy C dilemma D honor E skeptical
9 A maintain B interpret C ensure D express E combine
40
Activity 2: Read the sentences and choose the correct option to complete each gap.
In recent years, spray paint sales have increased. This is the type of paint used by graffiti artists. Sometimes
graffiti artists run away from the police and leave (1)___________________ artwork on public property.
There are a few people who believe that graffiti is ugly and that it isn’t a/an (2)___________________ , or
appropriate, form of self-expression. Some graffiti is very thought provoking and deals with interesting and
(3)___________________ ideas and themes. In London, the government thinks that graffiti is a/an
(4)___________________ to the public because it’s illegal to destroy public property. Banksy and other
street artists (5)___________________ to change people’s attitude toward the art of graffiti. People often
disagree and (6)__________________ about whether or not graffiti is a crime. Nick Walker, a popular street
artist, believes that there should be a/an (7)___________________ to protect street artists against laws that
prevent them from expressing themselves freely. This organization
1 A temporary B incomplete C outstanding D unfortunate E unpredictable

2 A suitable B capable C genuine D valid E exclusive
3 A thorough B genuine C dense D smooth E complex
4 A drawback B nonsense C threat D sacrifice E nonsense
5 A switch B tend C reveal D intend E handle
6 A criticize B quarrel C warn D enquire E judge
7 A remedy B criteria C ethics D union E campaign
41
Updated by KE, June 2021 and adapted by GI, May, 2022, from: in-house material
Activity 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct FORM of the word at the end of each line. Spelling mistakes
will be penalized.
Leonardo da Vinci was a genius. He is famous today as a great painter but he was
also a sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, writer, scientist and inventor.
The (1) _________________ of his extraordinary talents made him such a unique (1) COMBINE
person. He has often been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man", a
man whose seemingly infinite (2) ________________ was equaled only by his (2) WISE
powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of
all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived and to
many people’s (3) ___________________, he received very little education when (3) ASTONISH
he was a child.
It is primarily as a painter that Leonardo was and is renowned. Two of his works,
(4) EXCLUSIVE
the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are (4) ________________ the most famous,
and most reproduced paintings of all time. His few paintings that survive today,
together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his
(5) DENY
thoughts on the nature of painting, have had a/an (5) __________________
contribution to later generations of artists only rivaled by that of his contemporary,
Michelangelo.
As an engineer, Leonardo's ideas were vastly ahead of his time. He conceptualized
a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, and a calculator. As the conditions
(6) SUITABLE
were (6) ______________ at that time, relatively few of his designs were possible
during his lifetime. However, some of his smaller inventions, entered the world of
manufacturing.
Activity 4: Speaking Task

Choose an architectural structure with a historical or artistic value and give a mini presentation on it to your
classmates. Try to use at least 10 words (in any form) from the previous exercises in the presentation.
Updated by KE, June 2021
42
region stream exports imports rational external
hesitate sustain currency flexible absorb
43
Turkey has been trying to establish trade partnerships with many countries in the world, particularly with
those in the EU (1) ___________________. Turkey is one of the leading producers of textile and clothing
products and (2) ___________________ them worldwide. However, Turkey is mostly dependent on other
countries for petroleum products and fuel. For instance, Turkey (3) ___________________ most of its
natural gas from Russia. The main problem Turkish companies face in international trade is using foreign
(4) ___________________. The exchange rate of the Turkish Lira against the US dollar or Euro is affected
by not only internal factors, but (5) ___________________ factors as well. Due to this uncertainty, most
Turkish businessmen (6) ___________________ to enter long-term contracts with overseas companies.
Thus, in order to (7) ___________________ growth in international trade, the government should provide
support to international companies. One way of doing this would be to apply (8) ___________________ tax
rates.
How do we choose our friends? For some people first (9) ______________ are very (9) IMPRESS
important. They judge people by their physical appearances. Needless to say, this
may be very (10) ______________. The world today is full of people who wish to (10) DECEIVE
take advantage of other people’s (11) ______________. In order to trick people,
they present themselves very well and (12) ______________ put on a nice mask. It (11) GENEROUS
is usually too late when people realize their true personality. Thus, we should be (12) DELIBERATE
very (13) ______________ when choosing our friends. We should keep in mind
that we can’t judge a book by its cover. Likewise, it is very difficult to identify (14) (13) SELECT
____________ people from the outside. Thus, we should get to know a person very
(14) CRUELTY
well before trusting them in order to avoid (15) _____________ situations.
(15) IRRITATE
44
EXERCISE 3: Writing Task
Write a story of your own by using at least 10 words that are in the box below. You can use different forms
of the words if you want. There are 4 beginning sentences given for you. You can choose only one to
continue your story.
impression (n) interior (adj) cruel (adj) deceive (v) deliberate (adj) fancy (adj)
generous (adj) glory (n) god (n) hesitate (v) irritate (v) passion (n)
thirst (n) sweet (adj) coward (adj) native (adj) faint (v) feed (v)
rational (adj) strike (v) swear (v) select (v) reproduce (v)
Choose one beginning and continue your story. Use 10 words from the box.
 It was a gloomy /shiny day …
 It all started with …
 Who could know it would be the happiest day of my life? …
 The end was, in fact, the beginning of my story …
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 1 & 2

Preventing Child Mortality
Child mortality is one of the most difficult things in the world to discuss. It is very sad that millions of
children will never ____(1)____ from preventable illnesses. In third world countries, poverty and lack of
access to health care cause many more deaths than there would be in a more industrialized, ____(2)____
country.
Many young babies and children under 5 die of pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria. These are all common
sicknesses, but unfortunately a lack of health care means that they can be ____(3)____ for many children.
After these illnesses, the next major cause of death is malnutrition, or poor ____(4)____. In third world
countries, due to poverty, people cannot ____(5)____ food. Even with billions of dollars of food aid given to
third world countries, there are still millions of children who will die from malnutrition. Unfortunately,
there are also organizations that ____(6)____ this aid and use the money for other purposes. A better
____(7)____ to health care and nutrition could help bring down the worldwide child mortality rate,
especially in third world countries. These are problems that have very few deaths in countries where health
care is readily ____(8)____.
45
Getting more volunteers and accessing more funds to ensure food and other necessities is vital. The
____(9)____ of these diseases is not surprising. They have been there forever and they will continue to
affect people. However, precautions should be taken to ensure the welfare of the ____(10)____ of these
countries. Every child deserves to live to be a healthy citizen of the globalized world.
Adapted by RSG, May, 2022, from: in house materials
1 A account B target C recover D abandon E deal

2 A aware B dense C steady D wealthy E unreliable
3 A fatal B moral C western D smooth E mental
4 A stroke B fatigue C deal D stock E diet
5 A appeal B taste C lead D purchase E decay
6 A accelerate B abuse C owe D sponsor E decline
7 A mood B factor C brand D image E approach
8 A adequate B relevant C available D collective E temporary
9 A presence B strategy C duty D victim E whistle
10 A edition B gene C affair D extent E citizens
B. Word Formation Part

1. Some of the information on the internet is __________________ so you should not use such
information in your university assignments. It would be better to use online libraries. (RELY)
2. He has been struggling for years to fight against cancer so his ____________ is a miracle.
(RECOVER)
3. Unfortunately, most of the people in third world countries are _____________ of the precautions that
should be taken to prevent diseases like malaria. (AWARE)
4. Funding for the new school is _________________ so they will not be able to build it for poor
children in the area. (AVAILABLE)
5. It is definitely _________________ to use animals for cosmetic tests. It's disgusting and terrifying!
(MORAL)
Updated June 2017 by Görkem Aydın
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 3 & 4

Medicine and Genetic Research & Malaria: Portrait of a Disease
1. The information may be difficult to ______________ but I am sure you can get help from your friends
in the center to get it.
46
2. The bank will ______________ open while the renovations are carried out by the construction
company.
3. Visitors are free to ______________ through the gardens and woods so ignore the signs.
4. Improvements in the transportation system will significantly ______________ the quality of your life.
5. Such unhygienic conditions will definitely encourage the ______________ of that disease.
6. I fully _______________ to continue my sporting career once I have recovered from my injuries.
7. No one is sure how these changes will ______________ our relations with other countries.
8. The family gathered to ______________ the 30th anniversary of their marriage.
9. A knee injury is going to ______________ her Olympic hopes.
10. His ambition to ______________ up the career ladder ended up in failure.
Adapted by BÜ, May, 2022, from: In-house material
1 A obtain B remain C spray D intend E invest

2 A complex B obtain C remain D conquer E enhance
3 A wander B ruin C risk D expect E enhance
4 A chain B enhance C trial D step E ruin
5 A trial B candidate C cancer D spread E consequently
6 A obtain B spray C straightforward D rare E intend
7 A spray B conquer C expect D cancer E impact
8 A conquer B step C celebrate D expect E risk
9 A enhance B ruin C cancer D wander E step
10 A invest B progress C rare D chain E spray
Activity 2: Fill in the blanks with an appropriate form of the word in brackets.
1. A lot of people have lost their jobs as a ______________ of automation in factories. (CONSEQUENTLY)
2. Because ______________ increases an economy's capacity to produce, it is a factor contributing to
economic growth. (INVEST)
3. This test is perfect for the ______________ of a student's progress. (MEASURE)
4. The history of the Arab ______________ of Egypt has yet to be written. (CONQUER)
5. You have to decide on which career you wish to ______________ later in your life. (PURSUIT)
6. There is still a general ______________ that married couples will have children. (EXPECT)
7. The company couldn’t survive the financial crisis and declared ______________. (BANKRUPT)
8. The president may decide to call an early ______________ to solve the chaos in the country. (ELECT)
9. Who is going to be the new _____________ of education? (MINISTRY)
10. No nation can be allowed to commit _____________ or to use weapons of mass destruction against its
own people. (AGGRESSIVE)
47
Updated June, 2021 by Kayla Etherton
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 5 Vocabulary

A. Fill in the blanks with one of the words from the box. There are more words than you need. Do
not change the form of the words.
volunteers access effective demonstrate conducts
ignore survive various sacrifice encounters
1. A lack of clean drinking water is something that someone from a developed country never
__________.
2. While many countries lack __________ to clean drinking water, experts are attempting to raise
awareness through programs.
3. Organizations want countries to ___________ their commitment to providing clean drinking water.
4. Unfortunately, some countries ___________ clean drinking water in order to save money.
5. Without clean drinking water, it is impossible to __________.
6. __________diseases are caused by a lack of clean drinking water.
7. The shortage of clean drinking water is causing health effects that are impossible to ________.
8. The United Nations (UN) routinely ___________ research in order to determine mortality rates in
different parts of the world.
9. The UN is currently searching for a(n) ___________solution to the issue.
10. Until a solution to this problem can be found, the need for __________ to work on the issue will
continue to increase.
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets. Spelling mistakes will be
penalised.
1. Food, water and shelter are required for ___________. ( SURVIVE)
2. People have a ___________ to do what is easy. ( TEND)
3. Giving to charity is __________. (VOLUNTEER)
4. Generally speaking, the richer a country is, the more ___________ their health services are. (ACCESS)
5. Unfortunately, in many developing countries, health services are __________. (ADEQUATE)
6. Often times, foreign aid workers are _________ with the local culture and customs. (FAMILIAR)
7. Sometimes projects can have ___________ results, which can surprise leaders. (EXPECT)
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 READING 1 & 2

PART A. Complete the sentences by choosing options A, B, C, D or E.
1. Bill has applied for ______________ to Georgetown University but he hasn’t been accepted yet.
48
A application B presence C candidate D capacity E admission
2. __________________ art is art that is produced at the present period in time.
A Primary B Contemporary C Innate D Urgent E Collective
3. The family continues to be the _________________ source of care and comfort for people as they
grow older.
A tremendous B fatal C primary D available E approximate
4. This is not ________________ in Chinese, but it is a feature of the Thai language.
A typical B crucial C complex D rare E varied
5. The average age __________________ in the course is between 35 and 55.
A approach B progress C extent D range E presence
6. For many young people, the only jobs that offer a(n) ________________ future are in the big cities.
A responsible B secure C unexpected D available E voluntary
7. Heavy snow was a contributing ____________________ in the accident.
A consequence B factor C chain D failure E category
8. I have no ______________________ to staying in that hotel, except that it may cost more than
some of the others in the area.
A risk B objection C deal D involvement E strain
9. Mr. Black has been a(n) ______________________ of this firm for many years. We must treat him
with respect and professionalism. We certainly don’t want to lose his account.
A citizen B candidate C founder D client E employee
10. Cyril’s most impressive quality was his _____________________ goodness.
A resistant B immune C innate D crucial E adequate
PART B. Fill in the blanks by changing the forms of the words next to the sentences below.
1. Two main ___________________ to the proposal have been raised. (OBJECT)
2. At ________________ New Hampshire University, we believe there are no limits on what you
can do. (SOUTH)
3. There has been strong ____________________ to the proposed tax increases. (RESISTANT)
4. Over half of his speech was devoted to addressing the public’s concerns about rising
____________________ in this country. (EMPLOYEE)
5. These organisations have fought very hard for the rights and welfare of ___________________.
(IMMIGRATE)
6. The ceremony will mark the anniversary of the hospital’s _______________________.
(FOUNDER)
49
7. Financial ____________________ becomes increasingly important when you have children.
(SECURE)
8. In 1986, Spain was _____________________ to the European Communities. (ADMISSION)
9. She has that reserve and slight coldness of manner which is _________________ associated with
the English. (TYPICAL)
Updated Mar, 2022 by ER
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 3 and Reading 4

Complete the sentences by choosing options A, B, C, D or E.
1. After living in a foreign country for some time, exchange students may have problems
____________________ when they come back to their home country.
A admitting B immigrating C recovering D adapting E handling
2. After he had worked so hard to get it approved, the academic committees’ ___________________ of his
MA thesis proposal made him so upset that he left the program.
A pursuit B rejection C trial D account E objection
3. There are still lots of unexplained ___________________ in the world today which scientists have only
just begun to study.
A phenomenal B phenomenon C mystery D mysterious E phenomena
4. Having opened its doors to people of all backgrounds, our university is proud of its ethnic and cultural
_____________.
A factor B diversity C aspect D tendency E circumstance
5. For its meetings, the UN employs professional ________________ for each of the institution’s six
official languages – Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
A interpreters B employers C clients D intellectuals E volunteers
6. Most of Edvard Munch’s paintings __________________ a feeling of intense despair.
A consist B fear C express D conduct E expect
7. The realtors told us that the _________________ air ventilation inside the house was the reason why the
family felt forced to sell it.
A extreme B dense C straightforward D faulty E adequate
8. The sign on the ATM machine said: “__________________ out of order”.
A Gradually B Somewhat C Temporarily D Consequently E Primarily
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 5

Part A: Complete the text by choosing options A, B, C, D or E.
50
People have different opinions about migration. Some people believe that immigration to their country is
a(n) (1)_______________ to economic growth, because they believe that the more people come to a
country, the more unemployed people there will be. For some, migration is even seen as a threat to national
(2)_______________ because they are not sure about the intentions of new comers – they could even be
terrorists. As a result, some people are very (3)_______________ to welcome immigrants into their
countries. Not everyone feels this way. Some people in the host countries are quick to point out that even
though immigrants might arrive in host countries penniless and jobless, they are not ‘cultureless’. In fact,
immigrants can enrich the cultures of the host countries by bringing elements of their own native cultures
with them. So instead of forming (4)_______________ judgements and biases about the new immigrants,
these people make an effort to form friendships with them. Undoubtedly, the (5)_______________ goal of
governments around the world should be to minimize any negative effects of immigration and maximize the
positive ones to create a lasting atmosphere of harmony. To do this, new (6)_______________ are urgently
needed to ensure the integration of new groups into the country because, like it or not, immigration is indeed
a fact of life.
1 A award B aim C obstacle D impact E strain
2 A mobility B security C fatigue D risk E capacity
3 A unwilling B conscious C likely D determined E doubtful
4 A fatal B innate C irrational D visible E unreliable
5 A verbal B temporary C casual D historical E immediate
6 A states B reputations C trials D regulations E objections
Part B: Fill in the blanks with the correct FORM of the word at the end of each line.
1. Developments in technology may, at least in the beginning, lead to an increase in the EMPLOY
number of _________________ people because machines are actually much faster and
more powerful than humankind.
2. The forms of _________________ have changed over the years. In the past, the radio ENTERTAIN
was very popular for this and people used to listen to it in the evenings as a whole
family. Next came television, but these days people tend to prefer the internet.
3. For some old people technology is very _________________ and they really cannot COMPLICATE
understand how to use it.
4. To me, not supporting feminism, at least at the most basic level, just seems totally LOGIC
__________________. I mean, hopefully we can all at least agree that women should
have the right to vote, attend university, and enter the workforce. Right?!
5. One of the dark sides of social media is the personal attacks. Some comments can INSULT
really be quite _________________
51
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 1 and Reading 2

Part A: Use the correct form of the words in parentheses given for each sentence to fill in the blanks.
1. There is no _____________________ for what he did yesterday. It was purely evil. (JUSTIFY)
2. Advertising clearly affects the _____________________ of a customer when choosing a new brand.
(PERCEIVE)
3. After the professor had finished reading all three _____________________, he talked to his
colleagues about when to gather a council for the three MA candidates. (THESIS)
4. Scientists are concerned that if the earth’s climate continues to _____________________ change, the
consequences could be severe. (GRADUAL)
5. Only a small ____________________ of children get a chance to benefit from the system. (MINOR)
Part B: Fill in each blank with the correct word from the box. There are three extra words.
major reliable remarkably eventually
unlikely gradual claim whether
extraordinary sensitive distinguish
A Travel Guide to Bangkok

1. you're travelling to the islands or the mountains of Thailand, you're likely to spend at
least one night in its capital city on the way. Some people 2. that Bangkok is noisy and
polluted but it's also an exciting city with plenty of things to see and do. Why not make it a longer stay?
Where to stay
The Khao San Road was a 3. traveller spot, with thousands of tourists each year, even
before Leonardo di Caprio's character in the film The Beach stayed there. But it's noisy, not very pretty and
not very Thai. For something more authentic, Phra Kanong offers an alternative place to stay, with
its 4. authentic street markets where everyday Bangkok people eat, work and live.
How to get around
Bangkok's traffic can be a nightmare. Sure, you can easily take a taxi, but it is 5. you will
get anywhere on time. There are much better ways to get around the city. For the modern part of the city, the
Skytrain is a fast, 6. way to travel from the river to the shopping malls and nightlife of
Sukhumvit, with trains every few minutes.
Where to eat
The simple answer is: everywhere! Thai street food is among the best in the world, and for around $5 you
can eat a filling and delicious meal. Just be careful if you have a 7. stomach because Thai
52
street food is known to upset some people’s stomachs. Head for Chinatown – Yaowarat Street – and choose
whatever looks most interesting from the many excellent Chinese and Thai restaurants and food stands.
What to do
After you've seen the main sites like the Giant Buddha at the temple of Wat Pho and the 8.
Grand Palace, and shopped at Chatuchak market, check out the snake farm and watch the live snake show.
You can even touch a snake yourself if you want to!
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 3 & 4

PART A: Fill in the gaps with the suitable words from the table. You do NOT need to change the form of
the words. There are more words than you need. Use each word only once.
reliable launch classify observe circumstances
genuine judge impose exaggerate sake
WAYS TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CULTURE SHOCK

1- Socialize with the local people, show __________________ interest in the culture, and start to learn the
native language as soon as possible.
2- Try not to __________________ your new culture. There will be some differences but you will adapt
more easily if you are open-minded.
3- Under no __________________ isolate yourself! Do not be afraid of asking for help.
4- Do not believe everything that you hear about the local culture. Make sure that the source of the
information is __________________.
5- __________________ the people around you and try to understand their daily routines and the rules of
the new environment.
6- Do not __________________ your situation and be patient because it is not the end of the World and you
just need some time to adjust to your new environment.
Part B: Fill in the blanks with the correct FORM of the word at the end of each line.
1. She had no __________________ of telling him what really happened. INTENTION
2. She is __________________ of lending money to anyone. CAUTION
3. The new system should help to improve the __________________ of weather ACCURATE
forecasts.
4. He would never do anything to __________________ the children's lives. DANGER
5. We never forget his __________________ services to our country. HONOR
6. The eastern part of the city is inhabited by __________________. IMMIGRATE
7. The government tries to focus on the needs of the citizens in _________ order of DESCEND
53
importance.
8. A third of the population has been _________ as poor. CLASS
9. As many as 25% of Americans report _________ sleeping problems. OCCASION
10. The theatre company that we started is still in _________ today. EXIST

A. Key Word B. Word Meanings C. Fill in the blanks using an appropriate
Match the words in A with their meanings word from column A.
in column B.
1. Acquire A. to put smb in a situation where they are 1. Some of her stolen ______________
not protected from sth dangerous or was found in Mason's house.
2. Associate unpleasant 2. We can be ________________ about
B. the thing or things that smb owns your starting date; we don’t have to
3. Construct C. a person, plan etc. that can change or be strict.
be changed easily to suit any new 3. The blindness that the disease causes
4. Delay situation. will be ____________________.
D. to wait until a later time to do 4. the butter and
5. Expose
something eggs quickly for a smooth texture.
E. not guilty of a crime. 5. The college ___________ a
6. Property
F. continuing to exist for a long time or reputation for very high standards.
for all the time in the future 6. The heights of the plants
7. Permanent
G. to make a connection in your mind _____________ from 8 cm to 20 cm.
between one thing or person and 7. Don't _______________; send off
8. Moral
another for the information now.
H. to put two or more things together so 8. I told them I was perfectly
9. Willing
that they exist together or work _____________________ to help.
10. Innocent together 9. The report revealed that workers had

I. relating to the principles of what is been ____________________ to
11. Vary right and wrong behaviour, and with high levels of radiation.
the difference between good and evil 10. The court found him _____________
J. to build sth such as a house, bridge,
54
12. Combine road etc: and he was released from jail.
K. to obtain sth by buying it or being 11. Many people __________________
13. Flexible given it. America with obesity.
L. to differ 12. It is easy to have an opinion on a
M. smb who is eager to help etc. and does _____________________ issue like
not have to be persuaded: the death penalty for murder.
13. There are plans to ______________
a new road bridge across the river.
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 READING 1 & 2

A. Match the words below with their meanings in column B.
1. Decline A. to provide money for an activity, organization, event etc.

2. Overcome B. easy to notice [= obvious]
3. Provide C. used to say that something will only be possible if something else happens or
4. Pursue is done [= if]
5. Struggle D. to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over a long
6. Remedy period of time.
7. Fund E. a way of dealing with a problem or making a bad situation better[= solution]
8. Apparent F. to successfully control a feeling or problem that prevents you from achieving
9. Employ something.
10. Providing that G. the opinion or feeling you have about someone or something because of the
11. Impression way they seem.
12. Interior H. to pay someone to work for you
13. Previous J. inside or indoors [≠ exterior]
L. to try extremely hard to achieve something, even though it is very difficult.
M. to decrease in quantity or importance.
N. having happened or existed before the event, time, or thing that you are
talking about now
O. to give something to someone or make it available to them, because they need
it or want it
B. Fill in the blanks using an appropriate word from column A. You may need to change the form
or tense of the word.
a. I've met him before on two ______________________ occasions.
55
b. Car sales have ______________________ by a quarter, nowadays people prefer buying houses.
c. The problems in our schools do not have a simple ______________________.
d. The ______________________ walls are all painted white.
e. The factory ______________________ over 2000 people.
f. It soon became ______________________ that we had a major problem.
g. She's ______________________ to bring up a family alone because it was difficult for her to pay
the bills.
h. He could successfully ______________________ his shyness and made many friends at university.
i. When it comes to job interviews, first ______________________ are important.
j. The project is jointly ______________________ by several local companies.
k. The hotel ______________________ a shoe-cleaning service for guests.
l. You can borrow the car, ______________________ I can have it back by six o'clock.
m. She plans to ______________________ a career in politics.
MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 Readings 3 & 4

A. Match the word in the left column with the definition in the right.
1) illustrate a) origin
2) substitute b) speed, rate
3) pace c) involving a lot of activity in a short time
4) debt d) not related to a particular situation
5) source e) to change completely the appearance or character of sth or
6) intensive sb especially so that thing or person is improved
7) irrelevant f) to make the meaning clear by giving examples
8) transform g) to replace
9) moreover h) sum of money owed
i) in addition
B. Fill in the blanks with the words from Exercise A. You may need to change the verbs for subject-
verb agreement. There are 2 extra words.
The 47th G7 Summit took place June 2021. The G7 Summit is a meeting of some of the most powerful
economies in the world, including the USA, Japan, the UK, Canada, Germany, France, and Italy. The face-
to-face meeting of the countries 1. a slow return to normalcy following the Covid
pandemic, which resulted in the cancelling of the meeting last year. The Summit is often the 2.
of 3. political debate about a range of global issues.
The G7 Summit has ended with the creation of a plan called Build Back Better World, shortened to B3W. A
key feature of this plan is a series of global initiatives designed to 4. developing
56
economies and greatly decrease the 5. of economically struggling countries. The White
House said the G7 nations would coordinate in mobilizing private-sector capital in four areas - climate,
health and health security, digital technology, and gender equity and equality. 6. it
will fund construction projects and improve trade routes.
The White House added: "B3W will be global in scope, from Latin America...to the Indo-Pacific....The
initiative will cover low- and middle-income countries. It’s important that we move at a quick
7. in order to assist countries that have been especially impacted by Covid." Another
Summit promise was to vaccinate a billion people in poorer countries. Other promises included improving
early warning systems to prepare for any future health crisis, a green revolution to cut CO2 emissions, and
educating 40 million more girls by 2026.
A. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the word from the table provided. There are 3 extra
words:
abandon (v) locate (v) prospect (n) interfere (v) appreciate (v) global (adj)
absorb (v) convert (v) restore (v) technique (n) unsuitable (adj) entire (adj)
Example: Those boots are quite unsuitable for use on a tennis court.
1) Mind your own business! Why do you always feel the need to ___________________ in my affairs?
2) Have you fully understood and ___________________ all the information I have given you?
3) The house stood derelict and ___________________. No one had lived in it for ten years.
4) We were unable to ___________________ the source of the river on the map.
5) Solar power is the ___________________ of the sun’s energy into heat and electricity.
6) The fire was so devastating that the ___________________ factory was destroyed. Nothing could be
saved.
7) It is estimated the ___________________ population will reach almost eleven billion by 2050.
8) The ___________________ of overpopulation is not an encouraging one: shrinking natural
resources, pandemics and conflict.
9) My house needs ___________________. It needs a new roof, a coat of paint, new windows and a
door.
Extra words:
award gamble gear swallow damp heaven
witness sweat sympathy faith decay kneel
extract parliament faint sweep qualify tender
B. Find a synonym or near-synonym from the box to match the words below.
1) Rot _________________
57
2) Belief _________________
3) Paradise _________________
4) Gentle _________________
5) Remove _________________
6) Prize _________________
7) Affection _________________
8) Fall _________________
9) Equipment _________________
58

2022-2023 P1 141 SB2 - Grammar and Vocabulary Materials

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2022-2023

Upper- Intermediate Level

 Open Cloze Tests

CLOZE TEST 1: BEES............................................................................................................................................4

CLOZE TEST 2: DESIGN THROUGH THE AGES.............................................................................................4

CLOZE TEST 3: LIVING TO 100..........................................................................................................................5

CLOZE TEST 4: SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS...........................................................................................................6

CLOZE TEST 5: AN INDEFINABLE QUALITY.................................................................................................7

CLOZE TEST 6: ADVERTISING: THEN AND NOW.........................................................................................7

CLOZE TEST 7: BENEFITS OF E-BOOKS..........................................................................................................9

CLOZE TEST 8: A TRADITIONAL HINDU WEDDING....................................................................................9

GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: CLOZE TESTS with OPTIONS...........................................................10

CLOZE TEST 1: MEDIA ETHICS.......................................................................................................................10

CLOZE TEST 2: CHILDHOOD OBESITY.........................................................................................................11

CLOZE TEST 3: ONLINE LEARNING...............................................................................................................12

CLOZE TEST 4: NONVIOLENCE.......................................................................................................................13

CLOZE TEST 5: FENRIS THE WOLF................................................................................................................14

CLOZE TEST 6: FAST FASHION & POLLUTION...........................................................................................15

LECTURE READY 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS..................................................................................17

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 1.........................................................................................................................17

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 2.........................................................................................................................20

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 3.........................................................................................................................22

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 4.........................................................................................................................24

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 5.........................................................................................................................26

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 6.........................................................................................................................29

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 7.........................................................................................................................31

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 8.........................................................................................................................33

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 9.........................................................................................................................35

LECTURE READY CHAPTER 10.......................................................................................................................37

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 VOCABULARY REVISION TASKS.....................................................................38

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 1 & 2........................................................................................38

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 3 & 4........................................................................................39

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 1- Reading 5 Vocabulary...........................................................................40

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 READING 1 & 2.....................................................................................41

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 3 and Reading 4........................................................................42

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 2 Reading 5.................................................................................................43

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 1 and Reading 2........................................................................44

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 3 & 4..........................................................................................45

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 3 Reading 5.................................................................................................47

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 READING 1 & 2.....................................................................................48

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 Readings 3 & 4........................................................................................49

MAKING CONNECTIONS 3 / Unit 4 Reading 5.................................................................................................50

CLOZE TEST 1: BEES

CLOZE TEST 2: DESIGN THROUGH THE AGES

CLOZE TEST 3: LIVING TO 100

CLOZE TEST 4: SINGLE-SEX SCHOOLS

Message 1- posted by Jane, Amsterdam

CLOZE TEST 5: AN INDEFINABLE QUALITY

CLOZE TEST 6: ADVERTISING: THEN AND NOW

CLOZE TEST 7: BENEFITS OF E-BOOKS

CLOZE TEST 8: A TRADITIONAL HINDU WEDDING

GRAMMAR REVISION MATERIALS: CLOZE TESTS with OPTIONS

Adapted by A.U., September, 2021, from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/media-ethics

1 A will B have C had D has E would

CLOZE TEST 2: CHILDHOOD OBESITY

1 A that B whether C what D even E which

CLOZE TEST 3: ONLINE LEARNING

1 A more difficult B less easily than C as easily as D much worse E as much as

2 A have to B had to C ought to D needed to E could

3 A without B by C in D during E while

4 A there B what C they D which E that

5 A therefore B however C because D rather E also